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Fig. 11 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 11 Morphology and anatomy of adventitious avicularia in Tegella armifera. A Stereomicroscope; B, D histological sectioning, light microscopy; C, E CLSM, phalloidin staining. A Part of living colony showing autozooids with ovicells and associated avicularia (shown by arrows); B Sagittal section of avicularium (note the tendon running along the upper vestibular wall and reaching sclerite). C, E Muscular elements of avicularium (lateral views) (note longi-

Fig. 8 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 8 Morphology and anatomy of adventitious avicularia in Arctonula arctica. A Stereomicroscope; B, D histological sectioning, light microscopy; C, E CLSM, phalloidin staining. A Part of living colony showing autozooids and paired lateral avicularia (some shown by arrows). B, D Sagittal sections of avicularium with closed mandible (mandibular sclerite and small invagination of palate are visible on both images, pivotal crossbar shown by arrow). C, E Muscular

Fig. 5 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 5 Details of autozooidal musculature (CLSM, phalloidin staining). A, B Dendrobeania fruticosa; C Aquiloniella scabra; D Rhamphostomella ovata. A Lateral view of autozooid showing parietal muscles and part of polypide. B Semi-protruded lophophore with tentacle sheath folded around its basal part and showing its longitudinal muscles (mouth area shown by arrow). C Apertural and parietal musculature of autozooid. D Partial view of retracted polypide showing

Fig. 4 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 4 Details of autozooidal musculature (CLSM, phalloidin staining). A Terminoflustra membranaceotruncata; B, D Arctonula arctica; C Tegella armifera. A Autozooids with semiretracted (left) and retracted polypide. B Autozooid with expanded lophophore (in A and B, mouth area shown by arrow). C Muscles of apertural area. D Lower part of the tentacle sheath showing its numerous longitudinal

Fig. 7 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 7 Morphology and anatomy of interzooidal avicularia in Terminoflustra membranaceotruncata. A Stereomicroscope; B light microscope; С inset, D histological sectioning, light microscopy; E, F CLSM, phalloidin staining. A Part of living colony showing autozooids and two avicularia with raised mandibles. B Upper close-up of mandible showing sclerite, large opening in the mandible lower wall and adductor tendons beneath. C Longitudinal section of avicularium with raised mandible; inset, vestigial polypide consisting of upper reduced tentacle surrounded by tentacle sheath with opening, and lower ganglion. D Longitudinal section of avicularium with closed mandible. E, F Muscular elements of avicularium (seen from above)

Fig. 3 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 3 Close-ups of colony fragments with expanded tentacle crowns (stereomicroscope). A Aquiloniella scabra; B Terminoflustra membranaceotruncata; C Arctonula arctica; D Tegella armifera

Fig. 10 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 10 Morphology and anatomy of adventitious avicularia in Smittoidea propinqua. A Stereomicroscope; B histological sectioning, light microscopy; C, inset, D CLSM, phalloidin staining. A Part of living colony showing autozooids with ovicells (empty and with embryos) and suboral avicularia (some shown by arrows); B Tangential section of avicularium (proximal corner of mandible is seen in

Fig. 2 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 2 Partial view of living colonies of the studied species (stereomicroscope). A Bicellariella ciliata (erect arborescent); B Aquiloniella scabra (erect arborescent); C Caberea ellisii (erect arborescent); D Discoporella terminata (free-living)

Fig. 6 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 6 Details of autozooidal and avicularian musculature (CLSM, phalloidin staining). A, B Tegella armifera; C Arctonula arctica. A Autozooid with retracted polypide. B Zooidal operculum with distal periopesial avicularium (note the size difference between striated avicularian adductors and smooth opercular muscles). C Autozooid with semiretracted lophophore and lateral adventitious avicularia

Fig. 14 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 14 Morphology and anatomy of adventitious avicularia and vibracularia in Aquiloniella scabra. A, B Stereomicroscope; C, D histological sectioning, light microscopy; E–G, insets CLSM, phalloidin staining. A Part of living colony showing frontal colony surface with autozooids and avicularia (shown by arrows). B Part of living colony showing basal colony surface with vibracularia (arrows) and their setae (arrowheads). C Diagonal section of avicularium with raised mandible (note widely opened tentacle sheath of vestigial polypide and ciliated rudimentary tentacle). D Cross-section of vibracularium. E–F Muscular elements of avicularium (disto-lateral and distal

Fig. 1 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 1 Partial view of living colonies of the studied species (stereomicroscope). A Terminoflustra membranaceotruncata (erect lobate); B Arctonula arctica (encrusting); C Rhamphostomella ovata (encrust-

Fig. 9 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 9 Morphology and anatomy of adventitious avicularia in Rhamphostomella ovata. A Stereomicroscope; B histological sectioning, light microscopy; C, inset CLSM, phalloidin staining; D CLSM, nucleus staining by HOECHST. A Part of living colony showing autozooids with ovicells (empty and with embryos) and suboral avicularia (some shown by arrows). B Tangential section of avicularium (note reduced tentacle of the vestigial polypide surrounded by

Fig. 13 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 13 Morphology and anatomy of adventitious pedunculate avicularia in Bicellariella ciliata. A Stereomicroscope; B light microscope; C, E, F, inset CLSM, phalloidin staining; D histological sectioning, light microscopy. A Part of living colony showing autozooids with ovicells and avicularia (shown by arrows). B Close-up of raised mandible showing adductor tendons. C, E, F Muscular elements of avicularium (lateral views) (note that one of two distal abductors attached

Fig. 17 in Reduction, rearrangement, fusion, and hypertrophy: evolution of the muscular system in polymorphic zooids of cheilostome Bryozoa

Fig. 17 Schemes of cheilostome autozooid (A), interzooidal avicularium of Terminoflustra membranaceotruncata (B), and adventitious sessile avicularia of Arctonula arctica (C) and Smittoidea propinqua (D). All with uplifted operculum/mandible. Thin muscle fibers radiating from diaphragm shown in B. Longitudinal muscles are visible in tentacle sheath of vestigial polypide in B–D. Abbreviations: db, duplicature bands, dm, diaphragm, f, funiculus, fm, frontal membrane, lw, lower mandibular wall, mab, abductor, mad, adductor, md,

Figure 12 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 12. Turritigera buski sp. nov. (dorsal view). (A) General view; (B) pseudopores and small avicularia; (C) bifurcation showing a large, spatulate avicularium; (D) detail of large avicularium; (E) ovicell (frontal side). Scale bar: A: 400 µm; B, E: 100 µm; C: 300 µm; D: 60 µm. MNRJ-182.

Figure 11 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 11. Turritigera buski sp. nov. (frontal view). (A) General frontal view of the colony; (B) frontal view showing autozooids; (C) form and disposition of the autozooids, peristomial avicularia and marginal pores (larger) and small pseudopores spread on the frontal wall; (D) detail of the primary orifice, showing U-shaped sinus; (E) detail of peristome showing form and disposition of avicularia; (F) peristome with one avicularium. Scale bars: A: 3 mm; B: 900 µm; C, F: 100 µm; D, E: 60 µm. MNRJ-182.

Figure 10 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 10. Stephanollona robustaspinosa sp. nov. (A) General view of the colony; (B) part of the colony showing arrangement and shape of autozooids, marginal pores, oral spines, ovicells and dimorphic avicularia; (C) detail of distal region of an autozooid with small avicularia spines and an ovicell; (D) dimorphic avicularia and oral spines of different shapes; (E) detail of distal region of an autozooid with elongate avicularia. Scale bars: A: 1 mm; B: 200 µm; C–E: 100 µm. MNRJ-178.

Figure 9 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 9. Reteporella antennata sp. nov. (A,B) Views of the cup-shaped colony; (C) distal branch showing autozooidal arrangement, antenna-like spines and labial pore; (D) autozooidal arrangement at bifurcation region; (E) ovicellate autozooids and frontal avicularia. F. Avicularia. Scale bars: A,B: 0.5 cm; C–E: 200 µm; F: 50 µm. MNRJ-175.

Figure 8. Reteporellina evelinae Marcus, 1955 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 8. Reteporellina evelinae Marcus, 1955. (A) General view of the colony; (B) branch bifurcation; (C) autozooids with well-developed peristomes; (D) frontal view of the branch showing autozooidal arrangement; (E) fertile autozooids and tooth-like structures on on the peristomes; (F) peristomial avicularium. Scale bars: A: 5 mm; B: 500 µm; C, E: 100 µm; D: 200 µm; F: 50 µm. MNRJ-174.

Figure 7 in Taxonomic revision of some lepraliomorph cheilostome bryozoans (Bryozoa: Lepraliomorpha) from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

Figure 7. Celleporina diota (Marcus, 1938). (A) General view of the colony; (B) frontal view of the colony showing lateral avicularia, sinus, and ovicells; (C) ovicell detail. Scale bars: A: 300 µm; B: 100 µm; C: 50 µm. MNRJ-066.