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opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Weather conditions determine attenuation and speed of sound: environmental limitations for monitoring and analysing bat echolocation

Echolocating bats are regularly studied to investigate auditory-guided behaviours and as important bioindicators. Bioacoustic monitoring methods based on echolocation calls are increasingly used for risk assessment and to ultimately inform conservation strategies for bats. As echolocation calls transmit through the air at the speed of sound, they undergo changes due to atmospheric and geometric attenuation. Both the speed of sound and atmospheric attenuation, however, are variable and determined by weather conditions, particularly temperature and relative humidity. Changing weather conditions thus cause variation in analysed call parameters, limiting our ability to detect and correctly analyse bat calls. Here, I use real-world weather data to exemplify the effect of varying weather conditions on the acoustic properties of air. I then present atmospheric attenuation and speed of sound for the global range of weather conditions and bat call frequencies to show their relative effects. Atmospheric attenuation is a non-linear function of call frequency, temperature, relative humidity and atmospheric pressure. While atmospheric attenuation is strongly positively correlated with call frequency, it is also significantly influenced by temperature and relative humidity in a complex non-linear fashion. Variable weather conditions thus result in variable and unknown effects on the recorded call, affecting estimates of call frequency and intensity, particularly for high frequencies. Weather-induced variation in speed of sound reaches up to about ±3%, but is generally much smaller and only relevant for acoustic localisation methods of bats. The frequency- and weather-dependent variation in atmospheric attenuation has a three-fold effect on bioacoustic monitoring of bats: it limits our capability (1) to monitor bats equally across time, space, and species, (2) to correctly measure frequency parameters of bat echolocation calls, particularly for high-frequencies, and (3) to correctly identify bat species in species-rich assemblies or for sympatric species with similar call designs.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Data from: Impact of environmental conditions on wood anatomical traits of green alder (Alnus alnobetula) at the alpine treeline

The data file (Alnus alnobetula_Wood anatomy.xlsx) contains all raw data, which have been used to create Figures 3-7 in the article.   Data are documented in the following article: Gruber A, G Wieser, M Fink, W Oberhuber (2024) Impact of environmental conditions on wood anatomical traits of green alder (Alnus alnobetula) at the alpine treeline. Forests, 15, 24; doi:10.3390/f15010024    Summary Due to land use change, green alder (Alnus alnobetula), formerly restricted to moist slopes, is now expanding to drier south-facing sites at the alpine treeline. To evaluate wood anatomical adaptations, we analyzed vessel characteristics (mean vessel area, MVA; vessel density, VD; and theoretic conductive area, TCA) and axial parenchyma abundance, as well as their distribution in the annual ring at a moist north-facing and a dry south-facing site at the alpine treeline (2150 m asl) on Mt. Patscherkofel (Central European Alps, Austria). Results revealed that lower soil water availability and enhanced evaporative demand did not affect MVA, while VD and TCA were significantly reduced at the dry south-facing site. This suggests that in A. alnobetula, vessel size is a static trait whereas vessel number responds plastic. Harsh environmental conditions at the distributional limit of A. alnobetula led to a near semi-ring-porous distribution of vessels and an accumulation of parenchyma in the late growing season. We conclude that in a warmer and drier climate, physiological stress may set limits to the distribution of A. alnobetula at drought-prone sites at the alpine treeline.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Projections of spatial distributions of suitable environmental conditions for key Baltic Sea zooplankton species - Data

This repository contains seven occurrences dataset which represent the station where the species have been identified, ranging from 2000 to 2020. The environmental projections for the period 2010-2020, as well as future projection on two horizons: from 2040 to 2050 and from 2090 to 2100 on two different scenarios: SSP245 and SSP585. The occurrences have been exctracted from OBIS (https://obis.org) and the environmental projections from Bio-ORACLE (https://bio-oracle.org).   Occurrences datasets:  <ul> <li>Temora longicornis</li> <li>Centropages hamatus</li> <li>Limnocalanus macrurus macrurus</li> <li>Evadne nordmanni</li> <li>Acartia tonsa</li> <li>Acartia longiremis</li> <li>Acartia bifilosa</li> </ul>   Projections: <ul> <li>Projection Baseline 2010-2020</li> <li>Projection 2040-2050 SSP245</li> <li>Projection 2090-2100 SSP245</li> <li>Projection 2040-2050 SSP585</li> <li>Projection 2090-2100 SSP585</li> </ul>

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

Prenatal environmental conditions underlie alternative reproductive tactics that drive the formation of a mixed-kin cooperative society

Although animal societies often evolve due to limited natal dispersal that results in kin clustering and facilitates cooperation among relatives, many species form cooperative groups with low kin structure. Such groups often comprise residents and immigrants of the same sex that compete for breeding opportunities. To understand how such mixed-kin societies form, we investigated the causes and fitness consequences of dispersal decisions in male cooperatively breeding superb starlings (Lamprotornis superbus) inhabiting a climatically unpredictable environment. We show that the two alternative reproductive tactics—natal dispersal or philopatry—exhibit reproductive tradeoffs resulting in equal lifetime inclusive fitness. Surprisingly, an individual's tactic is determined by the prenatal environment its parents experience prior to laying rather than the environment it experiences as a juvenile. Individuals that adopt the tactic not predicted by prenatal environmental conditions have lower fitness. Ultimately, climate-driven oscillating selection appears to stabilize mixed-kin societies despite the potential for social conflict.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Inter and intra species competition between blackgrass-wheat in relation to herbicide-resistance and environmental conditions of Poland

Two parameters, namely fresh plants' biomass and the number of seeds per plant, were measured for both winter wheat W and blackgrass B. The blackgrass competitive ratio (BCR) was calculated for the mixtures of susceptible blackgrass (BS) with resistant blackgrass (BR), representing the comparative growth based on plants' fresh biomass (BCRb) and the number of grains (BCRgn). The competitive ratio between wheat and blackgrass WBCR was calculated separately for the mixtures of W and BS, and W and BR. BCR and WBCR were calculated according to the formula described by Hoffman and Buller. The analysis was performed for the replacement series experiment, where RYW – relative yield of the W; RYB – relative yield of the B; p – the proportion of species; Wmix – a value of the W parameter analyzed for the mixture; Wmon – a value of the W parameter analyzed for the monoculture; Bmix – a value of the B parameter analyzed for the mixture; Bmon – a value of the B parameter analyzed for the monoculture; TRY – total relative yield. The RY values were measured for both W and B, and were averaged for single plant. Statistical analysis The biomass and grain yield or seed number, calculated into RY and TRY, were presented as graphs and fitted into one of the five competition models according to Radosevich [66]. The most explanatory models were determined by using the χ2 goodness-of-fit giving the best fit for all tested sites and biotypes. If the RY is a straight line, it denotes no competition; a convex line shows a benefit to species; a concave line represents a loss to species. If the TRY equals 1 (straight line), there is a competition for the same resources between both species/biotypes. If the TRY is greater than 1 (convex), there is no competition since the demand does not exceed the resources. If TRY is less than 1 (concave), an antagonism resulting in a mutual loss to species involved becomes apparent. ANOVA of two models was performed, i.e. the two-way model for the year × site of plants to calculate the BCRgn and BCRb in R/S blackgrass and and three-way model for the year × site × biotype to calculate the WBCRgn and WBCRb in wheat/blackgrass. Data of indexes were sqrt transformed to the normal distribution. The post-hoc HSD Tukey test was used for the means separation. The r-Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated for relations between BCRgn / WBCRgn and BCRb /WBCRb, the relations between hydrothermal K coefficient and BCRgn /WBCRgn and BCRb / WBCRb and the relations between sand [%] and BCRgn /WBCRgn and BCRb / WBCRb. The exploration technique of the main components PCA (principle component analysis) has been used to explain the multidimensional diversity of W and environmental variables in terms of the first two components. Five biometrical parameters of W, i.e.  mean length and fresh biomass of plant, number of seeds per plant, the yield of seeds per plant, and the TGW (1000 grain weight), and four environmental parameters, i.e. hydrothermal coefficient K and soil texture were analyzed using the PCA and CA (k-means procedure). The calculations were performed in the STATISTICA 13.0 program (TIBCO Software Inc).

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Data for: Termites have wider thermal limits to cope with environmental conditions in savannas

The most diverse and abundant family of termites, the Termitidae, evolved in African tropical forests. They have since colonised grassy biomes such as savannas. These open environments have more extreme conditions than tropical forests, notably wider extremes of temperature and lower precipitation levels and greater temporal fluctuations (both annual and diurnal variation). These conditions are challenging for soft-bodied ectotherms, such as termites, to survive in, let alone become as ecologically dominant as termites have. Here, we quantified termite thermal limits to test the hypothesis that these physiological limits have widened in savanna termite species to facilitate their existence in savanna environments. We sampled termites directly from mound structures, across an environmental gradient in Ghana, ranging from wet tropical forest through to savanna. At each location we quantified both Critical Thermal Maximum (CTmax) and Critical Thermal Minimum (CTmin) of all the most abundant mound-building Termitidae species in the study areas. We modelled the thermal limits in two separate mixed effects models against: canopy cover at the mound, temperature and rainfall, as fixed effects, with sampling location as a random intercept. For both CTmax and CTmin savanna species had significantly more extreme thermal limits than forest species. Between and within environments, areas with higher amounts of canopy cover were significantly associated with lower CTmax values of the termite colonies. CTmin was significantly positively correlated with rainfall. Temperature was retained in both models, however it did not have a significant relationship in either. Sampling location explained a large proportion of the residual variation, suggesting there are other environmental factors that could influence termite thermal limits. Our results suggest there has been a widening of the thermal limits in termite savanna species. These physiological differences, in conjunction with other behavioural adaptations, are likely to have enabled termites to cope with the more extreme environmental conditions found in savanna environments and facilitated their expansion into open tropical environments.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Assessing the performance and efficiency of environmental DNA/RNA capture methodologies under controlled experimental conditions

Growing interest and affordability of environmental DNA and RNA (eDNA and eRNA) approaches for biodiversity assessments and monitoring of complex ecosystems have led to the emergence of manifold protocols for nucleic acids (NAs) isolation and processing. Although there is no consensus on a standardized workflow, the common practice for water samples is to concentrate NAs via filtration using varying pore size membranes. Using the smallest pore is assumed to be most efficient for NAs capture from a wide range of material (including sub-cellular particles), however a trade-off must occur between detection of a meaningful molecular signal and cost/time effort when processing samples using fine pore membranes. Comparative studies involving formal efficiency assessments are lacking, which restricts informed decision-making around an optimized sampling approach for applications such as biosurveillance (i.e., detection and monitoring of target taxa - nuisance organisms, endangered and indicator taxa or other species of economic or cultural importance). Here, we present an experimental study using an easily cultured microalgal species (Alexandrium pacificum) to test different filter membranes for capturing NAs in the context of cost/time effort and cell fractions encountered in nature (whole cells, partially lysed, and naked NAs). The results showed no statistically significant difference between membrane types for capturing target eDNA signal from intact and partially lysed cell treatments. In terms of time effort and volume processed, higher efficiency ratings were obtained with the larger pore size (5 µm) cellulose membranes. Positively charged nylon demonstrated enhanced capture of naked NAs, and especially eRNA signal, across treatments. Our findings support using coarse pore size filters for adequate capture of target NA signal (from both eDNA and eRNA) with less processing time. The framework presented here can provide a quick and robust feasibility check and comparative assessment of new and existing NA processing technologies, and allows sufficient control over multiple parameters, including physical-chemical water properties, temporal scales, and concentration and type of input material.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Transfer efficiency of carbon, nutrients, and PUFAs in planktonic food webs under different environmental conditions

We investigated the transfer of essential substances (carbon, nutrients, and polyunsaturated fatty acids) through plankton communities in 30 Polish lakes with different trophic status in the middle of summer. The results of our study revealed that different essential substances were transferred from phytoplankton to zooplankton with varying efficiencies. The average TTE of C, N, P, and the sum of ω-3 PUFA were 6.55%, 9.82%, 15.82%, 20.90%, respectively. Our results also show a large mismatch between the elemental and biochemical compositions of zooplankton and their food during the peak of the summer stagnation, which may further promote the accumulation of essential substances. There were also large differences in TTEs between trophic conditions, with the highest efficiencies in oligotrophic lakes and the lowest in dystrophic and eutrophic lakes. Therefore, our study indicates that disturbances like eutrophication and dystrophication similarly decrease the TTE of essential substances between phytoplankton and zooplankton in freshwater food webs.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Modeling Thermal Emission Under Lunar Surface Environmental Conditions

Codes and data required to reproduce results from Prem et al. (2022), Modeling Thermal Emission Under Lunar Surface Environmental Conditions, Planetary Science Journal (https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/ac7ced). The file flowchart.pdf contains an overview of the workflow to model ambient and anisothermal thermal emission spectra using the codes contained in codes.zip. The file lab_spectra.xlsx contains the laboratory spectra used in the publication, together with citation information. Please feel free to contact lead author Dr. Parvathy Prem (parvathy.prem@jhuapl.edu) with any questions.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2018View details →

Exploration of the influence of environmental conditions on secondary organic aerosol formation and organic species properties using explicit simulations: development of the VBS-GECKO parameterization [Dataset]

This dataset is composed of simulation outputs of the GECKO-A model that were used to optimize the VBS-GECKO SOA parameterization as described in the study : Lannuque, V., Camredon, M., Couvidat, F., Hodzic, A., Valorso, R., Madronich, S., Bessagnet, B., and Aumont, B.: Exploration of the influence of environmental conditions on secondary organic aerosol formation and organic species properties using explicit simulations: development of the VBS-GECKO parameterization, Atmos. Chem. Phys., https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-1-2018, 2018. Please cite the original ACP article when using these data in a publication. The paper also contains more information about how these data were obtained. The "readme.txt" file gives quick explanations on how the dataset is formatted and how to read the different files that compose it. Victor Lannuque

opennotspecifiedMar 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in Atypical Oviposition in Curculio glandium Marsham (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)-a Response to Unfavorable Environmental Conditions?

Fig. 1. Curculio glandium females found on fallen acorns. A, B, D) The majority chose to drill in cracked fruits, C) Some individuals created egg cavities in uncracked fruits.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Functional traits and environmental conditions predict community isotopic niches and energy pathways across spatial scales

1. Despite ongoing research in food web ecology and functional biogeography, the links between food-web structure, functional traits and environmental conditions across spatial scales remain poorly understood. Trophic niches, defined as the amount of energy and elemental space occupied by species and food webs, may help bridge this divide. 2. Here, we ask how the functional traits of species, the environmental conditions of habitats and the spatial scale of analysis jointly determine the characteristics of trophic niches. We used isotopic niches as a proxy of trophic niches, and conducted analyses at spatial scales ranging from local food webs and metacommunities to geographically distant sites. 3. We sampled aquatic macroinvertebrates from 104 tank bromeliads distributed across five sites from Central to South America, and compiled the macroinvertebrates' functional traits and stable isotope values (δ15N and δ13C). We assessed how isotopic niches within each bromeliad were influenced by the functional trait composition of their associated invertebrates and environmental conditions (i.e., habitat size, canopy cover, and detrital concentration). We then evaluated whether the diet of dominant predators and, consequently, energy pathways within food webs, reflected functional and environmental changes among bromeliads across sites. Finally, we determined the extent to which the isotopic niches of macroinvertebrates within each bromeliad contributed to the metacommunity isotopic niches within each site, and compared these metacommunity-level niches over biogeographic scales. 4. At the bromeliad level, isotopic niches increased with the functional richness of species in the food web and the detrital concentration in the bromeliad. The diet of top predators tracked shifts in prey biomass along gradients of canopy cover and detrital concentration. Bromeliads that grew under heterogeneous canopy cover displayed less trophic redundancy and therefore combined to form larger metacommunity isotopic niches. Finally, the size of metacommunity niches depended on within-site heterogeneity in canopy cover. 5. Our results suggest that the trophic niches occupied by food webs can predictably scale from local food webs to metacommunities to biogeographic regions. This scaling process is determined by both the functional traits of species and heterogeneity in environmental conditions.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Regulation of thermal acclimation varies between generations of the short-lived mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) that developed in different environmental conditions

1. Environmental variability and perturbations can influence population persistence. It is therefore important to understand whether and how animals can compensate for environmental variability, and thereby increase resilience of natural populations. Evolutionary theory predicts that in fluctuating environments selection should favour developmental modifiers that reduce phenotypic expression of genetic variation. The expected result is that phenotypes are buffered from environmental variation across generations. 2. Our aim was to determine whether phenotypes of mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) remain stable across generations in which individuals were born into different thermal environments. We predicted that the spring generation (cool environment) would acclimate by increasing the concentration of regulatory transcription factor mRNA and activities of rate-limiting enzymes (hierarchical regulation) to compensate for the negative thermodynamic effects of lower temperatures on metabolic and locomotor performance. In contrast, the summer-born generation (warm environment) would show less capacity for acclimation and hierarchical regulation. 4. We show that fish from both generations acclimated, but that there were significant differences in the phenotypic consequences of acclimation. The overall result was that sprint performance, metabolic scope, and the activities of cyctochrome c oxidase and lactate dehydrogenase were buffered from environmental change, and did not differ between spring and summer fish at their natural water temperatures of 15oC and 25oC, respectively. However, there were differences between generations in sustained swimming performance and citrate synthase activity. 5. We used metabolic control analysis to show that modes of regulation of metabolic scope and locomotor performance differed between generations. Spring fish showed primarily hierarchical regulation, but regulation in summer fish relied to a lesser extent on rate-limiting enzymes and transcription factors. 6. We suggest that developmental modifiers are favoured in fluctuating environments to maximise phenotypic fitness of each generation. We show that the interaction between developmental and reversible acclimation can render physiological performance of a natural population independent from climate variation.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Individual quality and age but not environmental or social conditions modulate costs of reproduction in a capital breeder

Costs associated with reproduction are widely known to play a role in the evolution of reproductive tactics with consequences to population and eco-evolutionary dynamics. Evaluating these costs as they pertain to species in the wild remains an important goal of evolutionary ecology. Individual heterogeneity, including differences in individual quality (i.e., among-individual differences in traits associated with survival and reproduction) or state, and variation in environmental and social conditions can modulate the costs of reproduction; however, few studies have considered effects of these factors simultaneously. Taking advantage of a detailed, long-term dataset for a population of feral horses (Sable Island, Nova-Scotia, Canada), we address the question of how intrinsic (quality, age), environmental (winter severity, location), and social conditions (group size, composition, sex ratio, density) influence the costs of reproduction on subsequent reproduction. Individual quality was measured using a multivariate analysis on a combination of four static and dynamic traits expected to depict heterogeneity in individual performance. Female quality and age interacted with reproductive status of the previous year to determine current reproductive effort, while no effect of social or environmental covariates was found. High quality females showed higher probabilities of giving birth and weaning their foal regardless of their reproductive status the previous year, while those of lower quality showed lower probabilities of producing foals in successive years. Middle-aged (prime) females had the highest probability of giving birth when they had not reproduced the year before but no such relationship with age was found among females that had reproduced the previous year, indicating that prime-aged females bear higher costs of reproduction. We show that individual quality and age were key factors modulating the costs of reproduction in a capital breeder but that environmental or social conditions were not, highlighting the importance of considering multiple factors when studying costs of reproduction.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Plant functional traits and environmental conditions shape community assembly and ecosystem functioning during restoration

Recovering biological diversity and ecosystem functioning are primary objectives of ecological restoration, yet these outcomes are often unpredictable. Assessments based on functional traits may help with interpreting variability in both community composition and ecosystem functioning because of their mechanistic and generalizable nature. This promise remains poorly realized, however, because tests linking environmental conditions, functional traits, and ecosystem functioning in restoration are rare. Here, we provide such a test through what is to our knowledge the first empirical application of the 'response–effect trait framework' to restoration. This framework provides a trait-based bridge between community assembly and ecosystem functioning by describing how species respond to environmental conditions based on traits and how the traits of species affect ecosystem functioning. Our study took place across 29 prairies restored from former agricultural fields in southwestern Michigan. We considered how environmental conditions affect ecosystem functioning through and independently of measured functional traits. To do so, we paired field-collected trait data with data on plant community composition and measures of ecosystem functioning and used structural equation modelling to determine relationships between environmental conditions, community-weighted means of functional traits and ecosystem functioning. Environmental conditions were predictive of trait composition. Sites restored directly from tillage (as opposed to those allowed to fallow) supported taller species with larger seeds and higher specific leaf area (SLA). Site age and fire frequency were both negatively related to SLA. We also found a positive relationship between soil moisture and SLA. Both trait composition and environmental conditions predicted ecosystem functioning, but these relationships varied among the measured functions. Pollination mode (animal pollination) increased and fire frequency decreased floral resource availability, seed mass had a negative effect on below-ground biomass production, and vegetative height increased decomposition rate. Soil moisture and fire frequency both increased while site age decreased above-ground biomass production, and site age and soil moisture both increased decomposition rate. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that both trait composition and environmental conditions play a role in shaping ecosystem function during restoration, and the importance of each is dependent on the function of interest. Because of this, environmental heterogeneity will be necessary to promote multiple ecosystem functions across restored landscapes. A trait-based approach to restoration can aid interpretation of variable outcomes through insights into community assembly and ecosystem functioning.

Figure 7 in Amphipod diversity at three Tunisian lagoon complexes in relation to environmental conditions

Figure 7. Ordination of species and environmental factors through Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Dots depict species, arrows assign environmental factors. Eigenvalues: λ (axis 1) = 0.689; λ (axis 2) = 0.161.,(O. mon: Orchestia montagui, O. med: Orchestia mediterranea, O. g: Orchestia gammarellus, O. s: Orchestia stephenseni, O. c: Orchestia cavimana, P. p: Platorchestia platensis, D. d: Deshayesorchestia deshayesii, T. s: Talitrus saltator.

Figure 3 in Amphipod diversity at three Tunisian lagoon complexes in relation to environmental conditions

Figure 3. Granulometry of different sampling sites. S1: the supralittoral zone of Bizerte lagoon, S2: Korsi, S3: Tinja; S4: supralittoral zone of garaet Ichkeul, S′1: site 59 km from Tunis, S′ 2: the supralittoral zone of the old harbour, S′ 3: opposite to Boughaz, S′ 4: the supralittoral zone of Sidi Ali Mekki lagoon, S′ 5: the supralittoral zone of sebkha El Ouafi, S′′1: estuary river-beach of korba, S′′2: Lebna river, S′′3: the supralittoral zone of Korba lagoon.

Figure 5 in Amphipod diversity at three Tunisian lagoon complexes in relation to environmental conditions

Figure 5. Mean densities of amphipod community (A) and mean density of each species (B) at each site.(S1: the supralittoral zone of Bizerte lagoon, S2: Korsi, S3: Tinja; S4: supralittoral zone of garaet Ichkeul, S′ 1: site 59 km from Tunis, S′ 2: the supralittoral zone of the old harbour of Ghar El Melh, S′ 3: opposite to Boughaz, S′ 4: the supralittoral zone of Sidi Ali Mekki lagoon, S′ 5: the supralittoral zone of sebkha El Ouafi, S′′1: estuary river-beach of korba, S′′2: Lebna river, S′′3: the supralittoral zone of Korba lagoon, O. mon: Orchestia montagui, O. med: Orchestia mediterranea, O. g: Orchestia gammarellus, O. s: Orchestia stephenseni, O. c: Orchestia cavimana, P. p: Platorchestia platensis, D. d: Deshayesorchestia deshayesii, T. s: Talitrus saltator).

Figure 1 in Amphipod diversity at three Tunisian lagoon complexes in relation to environmental conditions

Figure 1. Sampling localities in northern Tunisia. (A) lagoon complex of Ichkeul (S1: the supralittoral zone of Bizerte lagoon, S2: Korsi, S3: Tinja; S4: supralittoral zone of garaet Ichkeul); (B) lagoon complex of Ghar El Melh (S′ 1: site 59 km from Tunis, S′ 2: the supralittoral zone of the old harbour, S′ 3: opposite to Boughaz, S′ 4: the supralittoral zone of Sidi Ali Mekki lagoon, S′5: the supralittoral zone of sebkha El Ouafi); (C) lagoon complex of Korba (S′′1: estuary river-beach of korba, S′′2: Lebna river, S′′3: the supralittoral zone of Korba lagoon).

Figure 4 in Amphipod diversity at three Tunisian lagoon complexes in relation to environmental conditions

Figure 4. Cluster analysis of the spatial distribution of Talitridae in different sites (Bray–Curtis index, presence/absence, complete linkage). S1: the supralittoral zone of Bizerte lagoon, S2: Korsi, S3: Tinja; S4: supralittoral zone of garaet Ichkeul, S′1: site 59 km from Tunis, S′2: the supralittoral zone of the old harbour, S′ 3: opposite to Boughaz, S′ 4: the supralittoral zone of Sidi Ali Mekki lagoon, S′ 5: the supralittoral zone of sebkha El Ouafi, S′′1: estuary river-beach of korba, S′′2: Lebna river, S′′3: the supralittoral zone of Korba lagoon.