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Figs 43–45 in On a collection of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from the Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary, India

Figs 43–45. Irura shendurney sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (KUDZ 2022.VI.20). 43–44. Left palp. 43. Ventral view. 44. Retrolateral view. 45. Bulb and embolus, ventral view. Scale bars: 43–44 = 0.5 mm. Arrow indicates the retro-dorsal extension on the palpal tibia.

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R code for: Following regulation, imidacloprid persists and flupyradifurone increases in non-target wildlife

After regulation of pesticides, determination of their persistence in the environment is an important indicator of effectiveness of these measures. We quantified concentrations of two types of systemic insecticides: neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid, clothianidin, thiacloprid, and thiamethoxam) and butenolides (flupyradifurone), in off-crop non-target media of hummingbird cloacal fluid, honey bee (Apis mellifera) nectar and honey, and wildflowers before and after regulation of imidacloprid on highbush blueberries in Canada in April 2021. We found that mean total pesticide load increased in hummingbird cloacal fluid, nectar, and flower samples following imidacloprid regulation. On average, we did not find evidence of a decrease in imidacloprid concentrations after regulation. However, there were some decreases, some increases and other cases with no changes in imidacloprid levels depending on the specific media, time point of sampling and site type. At the same time, we found an overall increase in flupyradifurone, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam and thiacloprid, but no change in clothianidin concentrations. In particular, flupyradifurone concentrations observed in biota sampled near to agricultural areas increased by 2-fold in honey bee nectar, 7-fold in hummingbird cloacal fluid, and 8-fold in flowers after the 2021 imidacloprid regulation. The highest residue detected in this study was flupyradifurone at 665 ng/mL (PPB) in honey bee nectar. Mean total pesticide loads were highest in honey samples (84 ± 10 PPB) followed by nectar (56 ± 7 PPB), then hummingbird cloacal fluid (1.8 ± 0.5 PPB), and least, flowers (0.51 ± 0.06 PPB). Our results highlight that limited regulation of imidacloprid does not immediately reduce residue concentrations while other systemic insecticides, possibly replacement compounds, concurrently increase in wildlife.

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Data and Code from: Wildfire influences species assemblage and habitat utilisation of boreal wildlife after more than a decade in northern Sweden

Data and Code supporting the analyses presented in: Fredriksson, Cromsigt & Hofmeester - Wildfire influences species assemblage and habitat utilisation of boreal wildlife after more than a decade in northern Sweden as published in Wildlife Biology Abstract Fires can strongly change the vegetation structure and the availability of resources for wildlife, but fire suppression has long affected the natural role of fire in shaping boreal ecosystems in northern Europe. Recently, wildfires have increased in frequency, possibly due to global warming. In contrast to the boreal systems in North America, there have been few studies on responses of wildlife to wildfires in northern Europe. Based on the findings from North America, we predict that responses of wildlife to wildfire vary among wildlife species: where mammalian herbivores, such as moose (Alces alces) and mountain hare (Lepus timidus), will be attracted to burnt areas following an increase in food availability, other species, such as reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), are negatively impacted due to fire reducing their preferred food. We then tested our predictions by contrasting wildlife utilization of sites that burnt by wildfire in 2006 with nearby unburnt control sites in three areas in northern Sweden. To measure wildlife utilization, we used 72 camera traps, equally divided between the burnt and control sites, with two placement strategies: random and on wildlife trails. The cameras recorded 27 mammal and bird species during summer 2018. Species assemblage differed between burnt and control sites. Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) used burnt sites more than control sites, while pine marten (Martes martes) and western capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) used control sites more than burnt sites. We however did not find support for a positive effect of past forest fires on any of the observed wild mammals. We discuss how, due to the impact of forestry, forage-rich habitat may not be as limiting in Scandinavia as in the North-American context, potentially leading to recently burnt sites being less attractive to herbivores such as moose.

Fig. 3. Urinary bladder from a in A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife

Fig. 3. Urinary bladder from a fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) experimentally infected with N. caninum. IHC using polyclonal caprine anti-N. caninum showing marked necrotizing and widespread degeneration and necrosis of the detrusor muscle with many neutrophils and macrophages and intralesional protozoan cysts and tachyzoites (A). H&E of the same tissue; open arrows indicate intracellular protozoan organisms (B). N. caninum IHC (C) and H&E (D) of protozoan tissue cysts.

Fig. 2 in A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife

Fig. 2. Liver from an aborted white rhinoceros fetus with naturally acquired congenital N. caninum infection. Multifocal hepatic necrosis with intralesional intracellular protozoan cyst-like structure (open arrow). H&E (A). Intracellular protozoan cyst-like structure. H&E (B). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using polyclonal caprine anti-N. caninum showing clustered free and intracellular protozoal tachyzoites (C, D, E) and intracellular protozoan cyst-like structures (C, D, F). H&E photomicrographs (A, B) courtesy of Cheryl Sangster, Taronga Conservation Society Australia.

Fig. 2 in Species of Angiostrongylus (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) in wildlife: A review

Fig. 2. Tawny frogmouth, Podargus strigoides, with severe posterior paresis and unable to right itself due to infection with Angiostrongylus cantonensis.

Fig. 3 in Species of Angiostrongylus (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) in wildlife: A review

Fig. 3. Immature Angiostrongylus cantonensis in the cerebellum of a brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, with extensive granulomatous and eosinophilic meningoencephalitis and malacia (adapted from Ma et al., 2013, fig. 7).

Fig. 1 in Species of Angiostrongylus (Nematoda: Metastrongyloidea) in wildlife: A review

Fig. 1. The life cycle of Angiostrongylus cantonensis. Rat definitive hosts acquire thirdstage larvae by ingesting infected intermediate hosts, aquatic or terrestrial snails and slugs. Larvae penetrate the stomach, enter the hepatic portal and mesenteric lymphatic systems and are carried to the heart and lungs. They enter alveoli, invade the pulmonary veins, are returned to the left heart and distributed around the body by the arterial circulation. Larvae reach the CNS, predominantly the cerebrum and cerebellum, grow and moult twice in the parenchyma and young adults invade the subarachnoid space of the brain. After about two weeks they invade the cerebral vein and move to the heart and pulmonary arteries where they mature. Eggs are carried in the blood to the lungs where they embryonate. First-stage larvae escape up the bronchial escalator, are swallowed, pass out in the faeces, are ingested by intermediate hosts, snails and slugs, and develop to third-stage infective larvae. A broad spectrum of animals – planarians, prawns, crabs, frogs and lizards may serve as paratenic hosts in which infective larvae reside but undergo no further development. Humans are an accidental host and infection may occur through ingestion of intermediate or paratenic hosts, the latter often eaten raw or their juices used in preparation of local dishes. Infective larvae may also leave molluscs and contaminate vegetables such as lettuce (adapted from Wang et al., 2008, fig. 1).

Fig. 2 in Wildlife disease ecology in changing landscapes: Mesopredator release and toxoplasmosis

Fig. 2. Map of Tasmania showing blood collection sites for the three native carnivore species and the introduced feral cat. Places identified are those referred to in the text.

Fig. 1 in Wildlife disease ecology in changing landscapes: Mesopredator release and toxoplasmosis

Fig. 1. Map of Tasmania showing average cat densities from individual spotlighting districts over 8 years and blood collection sites for the Tasmanian pademelon. Positive T. gondii sites are those where at least one sample tested positive to IgG antibodies. Negative sites are those where no evidence of exposure to T. gondii was found in any sample.

Fig. 3 in Wildlife disease ecology in changing landscapes: Mesopredator release and toxoplasmosis

Fig. 3. Prevalence of IgG antibodies of Tasmanian mammals to T. gondii by trophic level; n represents the total number of samples tested. Standard error bars are shown.

Fig. 2 in Networks and the ecology of parasite transmission: A framework for wildlife parasitology

Fig. 2. How do we use networks to understand the ecology of parasite transmission? Networks allow us to describe how the behaviour of individuals collectively affects the transmission of parasites within wildlife populations. They provide a flexible framework that enables analysis at three different levels; individual (panel A), dyadic (pair-wise associations) (panel B) and the network (population) level (panel C). Within each level of analysis, there are different metrics and analytical approaches that can be used to explore the ecology of parasite transmission.

Fig. 1 in Networks and the ecology of parasite transmission: A framework for wildlife parasitology

Fig. 1. What is a network? A network in its most elementary form is an adjacency matrix, where row and column labels represent the individuals in the network, and the remaining cells represent the pair-wise associations among individuals in the network (panel A). These associations can be weighted, as below (panel A), where stronger relationships are assigned a higher value (for example, the duration or frequency of contact). They can also be directed, to reflect the direction of the association; in this instance, the direction of possible parasite transmission. In this case, rows represent donor nodes, and columns represent recipient nodes (e.g., in panel A: from node C (donor) to node D (recipient), there is a score of 1). The matrix can be visualised as a network diagram (panel B), consisting of nodes, which represent the epidemiological unit of interest (usually individuals) connected together by a series of edges representing the measure of association (the potential for parasite transmission). In context of understanding the ecology of parasite transmission, edges represent a 'contact' between two hosts that provides an opportunity for parasite transfer. The weighting of edges represents the likelihood of parasite transmission (e.g., the frequency or intensity of contact among hosts). The definition of a contact will depend on the type of parasite considered, and how it is passed from one host to another.

Fig. 1 in Unexpected diversity of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis in wildlife in Canada

Fig. 1. Map of Canada showing sites with samples positive for Echinococcus multilocularis in the current study. Carnivore icons (circles) in the Northwest Territories and rodent icons (squares) in southern Saskatchewan represent centrum data, not exact sampling locations. Boxed lettering represents haplotypes from this study. Provincial and territory abbreviations are as follows: Yukon territory (YT), Northwest territories (NT), Nunavut (NU), British Columbia (BC), Alberta (AB), Saskatchewan (SK), and Manitoba (MB).

Fig. 2 in Unexpected diversity of the cestode Echinococcus multilocularis in wildlife in Canada

Fig. 2. Haplotype network of Echinococcus multilocularis. Network shows the relationships of haplotypes A–Q from a 370 base pair region of the nad1 mitochondrial gene, described in the current study from wild carnivores (Arctic fox, wolf, and coyote) and deer mice (dm) in western Canada, and previously published sequences (M1, M2 and a European-type strain recently isolated from a dog in BC). Network is based on statistical parsimony. Small, unlabelled circles indicate hypothetical haplotypes separated by a single nucleotide change from adjacent sequences. Labelled ovals and rectangles represent distinct haplotypes. Abbreviations for Canadian provinces and territories as for Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 in Exploiting parallels between livestock and wildlife: Predicting the impact of climate change on gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants

Fig. 3. In marginal grazing systems in Europe sheep often occupy separate summer and winter grazing areas, analogous to the summer and winter ranges of migratory ruminants. In the uplands of Wales, UK, (shown here) sheep are often grazed on extensive areas of land at low stocking densities over the summer period, and sent to lowland dairy farms for winter grazing at higher stocking densities. (Photo: Rose, H.).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from Brazilian wildlife revealed abundant new genotypes

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic network analysis of Toxoplasma gondii from wildlife in Brazil. Genotype ID and the representative strain are listed for each taxonomic branch. Reference strains are in black, the strains from this study are in red, and the Amazonic reference strains that did not cluster together are in boxes. Inside the circle are listed all the genotypes obtained from the Amazon region which are in the same branch as other isolates from this biome.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2014View details →

Fig. 2 in Genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii from Brazilian wildlife revealed abundant new genotypes

Fig. 2. Geographical distribution of the genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii from wildlife in Brazil. Samples are grouped by states. Sample size is represented by the size of the bar and the number written in brackets. The smallest bar represents one genotype. Color code: green, purple, red and blue are for BrI, BrII, previously described atypical genotypes and new atypical genotypes, respectively.

Fig. 2 in Exploiting parallels between livestock and wildlife: Predicting the impact of climate change on gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants

Fig. 2. The relative seasonal incidence of ovine parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) in the Southwest of England, UK, based on monthly diagnoses of (a) Nematodosis (NOS = species not otherwise specified), (b) Haemonchosis and (c) Nematodirosis (van Dijk et al., 2008).

Fig. 1 in Exploiting parallels between livestock and wildlife: Predicting the impact of climate change on gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminants

Fig. 1. Comparison of the instantaneous daily development rate of Ostertagia ostertagi (grey) and O. gruehneri (black) at a range of constant temperatures. Instantaneous daily development rates were estimated from the time to 50% development of L3, derived from data published in the literature (O. ostertagi: Rose, 1961; Pandey, 1972; Young et al., 1980) and original data (O. gruehneri: Hoar, 2012) as described by Azam et al. (2012).