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Fig. 8 in Occurrence and characterisation of tongue worms, Linguatula spp., in South Africa

Fig. 8. Phylogenetic analysis of Cox1 and 18sRNA sequences for Linguatula spp., with Armillifer agkistrodontis as an outgroup for Cox1 (a) and 18sRNA (b) sequences, respectively. Bayesian posterior probabilities values are indicated on the branches.

Fig. 7 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 7. Forelimb (with details of manus) of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. ZPAL MgR-III/79, CT-scans. The dotted line in A1 marks surface where the digit I and II are eroded; outlines in A2 mark phalanges and metacarpals (preserved and reconstructed). B. ZPAL MgR-I/9; photograph (B1), outlines of the forearm and partially preserved hand (B2). C. ZPAL MgR-I/8, partially preserved hand.

Fig. 9 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 9. Hindlimb of Slavoia darevskii. A. Based on ZPAL MgR-I/9, tibia in ventral view. B. Based on PIN 3142/358, outlines of hindlimb in dorsal (B1) and anterior (B2) views.

Fig. 4 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 4. Pectoral girdle of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. ZPAL MgR-III/76, scapulacoracoid in anterior view; the black line marks missing parts seen in other specimens. B. ZPAL MgR-I/8, pectoral girdle with ventral edge of clavicle, interclavicle (morphotype I), coracoids, and proximal part of humerus. C. PIN 4487/14, sternum with rib attachments, coracoids with epicoracoids, interclavicle (morphotype I), humerus, cervical, and skull in ventral view.

Fig. 3 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 3. Reconstruction of scapulocoracoid of Slavoia darevskii based on different specimens, in anterior (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), and ventral (D) views. E. Reconstruction of epicoracoid assuming that it did not reach the suprascapula.

Fig. 13 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 13. Evolution of pectoral girdles of Lacertidae, Slavoia darevskii, and families of Amphisbaenia. Crosses mark at least three independent losses of the forelimbs among worm lizards.

Fig. 1 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 1. The axial skeleton of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. The reconstruction of the first four vertebrae in dorsal view (based on different specimens). B. The reconstruction of sternum in ventral view (based on PIN 4487/14). C. The reconstruction of first hypapophysis (based on ZPAL MgR-I/108). D. PIN 3142/358, complete presacral vertebrate column in dorsal view; photo courtesy of Vladimir Alifanov. E. ZPAL MgR-I/78, the neck with well preserved, blunt and broad cervical ribs. F. The reconstruction (based on ZPAL MgR-I/8) of the fifth caudal vertebra in lateral (F1) and dorsal (F2) views; sacral vertebrae in dorsal view (F3).

Fig. 6 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 6. Reconstruction of right humerus (A) and ulna (B) of Slavoia darevskii. A. ZPAL MgR-I/8, holotype. Proximal head with partially preserved epiphysis in proximal (A1) and ventral (A2) views, the shaft and distal head in medial view (A3), and distal head in distal view (A4). B. ZPAL MgR-I/9, subadult, in lateral (B1), posterior (B2), and medial (B3) views.

Fig. 15 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 15. Sequence of evolutionary changes in the amphisbaenian body plan proposed in this work. The phylogenetic relationships are taken from Kearney and Stuart (2004) and Tałanda (2016).

Fig. 5 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 5. Humerus of the stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 (ZPAL MgR-I/8) from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. Distal part in medial view. B. Humerus in ventral view, displaying also coracoid and interclavicule.

Fig. 11 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 11. The stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 (PIN 3142/358, posterior half) from late Campanian of Mongolia; displaying nearly complete hindlimb and ischia. Photograph from the rear showing reduced pes (A), ventral side (B). Photos courtesy of Vladimir Alifanov.

Fig. 2 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 2. Reconstructions of clavicles (C, D) and interclavicles (A, B) of Slavoia darevskii. A. Morphotype I based on ZPAL MgR-I/8, in anterior (C1), lateral (C2), and ventral (C3) views. B. Comparison of the morphotypes II and I in the same scale. C. Morphotype I based on ZPAL MgR-I/8. D. Outlines of the morphotype II preserved in ZPAL MgR-III/80; grey lines, damaged edges of the clavicle; dotted line, hypothetical reconstruction of missing part. Both in anterior view.

Fig. 8 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 8. Reconstruction of pelvis of Slavoia darevskii. A. Based on PIN 3142/358, paired ischia in ventral view. B. Based on ZPAL MgR-I/8, in lateral view; the dashed line marks missing part.

Fig. 10 in Evolution of postcranial skeleton in worm lizards inferred from its status in the Cretaceous stem-amphisbaenian Slavoia darevskii

Fig. 10. The stem-amphisbaenid Slavoia darevskii Sulimski, 1984 (ZPAL MgR-I/9) from late Campanian of Mongolia. A. Left femur in posterior view. B. Tibia in posterior view.

Fig. 9 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 9. Possible cambroclave animal, lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), Buen Formation, Sirius Passet FossilLagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. MGUH 3948, enlargement of sclerites (A), anterior striations (B), and entire specimen (C). Scale bars 5 mm. Specimen coated with sublimate.

Fig. 7 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 7. Outline phylogeny of Ecdysozoa, principally based on Sørensen et al. (2008), to indicate possible basal position of the palaeoscolecidans and related taxa.

Fig. 5 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 5. Palaeoscolecidan Xystoscolex boreogyrus gen. et sp. nov., lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), Buen Formation, Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. MGUH 29152. A. Anterior and posterior (upper left) ends of folded specimen. B. Detail of introvert with anterior scalids and in lower right sclerites of posterior (lower left). Scale bars 10 mm. Specimen coated with sublimate.

Fig. 4 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 4. Palaeoscolecidans Xystoscolex boreogyrus gen. et sp. nov. (A, C–F) and Chalazoscolex pharkus gen. et sp. nov. (B, G), lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), Buen Formation, Sirius Fossil−Passet Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. A. MGUH 29147, anterior with introvert. B. MGUH 29148, enlargement of introvert and anterior trunk (B1) and entire specimen with gut trace (B2); see also Fig. 6F. C. MGUH 29149, enlargement of posterior end (C1) and entire specimen with gut trace (C2). D. MGUH 29142, enlargement of introvert, see also Fig. 3A. E. MGUH 29150, entire specimen (E1) and enlargement of introvert with everted pharyngeal region (E2); see also Fig. 6A. F. MGUH 29151, gut trace containing arthropod Isoxys volucris Williams, Siveter, and Peel, 1996 with characteristic spinose extension arrowed. G. MGUH 29137, gut trace; see also Fig. 2C. Scale bars 5 mm in D, G; otherwise 10 mm. All specimens coated with sublimate.

Fig. 1 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 1. Palaeoscolecidan Chalazoscolex pharkus gen. et sp. nov., lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), Buen Formation, Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. A. MGUH 29133, entire specimen (A1) and enlargements of trunk (A2) and introvert (A3); see also Fig. 6B. B. MGUH 29134, entire specimen (B1) and enlargements of anterior (B2), trunk (B3), and introvert (B4). Scale bars 10 mm. All specimens coated with sublimate.

Fig. 3 in New palaeoscolecidan worms from the Lower Cambrian: Sirius Passet, Latham Shale and Kinzers Shale

Fig. 3. Palaeoscolecidan Xystoscolex boreogyrus gen. et sp. nov., lower Cambrian (Series 2, stage 3), Buen Formation, Sirius Passet Fossil−Lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. A. MGUH 29142, entire specimen with introvert at top right; note also gut trace. B. MGUH 29143, entire specimen (B1) and enlargement of posterior (upper) and introvert with anterior spines (B2). C. MGUH 29144, detail of introvert (C1) and entire specimen (C2); see also Fig. 6E. D. MGUH 29145, detail of introvert (upper) and posterior termination (lower right) (D1) and entire specimen (D2). E. MGUH 29146, entire specimen. Scale bars 10 mm. All specimens coated with sublimate.