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Figs. 16, 17 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 16, 17. Diagrams of pupa of Camptopoeum friesei, lateral views, drawn from different specimens to different scales. 16. Anterior part of body. 17. Posterior part of metasoma, with short terminal spine. Scales (5 1.0 mm) refer to closest figures.

Fig. 1 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Fig. 1. Macrophotograph of male (above) and female (below) postdefecating larvae of Camptopoeum friesei, lateral views; scale (5 1.0 mm) refers to both figures.

Figs. 14, 15 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 14, 15. Macrophotographs of spiracles from cleared specimens, lateral views. 14. Camptopoeum friesei. 15. Parammobatodes minutus.

Figs. 8–13 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 8–13. SEM micrographs of last larval instar of Camptopoeum friesei. 8. Head of cleared specimen, approximate frontal view. 9. Close-up of left mandible, showing teeth along upper apical edge and cuspal teeth farther back. 10. Mouthparts of same specimen as above but tilted back to show details. 11. Close-up of right maxilla, showing numerous sensilla on and around palpus and torn flap of dried secretion exposing verrucose integument (arrow) beneath. 12. Close-up of U-shaped salivary opening, showing sculpturing of area bounded by it. 13. Close-up of right labial palpus (arrow) with single cone-shaped sensillum.

Figs. 2–7 in Immatures of the Solitary Bee Camptopoeum friesei (Andrenidae: Panurginae: Panurgini) and of its Cleptoparasite Parammobatodes minutus (Apidae: Nomadinae: Ammobatini)

Figs. 2–7. SEM micrographs of last larval instar of Camptopoeum friesei. 2. Head and prothorax of predefecating larva, near lateral view. 3. Close-up of integument identified by rectangle in fig. 2, showing spiculation. 4. Antennal papilla of same, showing lack of projection and three cone-shaped sensilla. 5. Spiracle of same, showing saucerlike peritreme and projecting rim. 6. Clypeus and mouthparts of postdefecating larva after sonication, demonstrating thick coating of secretion only partly removed by sonication. 7. Apex of abdomen of postdefecating larva, lateral view, showing wrinkling of integument, left spiracle of abdominal segment 8, and anus on segment 10.

FIGURES 34–39 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 34–39. Diagrams of last larval instar of Melecta duodecimmaculata. 34. Entire larva, lateral view. 35, 36. Head, frontal and lateral view, respectively. ATP = anterior tentorial pit. 37–39. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 25, 26 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 25, 26. Microphotographs of spiracles of cleared mature larvae, showing ornamentation of atrial walls and primary tracheal openings. 25. Anthophora melanognatha. 26. Melecta duodecimmaculata.. FIGURE 27. Microphotograph of spiracle of Melecta duodecimmaculata, approximate side view.

FIGURES 11–15 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 11–15. SEM micrographs of first instar of Melecta duodecimmaculata. 11, 12. Head, dorsal and lateral views, respectively. 13. Spiracle with raised rim and well-developed peritreme. 14, 15. Spinulae from head in figure 12 showing diversity of apical structures.

FIGURES 1, 2 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 1, 2. Nesting site of Anthophora melanognatha at Hu Yu, Beijing Province, China. 1. Rock overhang with nesting site in shadow under it to the left of the figures. 2. Close-up of site with J.G.R. and L.D. excavating nests, entrances of which were mostly in the shadow. (Photographs of figs. 1 and 2 by J.S. Ascher.) FIG- URES 3–5. Inner surface of cell closures of Anthophora melanognatha showing egg insertion holes of Melecta duodecimmaculata (arrows). FIGURES 6, 7. Feeding larvae of Melecta duodecimmaculata, 6. Intermediate instar. 7. Last larval instar.

FIGURES 30–33 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 30–33. SEM micrographs of head and antenna of mature larva of Melecta duodecimmaculata, semilateral view. 30. Entire head. 31. Antenna and close-up of apex showing abundant sensillae, respectively. 32. Labiomaxillary apex. 33. Close-up of salivary opening from figure 32, showing apical brushlike filament.

FIGURES 8–10 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 8–10. SEM micrographs of mature oocytes of Melecta duodecimmaculata. 8. Anterior end of oocyte still partly enclosed by follicular tissue, showing micropyle (identified by rectangle). 9. Close-up of micropyle. 10. Anterior end of another oocyte (with micropylar area invaginated, not visible) showing radiating chorionic ornamentation.

FIGURES 43–50 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 43–50. Diagrams of heads, lateral view, and mandibles of mature melectine larvae. 43. Thyreus lieftincki. 44. Thyreus sp. 45–47. Melecta separata callura, and right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively. 48–50. Zacosmia maculata, head and right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 40–42 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 40–42. Right mandible of Xeromelecta californica, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 28, 29 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 28, 29. Microphotographs of cleared mouthparts, right mandible removed, showing left maxilla and labium, approximate frontal view; for explanation of arrows, see text. 28. Anthophora melanognatha. 29. Melecta duodecimmaculata.

FIGURES 19–24 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 19–24. Diagrams of last larval instar of Anthophora melanognatha. 19. Entire larva, lateral view. 20, 21. Head, frontal and lateral views, respectively. ATP = anterior tentorial pit. 22–24. Right mandible, dorsal, inner, and ventral views, respectively.

FIGURES 16–18 in Cleptoparasitic Behavior and Immatures of the Bee Melecta duodecimmaculata (Apoidea: Apidae: Melectini) Appendix: Tribal Descriptions of the Anthophorini and Melectini Based on Their Mature Larvae

FIGURES 16–18. SEM micrographs of larval head of mature larva of Anthophora melanognatha. 16, 17. Entire head and close-up of antenna showing few sensilla, approximate lateral view. 18. Mouthparts of same, frontal view.

FIGURES 15–18 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES 15–18. SEM micrographs of eclosion of Centris flavofasciata. 15. Entire first instar shedding its chorion, anterolateral view, anterior end to the right. 16. Close-up of anterior end showing rent in chorion made by mandibles; note micropylar ornamentation dorsal to mandibles. 17. Close-up of spiracle identified by right rectangle in figure 15, showing row of spicules above atrial opening. 18. Close-up of spiracle identified by left rectangle in figure 15, showing continuation of row of spicules above spiracle.

FIGURES 46–50 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES 46–50. Diagrams of Mesoplia sapphirina. 46. Head of second larval instar, lateral view. 47–50. Diagrams of right mandible, all to same scale, dorsal views, of following larval instars: first, second, third or fourth, and fifth, respectively; mandible of third or fourth instar from single cast skin in cell from which fifth instar retrieved. ATP = anterior tentorial pit; PTP = posterior tentorial pit.

FIGURES 36, 37 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES 36, 37. SEM micrographs of anterior end of egg of Mesoplia sapphirina, and close-up of micropyle, respectively. Figure 38. Photographic sequence of first instar of Mesoplia sapphirina, showing range of rapid motion during a 2 min period.

FIGURES 3–8 in Biology of the Cleptoparasitic Bee Mesoplia sapphirina (Ericrocidini) and its Host Centris flavofasciata (Centridini) (Apidae: Apinae)

FIGURES 3–8. Nests of Centris flavofasciata. 3. View of nesting area looking westward. 3. Open nest; note track of tumulus. 5. Partly excavated nest with pen pointed to cell and with pointer head on horizontal ground surface 6. Two cells showing closure ends. 7. Recently closed nest entrance. 8. Nest entrance (in area upon which the front of the pen rests in the picture) closed a day earlier.