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FIG. 7 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 7. Phylogenetic relationships for species of eastern Plethodon and AneideS presented with selected courtship behaviors. MG Tap/Swipe Snout ¼ male mental-gland (MG) tap or swipe on the nasolabial region of the female's snout prior to the tail-straddling walk (TSW). See text for description of behaviors. Unshaded circle ¼ behavior not reported; dark shaded circle ¼ behavior reported; light shaded circle ¼ rare or infrequent occurrence of behavior reported;? ¼ behavior during TSW has not been observed; S ¼ similar behavior reported; C ¼ circular TSW in AneideS includes similar behavior. Phylogenetic relationship between AneideS and eastern Plethodon inferred from mitochondrial data (Mahoney, 2001). Phylogenetic relationships among eastern species of Plethodon inferred from both nuclear and mitochondrial data (Kozak et al., 2006; Fisher-Reid and Wiens, 2011). Data for behavior occurrence obtained from Sapp and Kiemnec-Tyburczy (2011) and the sources listed in Table 1.

FIG. 6 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 6. Total duration (min) of some behaviors and periods during complete courtships in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions, but this figure only includes data from the first spermatophore deposition. A ¼ Courtship duration from initial close encounter between salamanders until the retrieval or attempted retrieval of the first spermatophore cap. B ¼ Total of all periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. D ¼ Total duration for female-first TSW, which includes both discontinuous and continuous forms of the duet behavior. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients: r ¼ 0.882, P, 0.001 for B and D; r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for B and F; r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for C and E; r ¼ 0.961, P, 0.00001 for D and F. See Table 2 for additional data on the duration of other behaviors and periods.

FIG. 1 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 1. Ethogram for many of the transitions between behaviors during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Line with arrowhead at both ends indicates transition in either direction. A solid line indicates the transition occurred in $65% of courtships, whereas a dotted line indicates the transition occurred in,65% of courtships (with n ¼ 20 and 10 courtships prior to and after female tail straddle, respectively). NT ¼ nose-tap. TA ¼ turn around. Dance/ Shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. See text for description of behaviors. *Incidental contact to the male during female movements of her feet, tail, or body often elicited position for TSW well before the occurrence of snout under or chin over. In each complete courtship, female turn back and chin over preceded the first successful position for TSW. Ethogram does not include a few male behaviors (stationary, head contact, tale arch, and tail straddle) and very infrequent female behaviors (nose-tap, move toward, head contact, and nudge).

Table 1 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Table 1. Courtship behaviors of eastern North American woodland salamander species (eastern Plethodon). Species groups: PCG ¼ P. cinereuS group, PWG ¼ P. welleri group, and PGG ¼ P. glutinoSuS group. Species: ci ¼ P. cinereuS, ri ¼ P. richmondi, we ¼ P. welleri, an ¼ P. anguSticlaViuS, do ¼ P. dorSaliS, yo ¼ P. yonahloSSee, ke ¼ P. kentucki, pe ¼ P. petraeuS, ou ¼ P. ouachitae, ca ¼ P. caddoenSiS, Sh ¼ P. Shermani, cy ¼ P. cylindraceuS, and mo ¼ P. montanuS. MG ¼ mental gland, TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk, F ¼ female only behavior, M ¼ male only behavior, FM ¼ each sex exhibits behavior, and D ¼ duet behavior with both female and male actions. *Rare or infrequent occurrence of behavior. d Behavior may differ from similar behavior in other species.? ¼ occurrence of behavior is uncertain due to absent or limited observations. Blank cell (–) ¼ behavior not reported. See text and Appendix 1 for the description of each behavior.<table><tbody><tr><th>Groups</th><th>Groups and species of eastern Plethodon</th><th></th></tr><tr><th>Behaviors</th><th>PCG</th><th>PWG</th><th>PGG</th></tr><tr><th>ci</th><th>ri</th><th>we</th><th>an do</th><th>yo</th><th>ke</th><th>pe</th><th>ou</th><th>ca</th><th>Sh</th><th>cy</th><th>mo</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1. Nose-tap, 2. Stationary, 3. Move away</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td></tr><tr><th>4. Move toward, 5. Head contact, 6. Nudging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>7. Bite</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>8. Foot dance</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>M*</td><td>M</td><td>M d</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>9. Foot shuffle</th><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>10. Tail wagging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>FM FM</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>11. Rubbing/sliding, 12. Head rubbing</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>–</td><td>FM M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>13. Head swinging</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>14. Joint head swinging</th><td>–</td><td>D*</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>15. High amplitude head swinging</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>16. Cloacal nudging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>–</td><td>FM –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>17. Cloacal rubbing</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>? –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>18. MG sliding (head sliding)</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>19. MG popping</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M</td><td>M*</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td></tr><tr><th>20. MG tap or swipe on snout before 42</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td></tr><tr><th>21. MG tap or swipe not on snout</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>22. Tail (or body*) flex in response to 18</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>23. Tail arch, 24. Undulate tail</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>FM M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>25. High amplitude tail undulations</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>? –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>26. Snapping</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>27. Pulling</th><td>M</td><td>FM?</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>28. Mouth grasping</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>29. Snout high</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>30. Chin-to-chin</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>D*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>31. Tail straddle for 32 or 33</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M M*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>32. Discontinuous, female-first TSW</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>D d*</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>33. Continuous, female-first TSW</th><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>D D*</td><td>–</td><td>D d*</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>34. Turn back during 18, 32, or 33</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>F –</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>35. Circling</th><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>D –</td><td>–</td><td>D d*</td><td>D d</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>36. Snout under (lifting, crossing under)</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>37. Raise chin in response to 36 or before 38</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>38. Chin over</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>F F</td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F*</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>39. Position for TSW</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>40. Turn around after 39 or 53</th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>41. Tail straddle to initiate 42</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>42. Tail-straddling walk</th><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td></tr><tr><th>43. Turn back during 42</th><td>M*</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>M * –</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>44. Raise head to receive 45</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>45. MG slapping on snout during 42</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>M* –</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>46. Vent sliding at end of 42</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>47. Spermatophore deposition</th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>48. Lateral head movements during 47</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>49. Lead female over spermatophore</th><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td></tr><tr><th>50. Pass by spermatophore</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>F F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>51. Stop & lower vent, 52. Position on cap</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>53. Stationary with tail flexed</th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M d</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>54. Eat spermatophore cap and/or base</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>– M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>Species reference number for source(s)</th><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4 5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>13</td></tr></tbody></table>Sources: 13 Organ, 1958; 12 Organ, 1960a; 3 Organ, 1960b; 13 MacMahon, 1964; 1,2,3,6,9,10,12,13 Arnold, 1972; 11,13 Arnold, 1976; 1 Gergits and Jaeger, 1990; 7 Marvin and Hutchison, 1996; 11 Houck and Arnold, 2003; 5 Picard, 2005; 1,2,4 Dyal, 2006; 11 Eddy et al., 2012; 6 Pierson et al., 2017; 7,8 current study

FIG. 3 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Sister-Species Diverge in Modality-Specific Courtship Signal Form and Function

Understanding the relative importance of different sources of selection (e.g. the environment, social/sexual selection) on the divergence or convergence of reproductive communication can shed light on the origin, maintenance, or even disappearance of species boundaries. Using a multi-step approach, we tested the hypothesis that two presumed sister-species of wolf spider with overlapping ranges and microhabitat use, yet differing degrees of sexual dimorphism, have diverged in their reliance on modality-specific courtship signaling. We predicted that male Schizocosa crassipalpata (no ornamentation) rely predominantly on diet-dependent vibratory signaling for mating success. In contrast, we predicted that male S. bilineata (black foreleg brushes) rely on diet-dependent visual signaling. We first tested and corroborated the sister-species relationship between S. crassipalpata and S. bilineata using phylogenomic scale data. Next, we tested for species-specific, diet-dependent vibratory and visual signaling by manipulating subadult diet and subsequently quantifying adult morphology and mature male courtship signals. As predicted, vibratory signal form was diet-dependent in S. crassipalpata while visual ornamentation (brush area) was diet-dependent in S. bilineata. We then compared the species-specific reliance on vibratory and visual signaling by recording mating across artificially manipulated signaling environments (presence/absence of each modality in a 2 x 2 full factorial design). In accordance with our diet dependence results for S. crassipalpata, the presence of vibratory signaling was important for mating success. In contrast, the light and vibratory environment interacted to influence mating success in S. bilineata, with vibratory signaling being important only in the absence of light. We found no differences in overall activity patterns. Given that these species overlap in much of their range and microhabitat use, we suggest that competition for signaling space may have led to the divergence and differential use of sensory modalities between these sister-species.

FIG. 6 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 6.—The evolutionary origin and loss of key courtship traits in Rhŋacotriton and plethodontid genera. Character origins are shown with solid rectangles; character losses are shown with open rectangles: sff ¼ spermatophore deposition in front of the female, TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk, tpd ¼ transdermal pheromone delivery (tpd1 and tpd2), tbf ¼ turning back towards the female during TSW, tm ¼ tail massage during spermatophore pickup, opd ¼ olfactory pheromone delivery. The question marks on the Amphiuma and Hŋdromantes branches indicate that courtship behavior has not been adequately described. Dendrotriton is not shown on this tree but is the sister group to the Bolitoglossa-Pseudoeurŋcea lineage. The time of origin for each trait is bounded by the times at the ends of the branch on which it resides. Arrowhead pointing to the right indicates that the origin of traits on that branch precedes the date for the right end of the branch. Time-calibrated phylogeny based on Shen et al. (2016), using an independent-rate model (clock ¼ 2). Time scale shown in millions of years.

FIG. 4 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 4.—Courtship in Desmognathus organi. (a) During bite and seize (bas) the male (foreground) holds the female̕s tail base in his jaws. The female holds her chin on the male̕s tail base in an apparent attempt to elicit tail-straddling walk. (b) During spermatophore deposition (SD), the male (right) aligns his hind limbs perpendicular to his body (align). Position of spermatophore indicated with ^. The female holds her chin over his undulating tail base in TSW position. (c) The male has moved forward after SD and has helped positioned the female over the spermatophore. The female has now departed from the spermatophore (base visible above the ^), while the male continues to arch his tail and extend on his hind limbs (extend).

FIG. 5 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 5.—Olfactory pheromone delivery during turning back to the female (tbf) in Plethodon shermani (from Arnold 1976). (1) The dotted arrow shows the path of the male̕s head as he turns back towards the female during tailstraddling walk (TSW). (2) The path of the male̕s head as he slaps his mental gland across the female̕s nares. (3) The solid arrow shows the path of the male̕s head as he returns to TSW position. A video of a similar sequence is cataloged in Appendix S2.

FIG. 8 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 8.—The evolutionary origin and loss of key courtship traits in the genus Desmognathus. Character origins are shown with solid rectangles; losses are shown with open rectangles: tbf ¼ turning back towards the female, tpd ¼ transdermal pheromone delivery (tpd1 and tpd2), ps ¼ pulling and snapping, rfh ¼ rub female head, bas ¼ bite and seize, fm ¼ forelimb movement, and fs ¼ forelimb strokes. Small solid circle denotes branch of origin for adjacent trait box. The time of origin or loss for each trait is bounded by the times at the ends of the branch on which it resides. Time-calibrated phylogeny based on Kozak et al. (2009); time scale shown in millions of years.

FIG. 3 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 3.—Transdermal pheromone delivery in Eurŋcea aeilderae during an underwater courtship (from Arnold 1977). (A) Ventral view of the male̕s mental gland (MG), also showing three premaxillary teeth protruding through his upper lip. (B) The male̕s head during pulling, showing the backward motion that he uses to abrade the female̕s epidermis. (C) The male̕s position during pulling. The female is shaded. This image is based on a video recording cataloged in Appendix S2.

FIG. 1 in The Evolution of Courtship Behavior in Plethodontid Salamanders, Contrasting Patterns of Stasis and Diversification

FIG. 1.—Modular analysis of courtship in Rhŋacotriton and plethodontids. Modules are labeled: AP ¼ approach, HC ¼ head contact, TSW ¼ tailstraddling walk, SD ¼ spermatophore deposition, and POS ¼ positioning. Courtship sequences flow from left to right (as indicated by large arrows) and from top to bottom within modules. Behaviors shown in the same color occur in the same temporal context. Behaviors shown with different shades of the same color occur in a predictable sequence; those in lighter shades occurring earlier than those shown in darker shades. See Fig. 2 for inventory of behavior by module and submodule.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Unexpected degrees of male courtship in a highly sexually dimorphic sex-role reversed species: raw data

This repository contains the behavioural data collected from video recordings of 10 mesocosms containing *S. nigra* males and females (which were run in 2020-2021). The goals of the study are to: 1. Describe the courtship behaviours of these sexually dimorphic fish 2. Establish whether one sex is more active in courtship than the other 3. Determine factors the influence sex-specific behaviours The data provided here are in two zipped directories: Chase_datasheets/ and BORIS_data/. Both contain data from analysis of videos in BORIS. The BORIS_data/ contains the majority of the courtship behaviours, but the videos were re-analysed to investigate chase behaviours after the courtship behaviours were scored. The chase behaviour data is in Chase_datasheets/.

Figure 16 in Courtship display by a peacock spider, Maratus constellatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Australphryni)

Figure 16 (continued from previous page). Female Maratus constellatus.

Figure 10 in Courtship display by a peacock spider, Maratus constellatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Australphryni)

Figure 10 (continued from previous page).

Figure 3 in Courtship display by a peacock spider, Maratus constellatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Australphryni)

Figure 3. Single leg wave, with one leg extended, by two different male Maratus constellatus.

Figure 16 in Courtship display by a peacock spider, Maratus constellatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Australphryni)

Figure 16 (continued on next page). Female Maratus constellatus.

Figure 17 in Courtship display by a peacock spider, Maratus constellatus (Araneae: Salticidae: Euophryini: Australphryni)

Figure 17. Ventral views of four living female Maratus constellatus.