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1,186 results for “defensiveness”
Fig. 1 in Preliminary data on the defensive behavior and vocalization of the Lesser blind mole rat, Nannospalax leucodon (Nordmann, 1840)
Fig. 1. Defensive posture of the Lesser mole rat, Nannospalax leucodon (Nordmann, 1840).
Fig 3 in Preliminary data on the defensive behavior and vocalization of the Lesser blind mole rat, Nannospalax leucodon (Nordmann, 1840)
Fig 3. Consecutive series of 10 harsh calls.
Fig 2 in Preliminary data on the defensive behavior and vocalization of the Lesser blind mole rat, Nannospalax leucodon (Nordmann, 1840)
Fig 2. Harsh calls consisting of sequences of single very short phases.
Survey instrument, data, and code for paper "Freihardt, Buntaine, Bernauer (2024): Choosing to protect: Public support for flood defense over relocation in climate change adaptation. Environmental Research Letters. DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/ad6781"
<p>This is the survey instrument, data, and code underlying the manuscript:</p> <p>"Freihardt, Buntaine, Bernauer (2024): Choosing to protect: Public support for flood defense over relocation in climate change adaptation. Environmental Research Letters. DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/ad6781"</p>
Invader defense traits in France, Japan, and the USA: dataset and R code
<p>This record includes leaf trait data for 44 species sampled in France, Japan, and the USA. R code is associated with analyses for publication.</p>
Human Decision-Making Through the Lifecycle of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems in Defense Applications: Example Scenario with Comments
<p>This example scenario with comments has been created in conjunction with the report “A Framework for Human Decision-Making Through the Lifecycle of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems in Defense Applications” to be published by the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE SA) Research Group on Issues of AI and Autonomy in Defense Systems (the Research Group). It provides insights into the Research Group's working methods and process.</p>
Data from: Contingency rules for pathogen competition and antagonism in a genetically based, plant defense hierarchy
1. Plant defense against pathogens includes a range of mechanisms, including, but not limited to, genetic resistance, pathogen-antagonizing endophytes, and pathogen competitors. The relative importance of each mechanism can be expressed in a hierarchical view of defense. Several recent studies have shown that pathogen antagonism is inconsistently expressed within the plant defense hierarchy. Our hypothesis is that the hierarchy is governed by contingency rules that determine when and where antagonists reduce plant disease severity. 2. Here, we investigated whether pathogen competition influences pathogen antagonism using Populus as a model system. In three independent field experiments, we asked whether competition for leaf mesophyll cells between a Melampsora rust pathogen and a microscopic, eriophyid mite affects rust pathogen antagonism by fungal leaf endophytes. The rust pathogen has an annual, phenological disadvantage in competition with the mite because the rust pathogen must infect its secondary host in spring before infecting Populus. We varied mite-rust competition by utilizing Populus genotypes characterized by differential genetic resistance to the two organisms. We inoculated plants with endophtyes and allowed mites and rust to infect plants naturally. 3. Two contingency rules emerged from the three field experiments: 1) pathogen antagonism by endophytes can be preempted by host genes for resistance that suppress pathogen development, and 2) pathogen antagonism by endophtyes can secondarily be preempted by competitive exclusion of the rust by the mite. 4. Synthesis: Our results point to a Populus defense hierarchy with resistance genes on top, followed by pathogen competition, and finally pathogen antagonism by endophytes. We expect these rules will help to explain the variation in pathogen antagonism that is currently attributed to context dependency.
Data from: Structural and defensive roles of angiosperm leaf venation network reticulation across an Andes-Amazon elevation gradient
1.The network of minor veins of angiosperm leaves may include loops (reticulation). Variation in network architecture has been hypothesized to have hydraulic and also structural and defensive functions. 2.We measured venation network trait space in eight dimensions for 136 biomass-dominant angiosperm tree species along a 3,300 m elevation gradient in southeastern Peru. We then examined the relative importance of multiple ecological, and evolutionary predictors of reticulation. 3.Variation in minor venation network reticulation was constrained to three axes. These axes described branching vs. reconnecting veins, elongated vs. compact areoles, and high vs. low density veins. Variation in the first two axes was predicted by traits related to mechanical strength and secondary compounds, and in the third axis by site temperature. 4.Synthesis. Defensive and structural factors primarily explain variation in multiple axes of reticulation, with a smaller role for climate-linked hydraulic factors. These results suggest that venation network reticulation may be determined more by species interactions than by hydraulic functions.
Data from: Molecular physiology of chemical defenses in a poison frog
Poison frogs sequester small molecule lipophilic alkaloids from their diet of leaf litter arthropods for use as chemical defenses against predation. Although the dietary acquisition of chemical defenses in poison frogs is well-documented, the physiological mechanisms of alkaloid sequestration has not been investigated. Here, we used RNA sequencing and proteomics to determine how alkaloids impact mRNA or protein abundance in the Little Devil Frog (Oophaga sylvatica) and compared wild caught chemically defended frogs to laboratory frogs raised on an alkaloid-free diet. To understand how poison frogs move alkaloids from their diet to their skin granular glands, we focused on measuring gene expression in the intestines, skin, and liver. Across these tissues, we found many differentially expressed transcripts involved in small molecule transport and metabolism, as well as sodium channels and other ion pumps. We then used proteomic approaches to quantify plasma proteins, where we found several protein abundance differences between wild and laboratory frogs, including the amphibian neurotoxin binding protein saxiphilin. Finally, because many blood proteins are synthesized in the liver, we used thermal proteome profiling as an untargeted screen for soluble proteins that bind the alkaloid decahydroquinoline. Using this approach, we identified several candidate proteins that interact with this alkaloid, including saxiphilin. These transcript and protein abundance patterns suggest the presence of alkaloids influences frog physiology and that small molecule transport proteins may be involved in toxin bioaccumulation in dendrobatid poison frogs.
Dataset Doctoral Defenses and Defense Formats
<p>This is the anonymized dataset of a survey on doctoral defenses, defense formats, and students' perception.</p>
Evolutionary changes in an invasive plant support the defensive role of plant volatiles
<p>It is increasingly evident that plants interact with their outside world through the production of volatile organic compounds, but whether the volatiles have evolved to serve in plant defense is still a topic of considerable debate. Unharmed leaves constitutively release small amounts of volatiles, but when the leaves are damaged by herbivorous arthropods, they emit substantially more volatiles. These herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) attract parasitoids and predators that kill insect herbivores, and this can benefit the plants. As yet, however, there is no tangible evolutionary evidence that this tritrophic interplay contributes to the selection forces that have shaped the volatile emissions of plants. With this in mind, we investigated the evolutionary changes in volatile emissions in invasive common ragwort and the respective defensive roles of its constitutive and inducible volatiles. This Eurasian plant has invaded other continents, where it evolved for many generations in the absence of specialized herbivores and their natural enemies. We found that, compared to native ragworts, invasive plants release higher levels of constitutive volatiles but considerably lower levels of herbivore-induced volatiles. As a consequence, invasive ragwort is more attractive to a specialist moth but avoided by an unadapted generalist moth. Importantly, conforming to the indirect defense hypothesis, a specialist parasitoid was much more attracted to caterpillar-damaged native ragwort, which was reflected in higher parasitism rates in a field trial. The evolution of foliar volatile emissions appears to be indeed driven by their direct and indirect roles in defenses against insects.</p>
Pollen defenses negatively impact foraging and fitness in a generalist bee (Bombus impatiens: Apidae)
<p>Plants may benefit from limiting the community of generalist floral visitors if the species that remain are more effective pollinators and less effective pollenivores. Plants can reduce access to pollen through altered floral cues or morphological structures, but can also reduce consumption through direct pollen defenses. We observed that<i> Eucera (Peponapis) pruinosa</i>, a specialist bee on <i>Cucurbita</i> plants, collected pure loads of pollen while generalist honey bees and bumble bees collected negligible amounts of cucurbit pollen, even though all groups of bees visited these flowers. Cucurbit flowers have no morphological adaptations to limit pollen collection by bees, thus we assessed their potential for physical, nutritional, and chemical pollen traits that might act as defenses to limit pollen loss to generalist pollinators. Bumble bee (<i>Bombus impatiens</i>) microcolonies experienced reduced pollen consumption, mortality, and reproduction as well as increased stress responses when exposed to nutritional and mechanical pollen defenses. These bees also experienced physiological effects of these defenses in the form of hindgut expansion and gut melanization. Chemical defenses alone increased the area of gut melanization in larger bees and induced possible compensatory feeding. Together, these results suggest that generalist bumble bees avoid collecting cucurbit pollen due to the physiological costs of physical and chemical pollen defenses.</p>
Macroevolutionary foundations of a recently-evolved innate immune defense (data)
<p>Antagonistic interactions between hosts and parasites may drive the evolution of novel host defenses, or new parasite strategies. Host immunity is therefore one of the fastest evolving traits. But where do the novel immune traits come from? Here, we test for phylogenetic conservation in a rapidly evolving immune trait – peritoneal fibrosis. Peritoneal fibrosis is a costly defense against a specialist tapeworm, <em>Schistocephalus solidus</em> (Cestoda), expressed in some freshwater populations of threespine stickleback fish (<em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>, Perciformes). We asked whether stickleback fibrosis is a derived species-specific trait or an ancestral immune response that was widely distributed across ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii) only to be employed by threespine stickleback against the specialist parasite. We combined literature review on peritoneal fibrosis with a comparative experiment using either parasite-specific, or non-specific, immune challenge in deliberately selected species across fish tree of life. We show that ray-finned fish are broadly, but not universally, able to induce peritoneal fibrosis when challenged with a generic stimulus (Alum adjuvant). The experimental species were, however, largely indifferent to the tapeworm antigen homogenate. Peritoneal fibrosis, thus, appears to be a common and deeply conserved fish immune response that was co-opted by stickleback to adapt to a new selective challenge.</p>
Siliceous and non-nutritious: nitrogen limitation increases anti-herbivore silicon defenses in a model grass
<p>Silicon (Si) accumulation alleviates a diverse array of environmental stresses in many plants, including conferring physical resistance against insect herbivores. It has been hypothesised that grasses, in particular, utilise 'low metabolic cost' Si for structural and defensive roles under nutrient limitation. While carbon (C) concentrations often negatively correlate with Si concentrations, the relationship between nitrogen (N) status and Si is more variable. Moreover, the impacts of N limitation on constitutive physical Si defences (e.g. silica and prickle cells) against herbivores are unknown. We determined how N limitation affected Si deposition in the model grass <i>Brachypodium distachyon</i> and how changes in these constitutive defences impacted insect herbivore (<i>Helicoverpa armigera</i>) growth rates. We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry in conjunction with X-ray mapping (XRM) to quantify physical structures on leaves and determine Si deposition patterns. We also determined how N limitation and Si supply impacted the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway, the master-regulator of induced defences against arthropod herbivores. N limitation reduced shoot growth by over 40%, but increased root mass (+21%), leaf Si concentrations (+50%) and the density of silica (+28%) and flattened prickle (+76%) cells. EDS and XRM established that Si was being deposited in these structures, together with hooked prickle cells and macro-hairs. Herbivore relative growth rates (RGR) were more than 115% lower in Si supplied plants compared to plants without Si supply and negatively correlated with leaf Si concentration and silica cell density. RGR was further reduced by N limitation and positively correlated with leaf N concentrations. Increases in JA concentrations following induction of the JA pathway were at least doubled by N limitation. Si accumulation and deposition were highly regulated by N availability, with N limitation promoting both constitutive Si physical defences and induction of the JA defensive pathway, in line with the resource availability hypothesis. These results indicate that grasses use 'low cost Si' when resources are limited and suggests that plant productivity may benefit from optimising conventional fertilisers and Si fertilisation.</p>
Fig. 4 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 4. Dipsas nicholsi (Dunn). Dorsal and lateral views of the head (KU 110312).
Fig. 11 in Systematics of Snakes Referred to Dipsas variegata in Panama and Western South America, with Revalidation of Two Species and Notes on Defensive Behaviors in the Dipsadini (Colubridae)
Fig. 11. Dipsas oreas (Cope). Two juveniles. Top: ANSP 18120, Ecuador. Bottom: FMNH 232572, Peru.
FIGURE 3 in Attack and defense in a gamasid-oribatid mite predator-prey experiment - sclerotization outperforms chemical repellency
FIGURE 3: Body size and mass of adults and tritonymphs of Archegozetes longisetosus. Stars indicate significant differences (Welch two-sample t-test, ***p<0.001).
FIGURE 1 in Attack and defense in a gamasid-oribatid mite predator-prey experiment - sclerotization outperforms chemical repellency
FIGURE 1: Consumption [%] of the predatory mite Stratiolaelaps miles feeding on differently treated adults and tritonymphs of Archegozetes longisetosus (armed= control group; disarmed= hexane treated specimens). Stars indicate significant differences (Mann-Whitney-U-test, ***p<0.001).
FIGURE 2 in Attack and defense in a gamasid-oribatid mite predator-prey experiment - sclerotization outperforms chemical repellency
FIGURE 2: Normalized amount of defensive secretion of attacked and control group Archegozetes longisetosus. Stars indicate significant differences (Mann-Whitney-U-test, ***p<0.001).
Data for: Sex matters: Predator presence induces sexual dimorphism in a monomorphic prey, from stress genes to morphological defenses
<p>Inducible defences allow prey to increase survival chances when predators are present while avoiding unnecessary costs in their absence. Many studies report considerable inter-individual variation in inducible-defence expression, yet what underlies this variation is poorly understood. A classic vertebrate example of a predator‐induced morphological defence is the increased body depth in crucian carp (<em>Carassius carassius</em>), which reduces the risk of predation from gape‐size limited predators. Here, we report that among-individual variation in morphological defence expression can be linked to sex. We documented sexual dimorphism in lakes in which crucian carp coexisted with predators, where females showed shallower relative body depths than males, but not in a predator-free lake. When exposing crucian carp from a population without predators to perceived predation risk in a laboratory environment (presence/absence of pike, <em>Esox lucius</em>), we found that males expressed significantly greater morphological defence than females, causing sexual dimorphism only in the presence of predators. We uncovered a correlative link between the sex-specific <em>inducible phenotypic </em>response and gene expression patterns in major stress-related genes (<em>POMC</em>,<em> MC3R</em>,<em> MC4R</em>). Together, our results highlight that sex-specific responses may be an important, yet underappreciated, component underlying inter-individual differences in the expression of inducible defences, even in species without pronounced sexual dimorphism. </p>
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