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272 results for “crocodiles”
Host species and age-specific variation on Hepatozoon prevalence and its effect on body condition in two Neotropical crocodiles
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Taste aversion training can educate free-ranging crocodiles against toxic invaders
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Effect of the Central American Isthmus on gene flow and divergence of the American crocodile Crocodylus acutus
<p>The final formation of the Central American Isthmus (CAI) about 3.5 Ma altered global ocean circulation, connected North and South America terrestrial biotas and established the Caribbean Sea. The nature of this event creates a natural scenario to test vicariance, divergence, and speciation by allopatry. Studies have shown the effect of the CAI on marine and terrestrial species, but none have examined a large-bodied amphibious taxon. We used RAD sequencing on populations of the American crocodile <em>Crocodylus acutus</em>, to study the genomic variation of <em>C. acutus</em> on both sides of the CAI, infer its demographic history and measure the effect of the opening of the Panama Canal. Our results showed three genomic clusters: 1) Caribbean and the Panama Canal, 2) Pacific coast, and 3) Coiba island. The estimated divergence times between the Caribbean and Pacific populations are about 20 ka, which is two orders of magnitude younger than the formation of the CAI, but coincides with the Last Glacial Maximum. We hypothesize the glacial/interglacial cycles facilitated gene flow between the Caribbean and Pacific crocodile populations after the formation of the CAI, masking any genomic divergence the CAI may have caused. There is no evidence of gene flow associated with the opening of the Panama Canal.</p>
American crocodile captures in South Florida
<p>The federally threatened American crocodile (<i>Crocodylus acutus</i>) is a flagship species and ecological indicator of hydrologic restoration in the Florida Everglades. we conducted a long-term capture-recapture study on the South Florida population of American crocodiles from 1978 to 2015 to evaluate the effects of restoration efforts to restore historic hydrologic conditions. The study produced 10,040 crocodile capture events of 9,865 individuals and more than 90% of captures were of hatchlings. Body condition and growth rates of crocodiles were highly age-structured with younger crocodiles presenting with the poorest body condition and highest growth rates. Average body condition was 2.14±0.35 SD throughout South Florida. Crocodiles exposed to hypersaline conditions (> 40 psu) during the dry season maintained lower body condition scores and reduced growth rate by 13% after one year, by 24% after five years, and by 29% after ten years. Estimated hatchling survival for the South Florida population was 25% increasing with ontogeny and reaching near 90% survival at year six. Hatchling survival was 34% in NE Florida Bay relative to a 69% hatchling survival at Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge and 53% in Flamingo area of Everglades National Park. Hypersaline conditions affected survival, growth and body condition and was most pronounced in NE Florida Bay, where the hydrologic conditions have been most disturbed. The American crocodile, a long-lived animal, with relatively slow growth rate provides an excellent model system to measure the effects of altered hydropatterns in the Everglades landscape. Restoration efforts targeted toward returning freshwater flow and salinity targets of < 20 psu to reflect a more historic state in NE Florida Bay will ensure improved health of the Everglades and illustrates the need for continued long-term monitoring projects to assess system-wide success.</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Genetic evidence of hybridization between the critically endangered Cuban crocodile and the American crocodile: implications for population history and in situ/ex situ conservation
Inter-specific hybridization may be especially detrimental when one species is extremely rare and the other is abundant owing to the potential for genetic swamping. The Cuban crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) is a critically endangered island endemic largely restricted to Zapata Swamp, where it is sympatric with the widespread American crocodile (C. acutus). An on-island, C. rhombifer captive breeding program is underway with the goals of maintaining taxonomic integrity and providing a source of individuals for reintroduction, but its conservation value is limited by lack of genetic information. Here we collected mtDNA haplotypic and nuclear genotypic data from wild and captive C. rhombifer and C. acutus in Cuba to: (1) investigate the degree of inter-specific hybridization in natural (in situ) and captive (ex situ) populations; (2) quantify the extent, distribution and in situ representation of genetic variation ex situ; and (3) reconstruct founder relatedness to inform management. We found high levels of hybridization in the wild (49.1%) and captivity (16.1%), and additional evidence for a cryptic lineage of C. acutus in the Antilles. We detected marginally higher observed heterozygosity and allelic diversity ex situ relative to the wild population, with captive C. rhombifer exhibiting over twice the frequency of private alleles. Although mean relatedness was high in captivity, we identified 37 genetically important individuals that possessed individual mean kinship (MK) values lower than the population MK. Overall, these results will guide long-term conservation management of Cuban crocodiles for maintaining the genetic integrity and viability of this species of high global conservation value.
Figure 4 in A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system
Figure 4. The craniofacial epidermis of Daspletosaurus horneri sp. nov., based on comparison with its closest living relatives, crocodylians and birds. Bone texture indicates large zones of large, flat scales and subordinate regions of armor-like skin and cornified epidermis; integumentary sense organs occur on the flat scales that cover the densest regions of neurovascular foramina. The region outside of the crocodylian-like skin is reconstructed with small scales after fossilized skin impressions of tyrannosaurids. This figure is not covered by the CC BY licence. Illustration © Dino Pulerà. All rights reserved, used with permission.
Figure 1 in A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system
Figure 1. Skull and jaws of the holotype (MOR 590) of Daspletosaurus horneri sp. nov.; (A) photograph and, (B) labeled line drawing of skull and jaws in left lateral view; (C) photograph and, (D) labeled line drawing of occiput and suspensorium in caudal view; (E) photograph and, (F) labeled line drawing of skull in dorsal view. Scale bars equal 10 cm. Abbreviations: MOR, Museum of the Rockies.
Figure 2 in A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system
Figure 2. Phylogenetic position and synapomorphies of Daspletosaurus, based on parsimony analysis. (A) Phylogenetic relationships of tyrannosaurines calibrated to geological time. Full consensus trees in Extended Data. Synapomorphies of the Daspletosaurus lineage from: (B) maxilla of MOR 1130; (C) lacrimal of MOR 1130; (D) postorbital of CMN 11594; (E) vomer of MOR 590; (F) palatine of MOR 1130; and (G) frontoparietal complex of MOR 590. Abbreviations: AMNH FARB, American Museum of Natural History, Fossil Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds; As, Asia CMN, Canadian Museum of Nature; K/Pg, Cretaceous- Paleogene; LA, Laramidia; MOR, Museum of the Rockies.
Figure 3 in A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system
Figure 3. The growth series of Daspletosaurus horneri sp. nov., based on parsimony analysis. Unambiguously optimized derived phylogenetic characters were recovered as synontomorphies at two of the five growth stages, which are labeled at the corresponding numbers. Scale bar equals 10 cm. Abbreviations: AMNH FARB, American Museum of Natural History, Fossil Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds; MOR, Museum of the Rockies.
FIGURE 7 in Two new species of Crocodile Skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Tribolonotus) from the Solomon Archipelago
FIGURE 7. Relevant meristic characters for Tribolonotus choiseulensis sp. nov., T. parkeri sp. nov., and T. pseudoponceleti. A) Number of enlarged vertebral scales in each of the two longitudinal rows, B) number of enlarged gular + ventral scale rows (VSR), C) Finger III lamellae, and D) Toe IV lamellae.
FIGURE 6 in Two new species of Crocodile Skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Tribolonotus) from the Solomon Archipelago
FIGURE 6. Dorsal (A) and ventral (C) photographs of the holotype of Tribolonotus parkeri sp. nov. (LSUMZ 93510), and dorsal (B) and ventral (D) photographs of the holotype of T. choiseulensis sp. nov. (AM R127275). Scale bars = 1 cm.
FIGURE 4 in Two new species of Crocodile Skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Tribolonotus) from the Solomon Archipelago
FIGURE 4. Results of principal components analyses of the morphological data. A) Plot depicting the first two principal components (PCs) based on mensural data; B) depicting the first and third PCs based on the mensural data; and C) depicting the first two PCs based on meristic data. Green triangles indicate Tribolonotus choiseulensis sp. nov., red squares indicate T. parkeri sp. nov., and blue circles indicate T. pseudoponceleti. The yellow triangle indicates the holotype of T. choiseulensis sp. nov. (AMS R127275), yellow square indicates the holotype of T. parkeri sp. nov. (LSUMZ 93510), and the yellow circle indicates the holotype of T. pseudoponceleti (MCZ 72914).
FIGURE 5 in Two new species of Crocodile Skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Tribolonotus) from the Solomon Archipelago
FIGURE 5. Photograph of an adult male paratype of Tribolonotus parkeri sp. nov. (LSUMZ 93500) in life.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Crocodile Skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Tribolonotus) from the Solomon Archipelago
FIGURE 2. Boxplots depicting differences among species and sexual dimorphism in relevant mensural characters among T. choiseulensis sp. nov., T. parker sp. nov.i, and T. pseudoponceleti. A) ForeL/SVL, B) HindL/SVL, C) ForeL/HindL, D) HW/ SVL, E) HL/SVL, F) HH/SVL.
FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Crocodile Skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Tribolonotus) from the Solomon Archipelago
FIGURE 3. Species tree estimate from analysis of three phased nuclear loci in *BEAST and estimated posterior probability of speciation from BSD analyses in bpp. Values above branches indicate branch support values as posterior probabilities from *BEAST, values below branches depict the posterior probability of speciation from BSD analyses under each of the three tested prior distributions; first: θ~G(2,2000) and τ~G(2,2000), second: θ~G(1,10) and τ~G(2,2000), and third: θ~G(1,10) and τ~G(1,10). Asterisks indicate a posterior probability of 1.0.
FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Crocodile Skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Tribolonotus) from the Solomon Archipelago
FIGURE 1. Sampling localities of Tribolonotus choiseulensis sp. nov., T. parkeri sp. nov., and T. pseudoponceleti specimens examined in this study. Triangles indicate T. choiseulensis sp. nov., squares indicate T. parkeri sp. nov., and circles indicate T. pseudoponceleti. Filled symbols represent type localities.
Saltwater Crocodile Skull
Surface scan of the skull of a Saltwater Crocodile from the D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum at the University of Dundee. Crocodylus porosus - Saltwater Crocodile. DUNUC 1520. Length=70cm. This is one of the species featured in D'Arcy Thompson's famous transformation diagrams in On Growth and Form. Scanned with an Artec Eva surface scanner. The resulting file is exported as an obj. and imported into Zbrush. The texture is captured during the scanning process and converted to Polypaint in Zbrush. We'd love to hear from you if you download or print our models, especially if you use them in education and outreach. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIG. 3 in Current status of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 in Vietnam with implications for conservation measures
FIG. 3 Population structure of Shinisaurus crocodilurus in Vietnam. (A) Frequency histogram of snoutvent length of all encountered animals; (B) Frequency of individuals with original or regenerated tails for each nature reserve, p <0.05.
FIG. 6 in Current status of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 in Vietnam with implications for conservation measures
FIG. 6 Main threats to S. crocodilurus in Vietnam. (A) Coal-mining exploration close to the species' habitat; (B) Opening of the forest with roads to facilitate coal-mining throughout the nature reserves; (C) Preserved S. crocodilurus in alcohol, used for traditional medicine in Quang Ninh Province. Photos: M. Bernardes & M. van Schingen.
FIG. 2 in Current status of the Crocodile Lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus Ahl, 1930 in Vietnam with implications for conservation measures
FIG. 2 Map of the current distribution of Shinisaurus crocodilurus. Red dots represent occurrence records.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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