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836 results for “Toads”
Fig. 1 in Genetic diversity of Egyptian populations of the African Common Toad (Sclerophrys regularis, Reuss 1833)
Fig. 1. Map of the sampled localities.
Fig. 30 in Taxonomic notes on toad bug genus Nerthra (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Gelastocoridae) with description of a new species from Bonaire and Curaçao
Fig. 30. Nerthra papaceki sp. nov., paramere and pygophore (a – ventral view, b – dorsal view).
Fig. 1 in M Or P Ho L O Gi Ca L Va R Iati On An D P Op U Lat Io N Structure Of The Natterjack Toad, Epidalea Calamita, In Northern Part Of The Range In Belarus
Fig. 1. Natterjack toad Epidalea calamita in Belarus.
Fig. 5 in Action Plan For The Fire-Bellied Toad Bombina Bombina In Latvia: Assessment Of The Implementation For Ten Years, Releasing From Aquaculture And Restoration Of Habitats In 2006-2016
Fig. 5. Invasive fish Perccottus glenii from pond of B.bombina (Ainavas).
Fig. 6. B in Action Plan For The Fire-Bellied Toad Bombina Bombina In Latvia: Assessment Of The Implementation For Ten Years, Releasing From Aquaculture And Restoration Of Habitats In 2006-2016
Fig. 6. B.bombina populations found in Latvia before and after BAP.
Fig. 1. B in Action Plan For The Fire-Bellied Toad Bombina Bombina In Latvia: Assessment Of The Implementation For Ten Years, Releasing From Aquaculture And Restoration Of Habitats In 2006-2016
Fig. 1. B.bombina tadpoles in aquaculture in the Latgales Zoo.
Fig.3 in Action Plan For The Fire-Bellied Toad Bombina Bombina In Latvia: Assessment Of The Implementation For Ten Years, Releasing From Aquaculture And Restoration Of Habitats In 2006-2016
Fig.3. Two new micro-reserves Strauti and Katriniski, established for B.bombina after BAP.
Fig. 4. Optimized pond for B in Action Plan For The Fire-Bellied Toad Bombina Bombina In Latvia: Assessment Of The Implementation For Ten Years, Releasing From Aquaculture And Restoration Of Habitats In 2006-2016
Fig. 4. Optimized pond for B.bombina population in Katriniski.
Data from a study on the role of the American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) in vegetable pest management in Pennsylvania
<p>Datasets associated with a manuscript on the role of the American toad (<em>Anaryxus americanus</em>) in pest management in vegetable production in Pennsylvania, USA. The datasets derive from three distinct studies that shed light on the ecological role of the toad: (1) gut contents of field-collected individuals from a small diversified vegetable farm, (2) outcomes from a laboratory experiment on toad foraging behavior toward a range of prey, and (3) outcomes from a field mesocosm experiment in which different densities of toads were enclosed with kale plants. </p> <p>Please see the file <code>toad_column_key.xlsx</code> for the definitions of fields in all data files. </p>
Fig. 2 in Disease reservoirs threaten the recently rediscovered Podocarpus Stubfoot Toad (Atelopus podocarpus)
Fig. 2. Map of the study area showing the six field sites.
FIGURE 7. Isolated chambers. 1 in Neoichnology of the eastern spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus holbrookii (Anura: Scaphiopodidae): criteria for recognizing anuran burrows in the fossil record
FIGURE 7. Isolated chambers. 1, Side view (SH20). 2, Frontal view (SH20). 3, Frontal view (SH67).
Cane Toad Acoustic Classifier Audio Training Data
<h3><strong>Cane Toad Audio Dataset for Machine Learning Classifier Development</strong></h3> <h3><strong>Description:</strong></h3> <p>This dataset was created as part of a study aimed at developing a machine learning classifier to detect the advertisement calls of the cane toad (<em>Rhinella marina</em>) using BirdNET. The dataset comprises 3-second audio snippets that capture a variety of sounds, including cane toad vocalizations, calls from spectrally overlapping species, environmental noises, and unidentified sounds. These labelled sound data were collected from various Australian Acoustic Observatory' recording sites, covering a broad range of geographic locations and environmental conditions in Australia.</p> <h3><strong>Sound Classes:</strong></h3> <ul> <li>Background</li> <li>Canis lupus dingo (Dingo)</li> <li>Centropus phasianinus (Pheasant Coucal)</li> <li>Cyclorana australis (Water Holding Frog)</li> <li>Cyclorana cryptotis (Hidden Ear Frog)</li> <li>Cyclorana novaehollandiae (New Holland Frog)</li> <li>Dacelo novaeguineae (Kookaburra)</li> <li>Ninox boobook (Southern Boobook)</li> <li>Notaden melanoscaphus (Northern Spadefoot Toad)</li> <li>Rhinella marina (Cane Toad) – Processed with a low-pass filter to remove frequencies above 1300 Hz, minimizing interference from co-occurring sounds.</li> <li>Unidentified Sounds</li> </ul> <h3><strong>Use and Applications:</strong></h3> <p>This dataset is valuable for training machine learning models focused on the acoustic detection of cane toads, could be useful for researchers and professionals working in bioacoustics, machine learning, ecological monitoring and invasive species management.</p>
Dispersal distances of radio-tracked cane toads in French Guiana
<p>Like most invasive species, cane toads have attracted less research in their native range than in invaded areas. We radio-tracked 34 free-ranging toads in French Guiana, a source region for most invasive populations, across two coastal and two rainforest sites. Coastal toads generally sheltered in pools of fresh or brackish water but nocturnally foraged on beaches, whereas rainforest toads sheltered in forested habitats, moving into open areas at night. Over five days of monitoring, native toads frequently re-used shelters and moved little between days (means = 10–63 m/site) compared to invasion-front toads from Australia (~250 m). Larger toads moved less between days, but displaced in more consistent directions. At night, foraging toads travelled up to 200 m before returning to shelters. Foraging distance was related to body condition at coastal sites, with toads in poorer body condition travelling farther. Rain increased the probability of coastal toads sheltering in the dry habitats where they foraged. Dispersal and rainfall were lower at coastal sites, and the strategies utilized by coastal toads to minimize water loss resembled those of invasive toads in semi-desert habitats. This global invader already exhibits a broad environmental niche and substantial behavioural flexibility within its native range.</p>
Brain size variation along altitudinal gradients in the Asiatic Toad (Bufo gargarizans)
<p>Size changes of brain and brain regions along altitudinal gradients provide insight into the trade-off between energetic expenditure and cognitive capacity. We investigated the brain size variations of the Asiatic Toad (<i>Bufo gargarizans</i>) across altitudes from 700m to 3200m. A total of 325 individuals from 11 sites and two transects were sampled. To reduce confounding factors, all sampling sites within each transect were within a maximum distance of 85km and minimum altitudinal difference close to 2000 m. Brains were dissected and five regions were both measured directly and with 3D CT scan. There is a significant negative correlation between the relative whole brain volume (to snout-vent length) and altitude. Furthermore, the relative volumes (to whole brain volume) of optic tectum and cerebellum also decrease along the altitudinal gradients, except the telencephalon, which increases along the altitudinal gradients. Therefore, our results are mostly consistent with the expensive tissue hypothesis and the functional constraint hypothesis. We suggest that most current hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and data supporting one hypothesis are often partially consistent with others. More researches on mechanisms are needed to explain the brain size evolution in realistic adaptation events.</p>
Cross-species transcriptomics uncovers genes underlying genetic accommodation of developmental plasticity in spadefoot toads
<p>That hardcoded genomes can manifest as plastic phenotypes responding to environmental perturbations is a fascinating feature of living organisms. How such developmental plasticity is regulated at the molecular level is beginning to be uncovered aided by the development of -omic techniques. Here, we compare the transcriptome-wide responses of two species of spadefoot toads with differing capacity for developmental acceleration of their larvae in the face of a shared environmental risk: pond drying. By comparing gene expression profiles over time and performing cross-species network analyses, we identified orthologues and functional gene pathways whose environmental sensitivity in expression have diverged between species. Genes related to lipid, cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis and metabolism make up most of a module of genes environmentally responsive in one species, but canalized in the other. The evolutionary changes in the regulation of the genes identified through these analyses may have been key in the genetic accommodation of developmental plasticity in this system.</p>
Ocular lens morphology is influenced by ecology and metamorphosis in frogs and toads
<p><span>The shape and relative size of an ocular lens affects the focal length of the eye, with consequences for visual acuity and sensitivity. Lenses are typically spherical in aquatic animals with camera-type eyes and axially flattened in terrestrial species to facilitate vision in optical media with different refractive indices. Frogs and toads (Amphibia: Anura) are ecologically diverse, with many species shifting from aquatic to terrestrial ecologies during metamorphosis. We quantified lens shape and relative size using 179 microCT scans of 126 biphasic anuran species and tested for correlations with life stage, environmental transitions, adult habits and adult activity patterns. Across broad phylogenetic diversity, tadpole lenses are more spherical than those of adults. Biphasic species with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults typically undergo ontogenetic changes in lens shape, whereas species that remain aquatic as adults tend to retain more spherical lenses after metamorphosis. Further, adult lens shape is influenced by adult habit; notably, fossorial adults tend to retain spherical lenses following metamorphosis. Finally, lens size relative to eye size is smaller in aquatic and semiaquatic species than other adult ecologies. Our study demonstrates how ecology shapes visual systems, and the power of non-invasive imaging of museum specimens for studying sensory evolution.</span></p>
Using landscape genomics to delineate future adaptive potential for climate change in the Yosemite Toad (Anaxyrus canorus)
<p>An essential goal in conservation biology is delineating population units that maximize the probability of species persisting into the future and adapting to future environmental change. However, future-facing conservation concerns are often addressed using retrospective patterns that could be irrelevant. We recommend a novel landscape genomics framework for delineating future "Geminate Evolutionary Units" (GEUs) in a focal species: (1) identify loci under environmental selection, (2) model and map adaptive conservation units that may spawn future lineages, (3) forecast relative selection pressures on each future lineage, and (4) estimate their fitness and likelihood of persistence using geo-genomic simulations. Using this process, we delineated conservation units for the Yosemite toad (<em>Anaxyrus</em> <em>canorus</em>), a U.S. federally threatened species that is highly vulnerable to climate change. We used a genome-wide dataset, redundancy analysis, and Bayesian association methods to identify 24 candidate loci responding to climatic selection (R<sup>2</sup> ranging from 0.09–0.52), after controlling for demographic structure. Candidate loci included genes such as MAP3K5, involved in cellular response to environmental change. We then forecasted future genomic response to climate change using the multivariate machine learning algorithm Gradient Forests. Based on all available evidence, we found three GEUs in Yosemite National Park, reflecting contrasting adaptive optima: YF-North (high winter snowpack with moderate summer rainfall), YF-East (low to moderate snowpack with high summer rainfall), and YF-Low-Elevation (low snowpack and rainfall). Simulations under the RCP 8.5 climate change scenario suggest that the species will decline by 29% over 90 years, but the highly diverse YF-East lineage will be least impacted for two reasons: (1) geographically it will be sheltered from the largest climatic selection pressures, (2) its standing genetic diversity will promote a faster adaptive response. Our approach provides a comprehensive strategy for protecting imperiled non-model species with genomic data alone and has wide applicability to other declining species.</p>
A qualitative assessment of calcification across species and sexes of European Bufo toads using the micro-CT technique
<p><span>Micro-computed tomography </span><span>is a powerful tool towards the detailed reconstruction of internal and external morphology, in particular for ossified and other dense tissues. Here, we document and compare the amount of calcification in the skin of the head and the parotoids (the external skin glands) in males and females of the common and spined toads, <em>Bufo</em> <em>bufo</em> and <em>B. spinosus</em>. In some anurans including <em>Bufo</em> species, a specific acellular calcified tissue layer (the Eberth-Katschenko layer) within the dermis has been documented. Using micro-CT scan and standard histological techniques, we detected additional calcium deposits located in the dermal layer stratum spongiosum, above the Eberth-Katschenko layer. The data show that the level of calcification and the presence of the additional calcium deposits is size- and sex-related, increasing in the order from <em>B. bufo</em> males, <em>B. spinosus</em> males, <em>B. bufo</em> females to <em>B. spinosus</em> females. The least variable are <em>B. spinosus</em> females that have dense additional calcium deposits in parotoids, dorsal and ventral skin, as armour protecting their heads. Three-dimensional volume renderings and cross-sectional slices obtained by micro-CT scan used in this study indicate that this approach is a promising technique for further studies on <em>Bufo</em> skin anatomy and geographic variation in skin calcification.</span></p>
Age Structure and Body Size of The Tibetan Toad (Bufo tibetanus) Populations from Two Different Altitudes in China
<p>Knowledge about the altitudinal patterns in age and body size helps to highlight the evolution of life history parameters in animals. In this study, we investigated the demographic traits of the Tibetan toad (<em>Bufo tibetanus</em>) between populations from low and high altitude habitats (2650 <em>vs</em> 3930m) using skeletochronology. We found 1) the mean age and body size of females were significantly greater than those of males in either population; 2) both sexes of toads from the higher altitude tended to be significantly older in age and larger in body size; 3) a significant positive relationship between age and body size within each sex of the toad at both altitudes; 4) growth rates varied between the two populations, with the higher rate observed in the low-altitude population, and lower in the high-altitude population. Our results suggest that factors other than age can influence altitudinal patterns in body size, such as altitude-associated temperature. Future research should pay attention to these factors and evaluate their influences on the growth patterns of animals.Knowledge about the altitudinal patterns in age and body size helps to highlight the evolution of life history parameters in animals. In this study, we investigated the demographic traits of the Tibetan toad (<em>Bufo tibetanus</em>) between populations from low and high altitude habitats (2650 <em>vs</em> 3930m) using skeletochronology. We found 1) the mean age and body size of females were significantly greater than those of males in either population; 2) both sexes of toads from the higher altitude tended to be significantly older in age and larger in body size; 3) a significant positive relationship between age and body size within each sex of the toad at both altitudes; 4) growth rates varied between the two populations, with the higher rate observed in the low-altitude population, and lower in the high-altitude population. Our results suggest that factors other than age can influence altitudinal patterns in body size, such as altitude-associated temperature. Future research should pay attention to these factors and evaluate their influences on the growth patterns of animals.</p>
Data from: Tradeoffs affect the adaptive value of plasticity: Stronger cannibal-induced defenses incur greater costs in toad larvae
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.