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Fig. 2 in More evidence for plesiomorphy of the quadrate in the Eocene anseriform avian genus Presbyornis

Fig. 2. Most parsimonious distribution of 11 best defined characters of the anseriform quadrate (see also Elzanowski and Stidham 2010), with caudal views of the quadrates. A. Megapodius freycinet Gaimard, 1823. B. Presbyornis sp. C. Anhima cornuta (Linnaeus, 1766). D. Anseranas semipalmata (Latham, 1798). E. Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, 1766). Synapomorphies: Galloanseres: 1, subcapitular tubercle present; 2, mandibular articulation bicondylar; 3, mandibular articulation narrower than half the height of the quadrate (which makes it look slender). Anseriformes: 4, supraorbital crest present (see Fig. 1A 2, B 2); 5, mandibular condyles overlap (interdigitate with their tips) across the intercondylar vallecula (see Fig. 1A 3, B 3). Crown-group Anseriformes: 6, submeatic prominence or process present; 7, orbitocotylar crest does not extend on the quadrate corpus (as it does in Presbyornis; see Fig. 1A 2, A 4, B 2, B 4); 8, medial condyle distinctly offset proximad relative to the lateral condyle; 9, no basiorbital foramen (except for a minute opening in some anhimid specimens). Anseranas and Anatidae: 10, the rostral tongue of the squamosal capitulum ending as a saddle-shaped concavity; 11, inflated submeatic prominence. Asterisk marks the presence of the caudomedial foramen (vestigial in the Anhimidae). The presence/absence of this foramen has not been included in the character optimization because its absence in all Presbyornis quadrates has yet to be confirmed.

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Fig. 1 in More evidence for plesiomorphy of the quadrate in the Eocene anseriform avian genus Presbyornis

Fig. 1. The quadrates of anseriform bird Presbyornis from the Lower Eocene of Tsagaan Khushuu, Mongolia. A. PIN 3104-209 (reversed). B. PIN 3104- 208. In dorsal (A 1, B1), rostral (A 2, B2), ventral (A 3, B3), lateral (A 4, B4), rostromedial (A 5, B5), medial (A 6, B6), and caudal (A 7, B7) views.

Fig. 4 in The first non-avian theropod from the Czech Republic

Fig. 4. Non-avian theropod tooth, IGS-MJ-0001 (Orionides indet.) from Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian), Švédské šance (Brno-Slatina), Czech Republic. A. Tooth in labial view. B. Detail of the serrations on the mesial carina; with the cellae filled with matrix and clear absence of the complexes of interdenticular sulci and caudae. C. Tooth crown from the mesial view.

Fig. 5 in The first non-avian theropod from the Czech Republic

Fig. 5. Non-avian theropod tooth, IGS-MJ-0001 (Orionides indet.) from Upper Jurassic (Oxfordian), Švédské šance (Brno-Slatina), Czech Republic. Detail of the serrations on the distal carina from the labial view.

Fig. 3. Tooth orientation terminology. A in The first non-avian theropod from the Czech Republic

Fig. 3. Tooth orientation terminology. A. Theropod tooth crown in lingual view. B. Mid-crown cross-section of idealized theropod tooth crown. After Smith and Dodson (2003).

Fig. 2 in The first non-avian theropod from the Czech Republic

Fig. 2. Location of the discovery and paleogeography of the Czech Republic during the maximum transgression in the Late Jurassic. The depicted areas represent: the presumed extent of the landmass (A), the shelf lagoon (B), the carbonate platform (C), the basin development (D); star shows approximate position of Švédské šance (modified after Eliáš in Suk et al. 1984: 150).

Fig. 1 in The first non-avian theropod from the Czech Republic

Fig. 1. Sketch of tooth crown and measurements (modified after Smith et al. 2005 and Lubbe et al. 2009). DA, number of denticles per 5 mm at the apical third of the distal carina; DB, number of denticles per 5 mm at the basal third of the distal carina; DC, number of denticles per 5 mm at the center of the distal carina; MA, number of denticles per 5 mm at the apical third of the mesial carina; MB, number of denticles per 5 mm at the basal third of the mesial carina; MC, number of denticles per 5 mm at the center of the mesial carina.

Fig. 6 in Revisiting Sabath's "Larger Avian Eggs" from the Gobi Cretaceous

Fig. 6. Plan view of bedding plane from the enantiornithine nesting locality of Fernández et al. (2013) located on the campus of the Universidad Nacional del Comahue, North of Neuquén city, Argentina within the Bajo de la Carpa Formation (Río Colorado Subgroup, Neuquén Group, Middle-Upper Santonian). Erosion is just exposing the blunt, upper end of two eggs (e). The vertical orientation and scattered distribution of eggs characterizes this site (Fernández et al. 2013).

Fig. 4 in Revisiting Sabath's "Larger Avian Eggs" from the Gobi Cretaceous

Fig. 4. Petrographic thin sections of avian and non-avian theropod eggshells from the Upper Cretaceous. A. Styloolithus sabathi oogen. et oosp. nov. (ZPAL MgOv-II-6); horizontal lines at the left side of A1 mark, from bottom to top, the boundaries between the mammillary, second (possible squamatic zone), and third (possible external zone) layers. A2, same as A1, but in polarized light. A3, thin section 9-6 highlighting the same three structural layers as in A1, including the mammillary layer (ML), second layer (2L), and third layer (3L). DL represents the outer diagenetic layer. A4, thin section 9-5, showing properly proportioned ML and 2L, but a loss of the 3L. B. Protoceratopsidovum sincerum Mikhailov, 1994 (PIN 3143/121), horizontal line at left marks the boundary between the mammillary layer and palisade layer. C. Gobioolithus minor Mikhailov, 1996a (ZPAL MgOv-III/11b), horizontal lines at left mark, from bottom to top, the boundaries between the mammillary layer, squamatic zone, and an outer recrystallized zone, possibly representing either diagenetic overgrowth or an altered biological external zone. D. Neuquén enantiornithine eggshell MSU ES 177 (Schweitzer et al. 2002: fig. 1), horizontal lines at left in D 1 mark, from bottom to top, the boundaries between the mammillary layer, squamatic zone, and external zone. D2, same as D1, but in polarized light. Images in plane (A1, A3, A4, B, C, D1) and polarized (A2, D2) light.

Fig. 2 in Revisiting Sabath's "Larger Avian Eggs" from the Gobi Cretaceous

Fig. 2. Plots of diameter vs. length (A) and elongation index (EI) vs. length (B) for the three forms originally included in the oogenus Gobioolithus, showing good separation between the three varieties. Gobioolithus minor and Styloolithus sabathi oogen. et oosp. nov. data comes from ZPAL specimens, the data for G. major from PIN specimens. Much of the variation in EI appears to represent variability in the distortion of eggs, with some foreshortened along their long axis, whereas others exhibit modified diameters.

Fig. 1 in Revisiting Sabath's "Larger Avian Eggs" from the Gobi Cretaceous

Fig. 1. Representative eggs for the three forms originally included in the oogenus Gobioolithus from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. A. The larger avian eggs of Sabath (1991), Styloolithus sabathi oogen. et oosp. nov. (ZPAL MgOv-II/25). B. Gobioolithus major Mikhailov, 1996a (PIN 4478-2). C. Gobioolithus minor Mikhailov, 1996a (ZPAL MgOv-III/10). The former classification included eggs such as ZPAL MgOv-II/25 representing the "larger avian eggs" of Sabath (1991) with Soviet collected specimens as G. major. Here we separate out the former based on size and shape as S. sabathi.

Fig. 3. Egg clutches for Styloolithus sabathi oogen. et oosp. nov. from the Upper Cretaceous Bayn Dzak locality. A in Revisiting Sabath's "Larger Avian Eggs" from the Gobi Cretaceous

Fig. 3. Egg clutches for Styloolithus sabathi oogen. et oosp. nov. from the Upper Cretaceous Bayn Dzak locality. A. Type specimen, ZPAL MgOv-II/7a in dorso-oblique (A 1), lateral (A 2), and dorsal (A 3) views. A 1 and A 2 show three of the four eggs, whereas A 3 provides a view of the articulated distal femur and proximal tibia and fibula. The cnemial crest and crista fibularis are visible in this anteromedial view of the tibia. B. ZPAL MgOv-II/25, a second partial clutch with associated bone in lateral view showing one nearly intact egg and a small portion of a second (e). A poorly preserved tibia runs nearly horizontally just above and left of the egg.

Fig. 5 in Revisiting Sabath's "Larger Avian Eggs" from the Gobi Cretaceous

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic placement of Styloolithus sabathi oogen. et oosp. nov. resulting from cladistic analyses. Data matrix from Jin et al. (2010) (A), Tanaka et al. (2011) (B), López-Martínez and Vicens (2012) (C). Note to distinguish egg parataxonomic names from taxonomic names, the latter are placed within parentheses. A and B represent majority rule consensus trees with values below each node representing the percentages of all most parsimonious trees in which each clade was recovered. C is the strict consensus tree. Placement favors an avian assignment for Styloolithus sabathi oogen. et oosp. nov.

Fig. 10 in New molecular data help clarify the taxonomy of Central European avian Dicrocoeliidae Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida)

Fig. 10. Representative photographs of slides with Lyperosomum turdia. Host species, sampling dates and host identification numbers are indicated. All specimens originated from the Czech Republic.

Fig. 5 in New molecular data help clarify the taxonomy of Central European avian Dicrocoeliidae Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida)

Fig. 5. Representative photographs of slides with Brachydistomum olssoni, Brachydistomum salebrosum, and Brachydistomum ventricosum. Host species, sampling dates and host identification numbers are indicated. All specimens originated from the Czech Republic.

Fig. 4 in New molecular data help clarify the taxonomy of Central European avian Dicrocoeliidae Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida)

Fig. 4. Maximum likelihood analysis of sequences of the ITS2 DNA locus of Dicrocoeliidae. Bootstrap values (n = 1000) are indicated for nodal support. Black circles indicate new sequences. The scale-bar indicates the number of substitutions per nucleotide site.

Fig. 1 in New molecular data help clarify the taxonomy of Central European avian Dicrocoeliidae Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida)

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood analysis of sequences of the CO1 DNA locus of Dicrocoeliidae. Bootstrap values (n = 1000) are indicated for nodal support. Black circles indicate new sequences. The scale-bar indicates the number of substitutions per nucleotide site.

Fig. 3 in New molecular data help clarify the taxonomy of Central European avian Dicrocoeliidae Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida)

Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood analysis of sequences of nuclear DNA loci (28S rDNA (A) and 18S rDNA (B)) of Dicrocoeliidae. Bootstrap values (n = 1000) are indicated for nodal support. Black circles indicate new sequences. The scale-bars indicate the number of substitutions per nucleotide site.

Fig. 2 in New molecular data help clarify the taxonomy of Central European avian Dicrocoeliidae Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida)

Fig. 2. Maximum likelihood analysis of sequences of the ND1 DNA locus of Dicrocoeliidae. Bootstrap values (n = 1000) are indicated for nodal support. Black circles indicate new sequences. The scale-bar indicates the number of substitutions per nucleotide site.

Fig. 9 in New molecular data help clarify the taxonomy of Central European avian Dicrocoeliidae Looss, 1899 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida)

Fig. 9. Representative photographs of slides with Lyperosomum petiolatum. Host species, sampling dates and host identification numbers are indicated. All specimens originated from the Czech Republic.