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204 results for “Thermal tolerance”
Thermal tolerance and cardiac phenotypes
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Thermal tolerance of fish to heatwaves in agricultural streams: What does not kill you makes you stronger?
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gmkov/microclimate.thermal.tolerance.Heliconius-JEB-2020: Data and scripts for "Microclimate buffering and thermal tolerance across elevations in a tropical butterfly"
<p>Data and scripts associated with the article "Microclimate buffering and thermal tolerance across elevations in a tropical butterfly", Journal of Experimental Biology (2020), by Gabriela Montejo-Kovacevich, Simon H. Martin, Joana I. Meier, Caroline N. Bacquet, Monica Monllor, Chris D. Jiggins & Nicola J. Nadeau</p>
Data from: Thermal tolerance in two wood ant species and their hybrids
<p>Local populations can cope with rising temperatures, if they have adaptive potential to face the new thermal regime. Hybridization with a closely related lineage is one potential source of adaptive genetic variability and an outstanding question is whether hybridization could help contemporary populations to adapt in the face of current environmental change. We investigate thermal adaptation by testing for differences in cold and heat tolerances between Finnish populations of two mound-building wood ants, Formica polyctena and Formica aquilonia, and their naturally occurring hybrids. The results showed that parental individuals differed in both cold and heat tolerances and expressed thermal limits which reflect the global distributions of the parental species, in support to the thermal adaptation hypothesis. However, hybrids could not combine the thermal tolerance of both parental species as they were equally heat-tolerant to F. polyctena, but not equally cold-tolerant to F. aquilonia. Intriguingly, body weight had a significant role in thermal tolerance, with heavier ants coping better with higher temperatures. These results contribute to understanding the outcomes of hybridization and the potential that species possess in coping with environmental change. Wood ants are keystone species in the boreal forests and important for healthy forest ecosystems, but they are threatened by increasing global temperatures and habitat destruction. Our findings help to understand how these species may respond to global climate change.</p>
Data from: Habitat loss and thermal tolerances influence the sensitivity of resident bird populations to winter weather at regional scales
<p>1. Climate change and habitat loss pose the greatest contemporary threats to biodiversity, but their impacts on populations largely vary across species. These differential responses could be caused by complex interactions between landscape and climate change and species-specific sensitivities.</p> <p>2. Understanding the factors that determine which species are most vulnerable to the synergistic effects of climate change and habitat loss is a high conservation priority. Here, we ask (a) whether and to what extent land cover moderates the impacts of winter weather on population dynamics of wintering birds, and (b) what role species' physiology might play in modifying their responses to changing weather conditions.</p> <p>3. To address these questions, we used thousands of observations collected by citizen scientists participating in Project FeederWatch to build dynamic occupancy models for 14 species of wintering birds.</p> <p>4. Populations of wintering birds were more dynamic, having higher rates of local extinction and colonization, in more forested landscapes during extreme cold – presumably enabling them to better track resources. However, urban areas appeared to provide refuge for some species, as demonstrated by increased local colonization during the harshest winter weather. Lastly, we found that species-specific differences in thermal tolerances strongly influenced occupancy dynamics such that species that are less cold-tolerant were more likely to go locally extinct at colder sites and during colder periods throughout winter.</p> <p>5. Together, our results suggest species that are less cold-tolerant and populations occupying less forested landscapes are most vulnerable to extreme winter weather. 11-Jun-2020</p>
Thermal tolerance of Lasius americanus across urbanization and geographical gradients
<p class="CxSpFirst"><span>Cities are emerging as a new venue to overcome the challenges of obtaining data on compensatory responses to climatic warming through phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary change. In this review, we highlight how cities can be used to explore physiological trait responses to experimental warming and also how cities can be used as human-made space-for-time substitutions. We synthesized the current literature and found evidence for significant plasticity and evolution in thermal tolerance trait responses to urban heat islands. For those studies that reported both plastic and evolved components of thermal tolerance, we found evidence that both mechanisms contributed to phenotypic shifts in thermal tolerance, rather than plastic responses precluding or limiting evolved responses. Interestingly though, for a broader range of studies, we found that the magnitude of evolved shifts in thermal tolerance was not significantly different from the magnitude of shift in those studies that only reported phenotypic results, which could be a product of evolution, plasticity, or both. Regardless, the magnitude of shifts in urban thermal tolerance phenotypes was comparable to more traditional space-for-time substitutions across latitudinal and altitudinal clines in environmental temperature. We conclude by considering how urban-derived estimates of plasticity and evolution of thermal tolerance traits can be used to improve forecasting methods including macrophysiological models and species distribution modelling approaches. Finally, we consider areas for further exploration including sub-lethal performance traits and thermal performance curves, assessing the adaptive nature of trait shifts, and taking more full advantage of the environmental thermal variation that cities generate.</span></p>
Thermal tolerance and preference are both consistent with the clinal distribution of house fly proto-Y chromosomes
<p>Selection pressures can vary within localized areas and across massive geographical scales. Temperature is one of the best studied ecologically variable abiotic factors that can affect selection pressures across multiple spatial scales. Organisms rely on physiological (thermal tolerance) and behavioral (thermal preference) mechanisms to thermoregulate in response to environmental temperature. In addition, spatial heterogeneity in temperatures can select for local adaptation in thermal tolerance, thermal preference, or both. However, the concordance between thermal tolerance and preference across genotypes and sexes within species and across populations is greatly understudied. The house fly, <em>Musca domestica</em>, is a well-suited system to examine how genotype and environment interact to affect thermal tolerance and preference. Across multiple continents, house fly males from higher latitudes tend to carry the male-determining gene on the Y chromosome, whereas those from lower latitudes usually have the male-determiner on the third chromosome. We tested whether these two male-determining chromosomes differentially affect thermal tolerance and preference as predicted by their geographical distributions. We identify effects of genotype and developmental temperature on male thermal tolerance and preference that are concordant with the natural distributions of the chromosomes, suggesting that temperature variation across the species range contributes to the maintenance of the polymorphism. In contrast, female thermal preference is bimodal and largely independent of congener male genotypes. These sexually dimorphic thermal preferences suggest that temperature-dependent mating dynamics within populations could further affect the distribution of the two chromosomes. Together, the differences in thermal tolerance and preference across sexes and male genotypes suggest that different selection pressures may affect the frequencies of the male-determining chromosomes across different spatial scales.</p>
Data from: Rapid evolution of ant thermal tolerance across an urban-rural temperature cline
Rates of urbanization are accelerating worldwide. The increases in temperature associated with 'urban heat island' effects provide both an ecological imperative and a unique opportunity to explore the ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that underlie organismal responses to rapid environmental change. We used the acorn ant, Temnothorax curvispinosus (Mayr 1866), to compare shifts in thermal tolerance of ants from rural and urban habitats throughout Cleveland, USA. Urban warming in the region has been ongoing for the past century which translates to 20 or fewer acorn ant generations. Using a common garden experiment, we found gains in the ability to withstand high temperatures and losses in the ability to withstand cool temperatures among ants in urban habitats. Owing to the greater magnitude of phenotypic change in lower compared with upper tolerances, tolerance breadth decreased in urban habitats. Mechanistically, these shifts in thermal tolerance under urbanization reflected both evolutionary change and phenotypic plasticity, as ants from urban areas exhibited higher thermal tolerances compared with ants from rural areas regardless of rearing temperature, and ants reared in the warmer temperature treatment exhibited higher tolerances than ants reared in the cooler temperature treatment. We also found evidence of evolved plasticity as the slope of the response to warmer and colder rearing environments differed significantly among rural and urban populations. While much of the ecological forecasting literature focuses on plastic responses to environmental change, our study provides evidence of rapid evolution of thermal tolerances, and suggests the importance of including evolutionary responses in forecasts of organismal responses to climatic change.
Data from: Ontogenetic thermal tolerance and performance of ectotherms at variable temperatures
Early experience and environmental conditions during ontogeny may effect organismal structure, physiology and fitness. Here, we assessed the effect of developmental acclimation to environmental thermal variability on walking speed in Drosophila melanogaster adults. Our results showed a shift in the performance curve to the right. Thus, upper and lower thermal limits exhibited developmental plasticity. Additionally, in constant and variable climatic scenarios, flies shifted to the right the optimum temperature but the maximum performance decreased only in flies reared on high temperatures and high thermal variability. Overall, we showed that environmental cues during ontogeny might help to construct phenotypic variation, which supports the hypothesis of ontogenetic dependence of thermal tolerances.
Data from: Linking species thermal tolerance to elevational range shifts in upland dung beetles
Climate warming has been proposed as the main cause of the recent range shifts seen in many species. Although species' thermal tolerances are thought to play a key role in determining responses to climate change, especially in ectotherms, empirical evidence is still limited. We investigate the connection between species' thermal tolerances, elevational range and shifts in the lower elevational limit of dung beetle species (Coleoptera, Aphodiidea) in an upland region in the northwest of England. We measured thermal tolerances in the laboratory, and used current and historical distribution data to test specific hypotheses about the area's three dominant species, particularly the species most likely to suffer from warming: Agollinus lapponum. We found marked differences between species in their minimum and maximum thermal tolerance and in their elevational range and patterns of abundance. Overall, differences in thermal limits among species matched the abundance patterns along the elevation gradient expected if distributions were constrained by climate. A. lapponum abundance increased with elevation and this species showed lower maximum and minimum thermal limits than Acrossus depressus, for which abundance declined with elevation. Consistent with lower tolerance to high temperature, we recorded an uphill retreat of the low elevation limit of A. lapponum (177 m over 57 years) in line with the increase in summer temperature observed in the region over the same period. Moreover, this species has been replaced at low and mid-elevations by the other two warm-tolerant species (A. depressus and Agrilinus ater). Our results provide empirical evidence that species' thermal tolerance constrains elevational ranges and contributes to explain the observed responses to climate warming. A mechanistic understanding of how climate change directly affects species, such as the one presented here, will provide a robust base to inform predictions of how individual species and whole assemblages may change in the future.
Comparative genomics reveals divergent thermal selection in warm- and cold-tolerant marine mussels
<p class="p1">Investigating the history of natural selection among closely related species can elucidate how genomes diverge in response to disparate environmental pressures. Molecular evolutionary approaches can be integrated with knowledge of gene functions to examine how evolutionary divergence may affect ecologically-relevant traits such as temperature tolerance and species distribution limits. Here, we integrate transcriptome-wide analyses of molecular evolution with knowledge from physiological studies to develop hypotheses regarding the functional classes of genes under positive selection in one of the world's most widespread invasive species, the warm-tolerant marine mussel <i>Mytilus </i><i>galloprovincialis</i>. Based on existing physiological information, we test the hypothesis that genomic functions previously linked to divergent temperature adaptation at the whole-organism level show accelerated molecular divergence between warm-adapted<i> M. </i><i>galloprovincialis</i> and cold-adapted congeners. Combined results from codon model tests and analyses of polymorphism and divergence reveal that divergent selection has affected genomic functions previously associated with species-specific expression responses to heat stress, namely oxidative stress defense and cytoskeletal stabilisation. Examining specific loci implicated in thermal tolerance among <i>Mytilus</i> species (based on interspecific biochemical or expression patterns), we find close functional similarities between known thermotolerance candidate genes under positive selection and positively selected loci under predicted genomic functions (those associated with divergent expression responses). Taken together, our findings suggest a contribution of temperature-dependent selection in the molecular divergence between warm- and cold-adapted <i>Mytilus </i>species that is largely consistent with results from physiological studies. More broadly, this study provides an example of how independent experimental evidence from ecophysiological investigations can inform evolutionary hypotheses about molecular adaptation in closely related non-model species.</p>
Data from: Incorporating existing thermal tolerance into projections of compositional turnover under climate change
Aim: Observed, realized niche space often underestimates species' physiological tolerances due to interactions with other species, dispersal constraints, and because some combinations of influential environmental factors do not currently exist in the real world. Conversely, correlative ecological niche models rely on the assumption that the range of environmental conditions encompassed by a species' geographic distribution accurately reflects their environmental tolerances, including community-level approaches like Generalised Dissimilarity Modelling (GDM). We extend GDM to better understand what effect broader environmental tolerances could have on compositional turnover under climate change. Innovation: We show how GDM can be adjusted as a function of best-available estimates of the average ratio between realized and potential niche widths to modify projected temporal turnover. We demonstrate this approach by using the estimated niche ratios of Australian plant species (n=7184) relative to thermal extremes, and the rate at which this ratio varied with temperature. The modified GDMs showed existing thermal tolerance could reduce the turnover predicted by standard models under climate change by up to 11%. We further show how the reduction in expected turnover by 2090 will influence where a greater proportion of the current community will persist in a region. Main conclusions: We suggest that standard spatial GDMs and their modified versions represent the extremes of ecological niche perspectives (i.e. realized and potential) and the range of tolerance communities may have when responding to environmental change. GDM projections therefore identify the range of uncertainty associated with a critical model assumption, and as climate change continues, ongoing community monitoring could be used to validate the balance between the two possibilities.
Data from: Indirect genetic effects underlie oxygen-limited thermal tolerance within a coastal population of chinook salmon
With global temperatures projected to surpass the limits of thermal tolerance for many species, evaluating the heritable variation underlying thermal tolerance is critical for understanding the potential for adaptation to climate change. We examined the evolutionary potential of thermal tolerance within a population of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by conducting a full-factorial breeding design and measuring the thermal performance of cardiac function and the critical thermal maximum (CTmax) of offspring from each family. Additive genetic variation in offspring phenotype was mostly negligible, although these direct genetic effects explained 53% of the variation in resting heart rate (fH). Conversely, maternal effects had a significant influence on resting fH, scope for fH, cardiac arrhythmia temperature and CTmax. These maternal effects were associated with egg size, as indicated by strong relationships between the mean egg diameter of mothers and offspring thermal tolerance. Because egg size can be highly heritable in chinook salmon, our finding indicates that the maternal effects of egg size constitute an indirect genetic effect contributing to thermal tolerance. Such indirect genetic effects could accelerate evolutionary responses to the selection imposed by rising temperatures and could contribute to the population-specific thermal tolerance that has recently been uncovered among Pacific salmon populations.
Figure 2 in The marine live bait trade as a pathway for the introduction of non-indigenous species into California: patterns of importation and thermal tolerances of imported specimens
Figure 2. Sales seasonality of marine live bait in California. Overall, baitworm sales peak in the summer and ghost shrimp sales peak in the winter.
Figures 1-4 from: Rebolledo AP, Collin R (2018) Thermal tolerance of the zoea I stage of four Neotropical crab species (Crustacea: Decapoda). Zoologia 35: 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e14641
Figures 1-4 Zoea I thermal tolerance of Macrocoeloma trispinosum, Aratus pisonii, Armases ricordi, and Minuca rapax: (1) Comparison of larval survival after 2 hours; (2–4) Comparison of larval survival within species at 2, 4 and 6 hours.
Heat hardening improves thermal tolerance in abalone, without the trade-offs associated with exposure to chronic elevated temperature
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Positive genetic covariance and limited thermal tolerance constrain tropical insect responses to global warming
<p>Tropical ectotherms are particularly vulnerable to global warming because their physiologies are assumed to be adapted to narrow temperature ranges. This study explores three mechanisms potentially constraining thermal adaptation to global warming in tropical insects: 1. tradeoffs in genotypic performance at different temperatures (the jack-of-all-trades hypothesis) 2. positive genetic covariance in performance, with some genotypes performing better than others at viable temperatures (the 'winner and 'loser genotypes hypothesis) or 3. limited genetic variation as the potential result of relaxed selection and the loss of genes associated with responses to extreme temperatures (the gene decay hypothesis). We estimated changes in growth and survival rates at multiple temperatures for three tropical rain forest insect herbivores (<i>Cephaloleia</i> rolled-leaf beetles, Chrysomelidae). We reared 2746 individuals in a full-sibling experimental design, at temperatures known to be experienced by this genus of beetles in nature (<i>i.e.</i>, 10-35°C). Significant genetic covariance was positive for 16 traits, supporting the 'winner and 'loser genotypes hypothesis. Only two traits displayed negative cross-temperature performance correlations. We detected a substantial contribution of genetic variance in traits associated with size and mass (0-44%), but low heritability in plastic traits such as development time (0-6%) or survival (0-4%). Lowland insect populations will most likely decline if current temperatures increase beyond 2°C. It is concerning that local adaption is already lagging behind current temperatures. The consequences of maintaining the current global warming trajectory would be devastating for tropical insects. However, if humans can limit or slow warming, many tropical ectotherms might persist in their current locations, and potentially adapt to warmer temperatures.</p>
Thermal tolerance and routine oxygen consumption of convict cichlid, Archocentrus nigrofasciatus, acclimated to constant temperatures (20 °C and 30 °C) and a daily temperature cycle (20 °C → 30 °C)
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Data from: Habitat loss and thermal tolerances influence the sensitivity of resident bird populations to winter weather at regional scales
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Data from: Local adaptation drives thermal tolerance among parasite populations: a common garden experiment
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