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Fig. 9 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 9. Plot of specimen scores on the first two axes of the canonical variates analysis (CVA) of geographic variation performed on specimens of Heteromys in age class 4 from the 13 geographic samples. Axes are scaled relative to their eigenvalues (proportion of variation among centroids of geographic samples explained). Specimens of H. oasicus are marked by solid triangles, and individuals of H. anomalus are denoted by circles (solid circles for the South American mainland and open circles for the island of Trinidad). The first canonical axis can be interpreted as a measure of size (table 3), with large specimens having positive scores.

Fig. 8 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 8. Plot of specimen scores on the first two axes of the principal components analysis (PCA) of geographic variation performed on 174 specimens of Heteromys in age class 4 without regard to geographic sample. PC1geo represents a size factor and was here multiplied by —1 so that smaller specimens appear to the left and larger ones to the right (table 1). Axes are scaled relative to their eigenvalues (proportion of variation among specimens explained). Specimens of H. oasicus are marked by solid triangles, and individuals of H. anomalus are denoted by circles (solid circles for the South American mainland and open circles for the island of Trinidad). Note the strikingly small size of specimens of H. oasicus.

Fig. 7 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 7. Dorsal views of skulls of Heteromys anomalus from Tukuko (Zulia, Venezuela), Valera (Trujillo, Venezuela), and Caura (Trinidad) and of H. oasicus from the Península de Paraguaná (Falcón, Venezuela). All specimens are males in age class 4.

Fig. 4 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 4. Landscape at Cerro Santa Ana (localities 101 and 102; Estado Falcón), showing vertical stratification of vegetation types on its slopes. Upper: View of Cerro Santa Ana from the WNW. Note

Fig. 3 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 3. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the holotype of Heteromys oasicus (USNM 456325), a male in age class 4.

Fig. 6 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 6. Map of the Península de Paraguaná showing the location of major geographic features and collection localities of Heteromys oasicus (Δ; see appendix 1 for complete provenience and museum catalog numbers). Gray shading indicates regions above 200 m; the small area above ca. 550 m on Cerro Santa Ana that supports evergreen cloud forest is largely overprinted by the symbol for locality 102.

Fig. 5 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 5. Map of northwestern South America showing collection localities of Heteromys oasicus (Δ) and Heteromys anomalus (•) in Colombia and western Venezuela. Localities are numbered to correspond with information given in the Gazetteer (appendix 1). Heteromys anomalus continues its distribution to the east in northcentral and northeastern Venezuela, but H. oasicus is endemic to the Península de Paraguana´. One locality of H. australis is known from Venezuela (locality 99, overprinted here by locality 74 of H. anomalus), but that species is primarily distributed to the west in Panama, Colombia,

Fig. 2 in Taxonomy, Distribution, and Natural History of the Genus Heteromys (Rodentia: Heteromyidae) in Western Venezuela, with the Description of a Dwarf Species from the Península de Paraguaná

Fig. 2. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of a cranium of Heteromys, showing method of taking cranial measurements. Abbreviations and measurements are defined in the Materials and Methods.

Fig. 5 in Scoloplax baskini: a new spiny dwarf catfish from rio Aripuanã, Amazonas, Brazil (Loricarioidei: Scoloplacidae)

Fig. 5. Ventral midline plates in Scoloplax baskini, INPA 28650, paratype, 16.1 mm SL. Ventral view, anterior toward left.

Fig. 6 in Scoloplax baskini: a new spiny dwarf catfish from rio Aripuanã, Amazonas, Brazil (Loricarioidei: Scoloplacidae)

Fig. 6. Partial map of South America showing the type localities of species of Scoloplax. Square = Scoloplax baskini new species; black circle = S. dolicholophia; open circle = new record of S. dolicholophia from Japurá basin; triangle = S. distolothrix; diamond = S. empousa; star = S. dicra. Base map by M. Weitzman.

Fig. 3 in Scoloplax baskini: a new spiny dwarf catfish from rio Aripuanã, Amazonas, Brazil (Loricarioidei: Scoloplacidae)

Fig. 3. Partial cranial osteology of Scoloplax baskini, INPA 28650, paratype, 16.1 mm SL, anterior toward left. Rostral plate removed. f = frontal; me = mesethmoid; le = lateral ethmoid; lep = lateral ethmoid plate; so = supraoccipital; sp = sphenotic. Scale = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 4 in Scoloplax baskini: a new spiny dwarf catfish from rio Aripuanã, Amazonas, Brazil (Loricarioidei: Scoloplacidae)

Fig. 4. Partial cranial osteology in Scoloplax. a, S. dicra; b, S. distolothrix; c, S. empousa; d, S. dolicholophia; e, S. baskini, INPA 28650, paratype, 11.8 mm SL. Anterior toward left. Rostral plate and lateral ethmoid plate removed. f = frontal; me = mesethmoid; le = lateral ethmoid. Scale = 0.5 mm. Figures a-d modified from Schaefer (1990).

Fig. 2. Scoloplax baskini, INPA 28649 in Scoloplax baskini: a new spiny dwarf catfish from rio Aripuanã, Amazonas, Brazil (Loricarioidei: Scoloplacidae)

Fig. 2. Scoloplax baskini, INPA 28649, paratype, 16.3 mm SL, in lateral (top), dorsal (middle) and ventral (bottom) views. Illustration by Deyse Silva.

Fig. 8 in Head in the clouds: a new dwarf frog species of the Physalaemus signifer clade (Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae) from the top of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Fig. 8. Interspecific phylogenetic relationships of Physalaemus araxa sp. nov. inferred from 12S rRNA, tRNA-val, and 16S rRNA mitochondrial genes (H1 fragment sequences) by MrBayes and TNT. Numbers indicate posterior probabilities (left) or bootstrap values (right) in the MrBayes and TNT analyses, respectively. Hyphens indicate nodes that were not recovered in the TNT analysis.

Fig. 7 in Head in the clouds: a new dwarf frog species of the Physalaemus signifer clade (Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae) from the top of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Fig. 7. Karyotype of Physalaemus araxa sp. nov. A. Giemsa-stained. B. C-banded. The insert in B shows the faint C-band on chromosome pair 3.

Fig. 3 in Head in the clouds: a new dwarf frog species of the Physalaemus signifer clade (Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae) from the top of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Fig. 3. Color in live paratypes of Physalaemus araxa sp. nov. A. ZUEC-AMP 24119 (paratype), evidencing the color of inguinal region. B. ZUEC-AMP 24120 (paratype), in an upright posture with vocal sac slightly inflated, photographed in situ; notice the contrast of the yellow vocal sac with the background. C–D. ZUEC-AMP 24098 (paratype), evidencing ventral and dorsolateral colors; notice the distribution of yellow pigmentation ventrally and laterally.

Fig. 6 in Head in the clouds: a new dwarf frog species of the Physalaemus signifer clade (Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae) from the top of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Fig. 6. Tadpole of Physalaemus araxa sp. nov. at stage 37 (ZUEC-AMP 24214). A. Lateral view. B. Dorsal view. C. Ventral view. D. Oral disc completely opened. E. Details of the right nostril in frontal view. F. Spiracle in lateral view. G. Vent tube in lateral view. H. Tadpole of Physalaemus araxa sp. nov. in life (photo not to scale). Scale bars: A–C, F–G = 10 mm; D = 1 mm; E = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 2 in Head in the clouds: a new dwarf frog species of the Physalaemus signifer clade (Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae) from the top of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Fig. 2. Physalaemus araxa sp. nov., holotype, adult ♂ (ZUEC-AMP 24095). A. Head, dorsal view. B. Head, lateral view. C. Right hand, ventral view. D. Right foot, ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm.

Fig. 10 in Head in the clouds: a new dwarf frog species of the Physalaemus signifer clade (Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae) from the top of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Fig. 10. Physalaemus araxa sp. nov. males calling activity per hour along one complete day in the top of the Caparaó National Park, municipality of Ibitirama, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The shaded blue indicates nocturnal period and the red line indicates the normal Gaussian fitted curve for the calling activity (adjusted after running the normality test).

Fig. 4 in Head in the clouds: a new dwarf frog species of the Physalaemus signifer clade (Leptodactylidae, Leiuperinae) from the top of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Fig. 4. Spectrograms (above) and oscillograms (below) of advertisement calls of Physalaemus araxa sp. nov., highlighting an increasing complexity with one (A), two (B), or three (C) notes; recorded in the Caparaó National Park, municipality of Ibitirama, state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.