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Fig. 4. The 1H–1H in Cytochalasans from the endophytic fungus Diaporthe ueckerae associated with the fern Pteris vittata

Fig. 4. The 1H–1H COSY (bold lines) and significant HMBC (arrows) and NOESY (dashed arrows) correlations of 3 (the 3D structure represents the DFT conformational analysis-afforded global energy minimum of 14S isomer).

Fig. 5 in Cytochalasans from the endophytic fungus Diaporthe ueckerae associated with the fern Pteris vittata

Fig. 5. Comparison of the measured ECD spectrum of 3 with the M06-2X/def2- SVP/PCM-calculated spectra of (14S)- and (14R)-3.

Fig. 2. The 1H–1H in Cytochalasans from the endophytic fungus Diaporthe ueckerae associated with the fern Pteris vittata

Fig. 2. The 1H–1H COSY (bold lines) and key HMBC (arrows) and NOESY (dashed arrows) correlations of 1 and 2 (the 3D structures represent the global energy minima afforded by DFT conformational analysis).

Fig. 5 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots

Fig. 5. DF11 effect on the accumulation of tanshinones and salvianolic acid in aseptic seedling roots of S. miltiorrhiza. Compared with the control group, *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.

Fig. 3 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots

Fig. 3. Root phenotypes of S. miltiorrhiza seedlings 8 weeks after strain DF11 inocculation. (a)the control group inoculated with PDA liquid, (b) the treatment group inoculated with DF11 fungal suspension, (c) and (d) Red boxed areas of (a) and (b) are enlarged in (c) and (d) respectively. Scale bar = 1.0 cm. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots

Fig. 2. Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of strain DF11. (a)and(b) Frontal and backside morphology of DF11 colony respectively (Scale bar = 1.0 cm); (c)and(d) Microscopic morphology of spores and mycelium of DF11 respectively (40 × 10, Scale bar = 20 μm); (e)and(g) mycelium structure of DF11 showed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); (e) Mycelium and conidiophore; (f) Conidiophore; (g) Conidium; (h) Neighbor-joining tree of DF11 based on the ITS gene sequences.

Fig. 1 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots

Fig. 1. The tanshinone biosynthesis pathway in S. miltiorrhiza. AACT: acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase, HMGS: 3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA synthase, HMGR: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, MK: mevalonate kinase, PMK: 5-phosphomevalonate kinase, MDC: mevalonate 5-diphosphate decarboxylase, DXS: 1-deoxy-Dxylulose-5- phosphate synthase, DXR: 1- deoxy-D-xylulose-5- phosphatereductoisomerase, MCT: 2-C-methyl-D- erythritol- 4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase, CMK: 4- (cytidine 5-diphospho) -2-C-methyl- Derythritolkinase, MECPS: 2-C-methyl- erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphatesynthase, HDS: 1-hydroxy-2- methyl-2-(E)- butenyl-4-diphosphate synthase, HDR: 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2- (E)- butenyl-4- diphosphate reductase), IDI: isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase, GGPPS: geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, CPS: copalyl diphosphate synthase, KSL: kaurene synthase-like, CYP76AH1: cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) 76AH1.

Fig. 6 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots

Fig. 6. The effects of DF11 on the expression of genes encoding for key enzymes of tanshinone biosynthesis pathway in S. miltiorrhiza roots. HMGR,3-hydroxy-3- methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, GGPPS, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, CPS,copalyl diphosphate synthase, DXR,1-deoxy-D-xylulose5- phosphate reductoisomerase, DXS,1-deoxy-D- xylulose5-phosphate synthase, CYP76AH1,cytochrome P450 enzyme (CYP) 76AH1. Compared with the control group, *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001. ACTIN was the internal reference gene.

Fig. 4 in Endophytic fungus Cladosporium tenuissimum DF11, an efficient inducer of tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza roots

Fig. 4. The colonization of DF11 in the root of aseptic seedling of S. miltiorrhiza after immunofluorescence staining (8 weeks). Magnify 400x; Green: ConA-FITC; Blue: DAPI. Control: PDA sterile liquid medium. Red arrow: DF11 is located within the root cell; Red triangle: DF11 is located in the root cell space. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 9 in Undescribed alkyne-geranylcyclohexenetriols from the endophyte Diaporthe caulivora 09F0132 and their anti-melanogenic activity

Fig. 9. The inhibitory effects of caulivotrioloxin A (1) on the protein expression of melanogenic proteins, including tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)- 1, and TRP-2 in mouse melanoma B16–F10 cells. Cells were plated with 50 nM α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone for 24 h for inducing melanogenesis, and then incubated with the solvent control or 5, 10, 50, or 100 μM of the caulivotrioloxin A (1) for another 48 h. Arbutin (1 mM) and kojic acid (1 mM) were used as the reference control.

Fig. 8 in Undescribed alkyne-geranylcyclohexenetriols from the endophyte Diaporthe caulivora 09F0132 and their anti-melanogenic activity

Fig. 8. Anti-melanogenic activities of caulivotrioloxin A (1) in mouse melanoma B16–F10 cells. Cells were plated with (induction) or without (basal) 50 nM α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) for 24 h for inducing melanogenesis, and then incubated with the solvent control or 5, 10, 50, or 100 μM of the compound 1 for another 48 h. After treatment, cells were incubated with 10% volume of alamarBlue® reagent to determine cell viability (A), then harvested by trypsinization for analyzing melanin content (B) and tyrosinase activity (C). Arbutin (1 mM) and kojic acid (1 mM) were used as the reference control. Data were normalized with the basal group and presented as mean ± S.E.M. from at least three independent experiments. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.005, compared to the α-MSH-induction group.

Fig. 7 in Undescribed alkyne-geranylcyclohexenetriols from the endophyte Diaporthe caulivora 09F0132 and their anti-melanogenic activity

Fig. 7. Effects of different compounds derived from D. caulivora 09F0132 on the cell viability of human colorectal HCT 116 (A) and human normal keratinocyte HaCaT (B) cells. Cells were plated for 24 h and then treated with various samples for another 48 h. Data were represented as the cell viability relative to the solvent control group (0.1% DMSO). Values were mean ± SD from three independent experiments.

Fig. 3 in Undescribed specialised metabolites from the endophytic fungus Emericella sp. XL029 and their antimicrobial activities

Fig. 3. Key NOESY correlations of compounds 2–7. (Asterisk (*) indicates the partial structures of compounds).

Fig. 5 in Biotransformation of artemisinic acid to bioactive derivatives by endophytic Penicillium oxalicum B4 from Artemisia annua L.

Fig. 5. Time course for the biotransformation of artemisinic acid (AA) by Penicillium oxalicum B4. AA (3.50 mg/50 mL) was added to 2-day-old culture for the biotransformation.

Fig. 4 in Biotransformation of artemisinic acid to bioactive derivatives by endophytic Penicillium oxalicum B4 from Artemisia annua L.

Fig. 4. Time course of mycelial biomass (A) and the biotransformation of artemisinic acid (AA) by Penicillium oxalicum B4. AA (3.50 mg/50 mL) was added to 2-day-old culture for the biotransformation. Data presented are the means ± SD of results from three independent experiments.

Fig. 7 in Biotransformation of artemisinic acid to bioactive derivatives by endophytic Penicillium oxalicum B4 from Artemisia annua L.

Fig. 7. Inhibitory effects of metabolite 4 (A) and 7 (B) on cell viability and LPSinduced nitrite production in RAW 264.7 cells. Normal cells were incubated for 24 h with metabolite 4 and 7 at indicated concentrations. Cells were pretreated with the indicated concentrations of metabolite 4 and 7 for 1 h followed by treatment with LPS (1.0 μg/mL). After 24 h of incubation, the amount of nitrite in the culture supernatants and cell viability were measured. Data presented are the means ± SD of results from three independent experiments (###p <0.001 versus untreated group; *p <0.05, **p <0.01 versus LPS treated group. The small letters indicate the significant difference (p <0.05) between groups).

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Fig. 1 in Brevianthrones, bianthrones from a Chinese isolate of the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum brevisporum

Fig. 1. Structures of brevianthrones and anthraquinones isolated from cultures of Colletotrichum brevisporum.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →

Fig. 5 in Pyrrolyl 4-quinolone alkaloids from the mangrove endophytic fungus Penicillium steckii SCSIO 41025: Chiral resolution, configurational assignment, and enzyme inhibitory activities

Fig. 5. Molecular docking result of (+)-1 in α-glucosidase (PDB ID: 5NN8). (A) 3D structure of the enzyme docked with (+)-1. (B) Detail analysis of the 2D binding model of (+)-1 with the residues surrounding the binding pocket of α-glucosidase.

Fig. 3 in Bioactive metabolites from the desert plant-associated endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum (Chaetomiaceae)

Fig. 3. Comparison of the 13C NMR chemical shift values of the left part of structure 1 with those of spiciferone A (3) in the same solvent (DMSO d).