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Figure 17 in The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics

Figure 17. von Mises stress contour plots for each taxon placed within the phylogenetic context. The left-hand models are those in dorsal aspect (with the appropriate scale), whereas those on the right are the lateral-aspect models (with their own respective scale).

Figure 14 in The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics

Figure 14. The disparity (morphological diversity) of metriorhynchoids through time, based on two metrics (sum of ranges and sum of variances, derived from a PCO analysis; see text for details). A, B, disparity of all metriorhynchoids through time. C, D, disparity of metriorhynchines through time. E, F, disparity of geosaurines through time. Squares represent the disparity metric and error bars denote 95% confidence intervals, based on bootstrapping. There are no error bars for the Early Cretaceous geosaurines because of the small sample size (N = 2).

Figure 9 in The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics

Figure 9. Species diversity of Metriorhynchoidea (both taxic and phylogenetically corrected) for each stage subdivision.

Figure 13 in The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics

Figure 13. Principle coordinates cladistic character morphospace, delimited by the first two axes. The black ellipse contains the metriorhynchine taxa, whereas the grey ellipse contains the Geosaurinae.

Figure 12 in The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics

Figure 12. Relative warps morphospace subdivided into three time bins: (A) Callovian; (B) Oxfordian–Kimmeridgian; (C) Tithonian–Berriasian.

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Data from: What's in an outgroup? The impact of outgroup choice on the phylogenetic position of Thalattosuchia (Crocodylomorpha) and the origin of Crocodyliformes

Outgroup sampling is a central issue in phylogenetic analysis. However, good justification is rarely given for outgroup selection in published analyses. Recent advances in our understanding of archosaur phylogeny suggest that many previous studies of crocodylomorph and crocodyliform relationships have rooted trees on outgroup taxa that are only very distantly related to the ingroup (e.g., Gracilisuchus stipanicicorum), or might actually belong within the ingroup. Thalattosuchia, a group of Mesozoic marine crocodylomorphs, has a controversial phylogenetic position—they are recovered as either the sister group to Crocodyliformes, in a basal position within Crocodyliformes, or nested high in the crocodyliform tree. Thalattosuchians lack several crocodyliform apomorphies, but share several character states with derived long-snouted forms with a similar ecological habit, suggesting their derived position may be the result of convergent evolution. Several of these "shared" characters may result from ambiguously worded character state definitions—structures that are superficially similar but anatomically different in detail are identically coded. A new analysis of crocodylomorphs with increased outgroup sampling recovers Thalattosuchia as the sister group to Crocodyliformes, distantly related to long-snouted crocodyliforms. I also demonstrate that expanding the outgroup sampling of previously published matrices results in the recovery of thalattosuchians as sister to Crocodyliformes. The exclusion of thalattosuchians from Crocodyliformes has numerous implications for large-scale evolutionary trends within the group, including extensive convergence in the evolution of the secondary palate characteristic of the group. These results demonstrate the importance of careful outgroup sampling and character construction, and their profound effect on the position of labile clades.

FIG. 78 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 78. — Phylogeny of Teleosauroidea (Part 1). Numbers highlight acquisition of morphologies based on our morphological observations. Figure modified from Johnson et al. (2020).

FIG. 82 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 82. — Phylogeny of Dyrosauridae (Part 2). Numbers highlight acquisition of morphologies based on our morphological observations. Figure modified from Jouve & Jalil (2020).

FIG. 47 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 47. — Pelvic reconstruction of Macrospondylus bollensis (Jäger, 1828), NHMUK PV R 5703 (holotype): A, lateral view; B, anterior view; C, ventral view; D, dorsal view. Arrow points anteriorly. Target indicates anterior. The right ischium and left pubis are mirrored. Reconstruction of the ischium based on Macrospondylus bollensis, SMNS 16848. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 22 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 22. — Pelvic girdle elements of 'Metriorhynchus' brachyrhynchus (Eudes-Deslongchamps, 1867), NHMUK PV R 4763: A, left pubis in anterior view (obtained from 3D model); B, left ilium in medial view; C, left ischium in medial view; D, left ilium in lateral view; E, superimposed outlines of the ischia of NHMUK PV R 4763 and NHMUK PV R 3804. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Pictures of 'Metriorhynchus' brachyrhynchus, NHMUK PV R 4763, copyright from The Trustees of the Natural History Museum. Scale bar: 1 cm.

FIG. 14 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 14. — Right ilia and pubis of Thalattosuchus superciliosus (Blainville, 1853), SMNS 10116 (A-D) and NMI F21731 (E-G): A, E, right ilium in lateral view; B, F, right ilium in anterior view; C, G, right ilium in medial view; D, right pubis in anterior view. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 10 in Form and function of the pelvic girdle of Thalattosuchia and Dyrosauridae (Crocodyliformes)

FIG. 10. — Pelvic girdle elements of Pelagosaurus typus Bronn, 1841: A, B, NHMUK PV OR 32605; A, left ischium in medial view; B, left ischium in anterior view; C, NHMUK PV OR 32604, left pubis in posterior view; D-F, SMNS 17758; D, right ilium in lateral view; E, right pubis in anterior view; F, right ischium in medial view. Target indicates anterior. Arrow points anteriorly. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIGURE 12 in The integument of pelagic crocodylomorphs (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae)

FIGURE 12. Metriorhynchidae indet., NKMB-P-Watt06/ 508, dorsal region of middle tail, with longitudinal and transversal skin folding, along with a nest of irregularities (grey knobs). Width of frame equals approximately 7.6 cm.

FIGURE 8 in The integument of pelagic crocodylomorphs (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae)

FIGURE 8. Dakosaurus sp., DMA-JP-2009/001, anatomically proximal continuation of Figure 7. On the lower left and right, the dark patches (white arrows) expose a skin layer that is overlain by the bright matter in most of the preserved skin. Width of frame equals approximately 8.2 cm.

FIGURE 3 in The integument of pelagic crocodylomorphs (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae)

FIGURE 3. Metriorhynchidae indet., LF 3474, scattered patches of skin preservation in visible light, from partially disarticulated trunk. A: Fold systems with dominant and additional orientations. B: Sharp lines forming a net of cracks or distinctly flexed folds; displaced portion with unknown body orientation. C: Displaced patch as in A in a wider section, with at least one circular irregularity in the lower part (arrow). D: Soft folding of skin surface, exposed near to the knee. E: Potential bundles of muscle fibers (horizontal), with oblique crossing fold traces on the right (chest, anterior to pectoral girdle). F: Softly folded integument associated to the ischium (upper middle). All with mm scale.

FIGURE 14 in The integument of pelagic crocodylomorphs (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae)

FIGURE 14. Metriorhynchidae indet., NKMB-P-Watt06/508, middle tail with soft tissue preservation. A: Visible light image with structural details of the skin, mostly folding, and knob-like irregularities (some indicated by arrows). Width of frame equals approximately 30.6 cm. B: UV image with darker bluish signals probably reflecting varnish. Width of frame equals approximately 33.9 cm.

FIGURE 10 in The integument of pelagic crocodylomorphs (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae)

FIGURE 10. Dakosaurus sp., DMA-JP-2009/001, close-ups of skin irregularities, courtesy of Yanina Herrera, used with permission. A: Large oval scar, see also Figures 8 and 9. Width of frame equals approximately 4.5 cm. B: Circular scar representing the most abundant type and size of skin irregularities in this specimen, adjacent to blurred, open irregularity, see also Figures 6A, 7, and upper edge of Figure 9. Width of frame equals approximately 4.5 cm. C: Circular scar retaining the texture of uninterrupted skin, see also Figure 7 and 9. Width of frame equals approximately 5.5 cm.

FIGURE 5 in The integument of pelagic crocodylomorphs (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae)

FIGURE 5. Dakosaurus sp., DMA-JP-2009/001, skin preservation on dorsal margin of trunk. A: Shoulder area, skin with transversal fibers and associated folding, visible light. Width of frame equals approximately 18.2 cm. B: Lumbar region, similar structures as in A, under UV. Width of frame equals approximately 20.5 cm.

FIGURE 25. Teleosauroid SMNS 10985 in The integument of pelagic crocodylomorphs (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae)

FIGURE 25. Teleosauroid SMNS 10985 (formerly assigned to Steneosaurus), right hind leg with soft tissue preservation. Courtesy of Erin Maxwell, used with permission. Scale bar equals 10 cm.

FIGURE 26. Teleosauroid SMNS 10985 in The integument of pelagic crocodylomorphs (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae)

FIGURE 26. Teleosauroid SMNS 10985 (formerly assigned to Steneosaurus), detail of integument on rear side of hind leg, illustrating flexed joints and square to rhomboidal shaped scutes. Courtesy of Erin Maxwell, used with permission. Width of frame equals 16 cm.