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358 results for “fine-scale”
Data from: Fine-scale behavioural adjustments of prey on a continuum of risk
In the wild, prey species often live in the vicinity of predators, rendering the ability to assess risk on a moment-to-moment basis crucial to survival. Visual cues are important as they allow prey to assess predator species, size, proximity and behaviour. However, few studies have explicitly examined prey's ability to assess risk based on predator behaviour and orientation. Using mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, and their predator, jade perch, Scortum barcoo, under controlled conditions, we provide some of the first fine-scale characterisation of how prey adapt their behaviour according to their continuous assessment of risk based on both predator behaviour and angular distance to the predator's mouth. When these predators were inactive and posed less of an immediate threat, prey were often found within the attack cone of the predator showing reductions in speed and acceleration, characteristic of predator-inspection behaviour. However, when predators became active, prey swam faster with greater acceleration and were closer together within the attack cone of predators. Most importantly, this study provides evidence that prey do not adopt a uniform response to the presence of a predator. Instead, we demonstrate that prey are capable of rapidly and dynamically updating their assessment of risk and showing fine-scale adjustments to their behaviour.
Data from: Gynodioecy in structured populations: understanding fine-scale sex ratio variation in Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima
Natural selection, random processes, and gene flow are known to generate sex ratio variations among sexually polymorphic plant populations. In gynodioecious species, in which hermaphrodites and females coexist, the relative effect of these processes on the maintenance of sex polymorphism is still up for debate. The aim of this study was to document sex ratio and cytonuclear genetic variation at a very local scale in wind-pollinated gynodioecious Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima, and attempt to elucidate which processes explained the observed variation. The study sites were characterized by geographically distinct patches of individuals and appeared to be dynamic entities, with recurrent establishment of distinct haplotypes through independent founder events. Along with substantial variation in sex ratio and unexpectedly low gene flow within study sites, our results showed a high genetic differentiation among a mosaic of genetically distinct demes, with isolation by distance or abrupt genetic discontinuities taking place within a few tens of meters. Overall, random founder events with restricted gene flow could be primary determinants of sex structure, by promoting the clumping of sex-determining genes. Such high levels of sex structure provide a landscape for differential selection acting on sex-determining genes, which could modify the conditions of maintenance of gynodioecy in structured populations.
Data from: Fine-scale genetic structure in a wild bird population: the role of limited dispersal and environmentally-based selection as causal factors
Individuals are typically not randomly distributed in space; consequently ecological and evolutionary theory depends heavily on understanding the spatial structure of populations. The central challenge of landscape genetics is therefore to link spatial heterogeneity of environments to population genetic structure. Here, we employ multivariate spatial analyses to identify environmentally induced genetic structures in a single breeding population of 1174 great tits Parus major genotyped at 4701 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci. Despite the small spatial scale of the study relative to natal dispersal we found multiple axes of genetic structure. We built distance-based Moran's eigenvector maps to identify axes of pure spatial variation, which we used for spatial correction of regressions between SNPs and various external traits known to be related to fitness components (avian malaria infection risk, local density of conspecifics, oak tree density and altitude). We found clear evidence of fine-scale genetic structure, with 21, 7 and 9 significant SNPs respectively associated with infection risk by two species of avian malaria (Plasmodium circumflexum and P. relictum) and local conspecific density. Such fine-scale genetic structure relative to dispersal capabilities suggests ecological and evolutionary mechanisms maintain within-population genetic diversity in this population with the potential to drive micro-evolutionary change.
Fine-scale variation in projected climate change presents opportunities for biodiversity conservation in Europe
<p>We use a multi-model ensemble of regional climate models to identify areas with significantly high and low climate stability persistent throughout the 21<sup>st</sup> century in Europe.</p> <p>Here we present a set of raster files that contain discrete zones of climatic stability and instability, also referred to as hotspots and coldspots. Our analysis of future climatic stability was based on projected changes of nine climate variables selected to proxy key aspects of terrestrial ecosystem dynamics. The underlying climate projection, including different indices, are available at <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3952159#.YNWN_OgzaUl">https://zenodo.org/record/3952159#.YNWN_OgzaUl</a>. The cumulative change of all nine climate variables, termed Aggregate Climate Change (ACC), is used to identify regions of significantly higher or lower climatic stability (Getis-Ord Gi* p-value < 0.05) across Europe. We carry out this assessment at the continental and regional scales. While the continental assessment reports the large-scale latitudinal and orographic patterns of climatic stability, the regional assessment explores the residual ACC variation that remained after extracting the large-scale continental trend. The raster files present climatic features that were identified to persist in their location throughout the 21<sup>st</sup> century (i.e., in periods 2021-2040, 2041-2060, and 2061-2100) and were supported by a majority of climate projections considered in this study. Specifically, we considered five GCM-RCM pairs driven by two RCP scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The targeted areas of climatic stability were required to be confirmed by four out of five climate models nested within each RCP, at least.</p> <p>The used naming convention is as follows:</p> <ul> <li>Scale – Global, Regional</li> <li>Type of the zone – HotSpot (zone of significantly low climatic stability), ColdSpot (zone of significantly high climatic stability)</li> <li>Driving RCP scenario – RCP45, RCP85</li> </ul> <p>Raster files with RCP indicated in their name refer to either RCP4.5 or RCP8.5. These files contain two values referring to the presence (1) or absence (0) of climatic stability areas:</p> <p>Global_HotSpots _RCP45</p> <p>Global_ColdSpots _RCP45</p> <p>Regional_HotSpots _RCP45</p> <p>Regional_ColdSpots _RCP45</p> <p>Global_HotSpots _RCP85</p> <p>Global_ColdSpots _RCP85</p> <p>Regional_HotSpots _RCP85</p> <p>Regional_ColdSpots _RCP85</p> <p>Raster files without RCP code in their name contain combinations of both RCPs. The cell values indicate absence (0), presence in RCP4.5 OR RCP8.5 (1), or presence in RCP4.5 AND RCP8.5 (2) of climatic stability areas:</p> <p>Global_HotSpots</p> <p>Global_ColdSpots</p> <p>Regional_HotSpots</p> <p>Regional_ColdSpots</p> <p>The format of raster files is tiff. All data are in the GCS_WGS_1984 geographic coordinate system.</p>
Data from: Fine-scale habitat selection by sympatric Canada lynx and bobcat
<p>The Canada lynx (<em>Lynx canadensis</em>) and the bobcat (<em>Lynx rufus</em>) are closely related species with overlap at their range peripheries, but the factors that limit each species and the interactions between them are not well understood. Habitat selection is a hierarchical process, in which selection at higher orders (geographic range, home range) may constrain selection at lower orders (within the home range). Habitat selection at a very fine scale within the home range has been less studied for both lynx and bobcat compared to selection at broader spatio-temporal scales. To compare this fourth-order habitat selection by the two species in an area of sympatry, we tracked lynx and bobcat during the winters of 2017 and 2018 on the north shore of Lake Huron, Ontario. We found that both lynx and bobcat selected shallower snow, higher snowshoe hare abundance, and higher amounts of coniferous forest at the fourth order. However, the two species were spatially segregated at the second order, and lynx were found in areas with deeper snow, more snowshoe hare, and more coniferous forest. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that the lynx and bobcat select different resources at the second order, assorting along an environmental gradient in the study area, and that competition is unlikely to be occurring between the two species at finer scales.</p>
Data from: Harvest is associated with the disruption of social and fine-scale genetic structure among matrilines of a solitary large carnivore
<p>Harvest can disrupt wildlife populations by removing adults with naturally high survival. This can reshape sociospatial structure, genetic composition, fitness, and potentially affect evolution. Genetic tools can detect changes in local, fine-scale genetic structure (FGS) and assess the interplay between harvest-caused social and FGS in populations. We used data on 1,614 brown bears, <i>Ursus arctos</i>, genotyped with 16 microsatellites, to investigate whether harvest intensity (mean low: 0.13 from 1990-2005, mean high: 0.28 from 2006-2011) caused changes in FGS among matrilines (8 matrilines; 109 females ≥ 4 years of age), sex-specific survival and putative dispersal distances, female spatial genetic autocorrelation, matriline persistence, and male mating patterns. Increased harvest decreased FGS of matrilines. Female dispersal distances decreased and male reproductive success was redistributed more evenly. Adult males had lower survival during high harvest, suggesting that higher male turnover caused this redistribution and helped explain decreased structure among matrilines, despite shorter female dispersal distances. Adult female survival and survival probability of both mother and daughter were lower during high harvest, indicating that matriline persistence was also lower. Our findings indicate a crucial role of regulated harvest in shaping populations, decreasing differences among 'groups', even for solitary-living species, and potentially altering the evolutionary trajectory of wild populations.</p>
Data from: Distribution and biogeography of Sanguina snow algae: fine-scale sequence analyses reveal previously unknown population structure
It has been previously suggested that snow algal species within the genus Sanguina (S. nivaloides and S. aurantia) show no population structure despite being found globally (S. nivaloides) or throughout the Northern Hemisphere (S. aurantia). However, systematic biogeographic research into global distributions is lacking due to few genetic and no genomic resources for these snow algae. Here, using all publicly available and previously unpublished Sanguina sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 2 region, we investigate if this purported lack of population structure within Sanguina species is supported by additional evidence. Using a minimum entropy decomposition (MED) approach to examine fine-scale genetic population structure, we find that these snow algae populations are largely distinct regionally and have some interesting biogeographic structuring. This is in opposition to the currently accepted idea that Sanguina species lack any observable population structure across their vast ranges and highlights the utility of fine-scale (sub-OTU) analytical tools to delineate geographic and genetic population structure. This work extends the known range of S. aurantia and emphasizes the need for development of genetic and genomic tools for additional studies on snow algae biogeography.
Fine-scale habitat selection limits trade-offs between foraging and temperature in a grassland bird
Many species are frequently faced with the decision about how to balance the use of thermal refuge against access to food resources. We evaluated the habitat use of female greater prairie-chickens (Tympanuchus cupido) to assess the potential for trade-offs between thermal conditions and food resources during the habitat selection process. Our objectives were to 1) compare near-ground temperatures, invertebrate availability, and vegetation characteristics at sites used by greater prairie-chickens to conditions at random landscape locations in various time since fire patches and 2) assess changes in conditions at used sites throughout the day to determine if selection for resources changes relative to ambient conditions resulting in trade-offs between foraging sites and thermal refuge. We found that greater prairie-chickens primarily used patches 0-12 months post fire that had relatively high abundances and biomasses of invertebrates compared to the landscape. Greater prairie-chickens further modified their selection at relatively fine spatial scales within these food-rich patches to select for areas with cooler temperatures during the hottest part of the day. The use of thermal refuge did not appear to influence access to food resources as invertebrate abundance and biomass at used sites were consistent throughout the day. Our results show that food resources and thermal cover influences habitat selection for greater prairie-chickens, but there was little evidence for trade-offs during the habitat selection process. Consideration of spatial and temporal scales is critical for evaluating trade-offs in habitat selection for animals and this research provides insights into the decision-making process by prairie-chickens.
Fine-scale variation within urban landscapes affects marking patterns and gastrointestinal parasite diversity in red foxes
<ol> <li>Urban areas are often considered to be a hostile environment for wildlife as they are highly fragmented and frequently disturbed. However, these same habitats can contain abundant resources, while lacking many common competitors and predators. The urban environment can have a direct impact on the species living there but can also have indirect effects on their parasites and pathogens. To date, relatively few studies have measured how fine-scale spatial heterogeneity within urban landscapes can affect parasite transmission and persistence.</li> <li>Here we surveyed 237 greenspaces across the urban environment of Edinburgh (UK) to investigate how fine-scale variation in socio-economic and ecological variables can affect red fox (<i>Vulpes vulpes</i>) marking behaviour, gastrointestinal (GI) parasite prevalence and parasite community diversity,</li> <li>We found that the presence and abundance of red fox faecal markings was non-uniformly distributed across greenspaces, and instead was dependent on the ecological characteristics of a site. Specifically, common foraging areas were left largely unmarked, which indicates that suitable resting and denning sites may be limiting factor in urban environments. In addition, the amount of greenspace around each site was positively correlated with overall GI parasite prevalence, species richness and diversity, highlighting the importance of greenspace (a commonly used measure of landscape connectivity) in determining the composition of the parasite community in urban areas.</li> <li>Our results suggest that fine scale variation within urban environments can be important for understanding the ecology of infectious diseases in urban wildlife and could have wider implication for the management of urban carnivores.</li> </ol>
Data from: Fine-scale spatial associations between functional traits and tree growth
<p>This data set relates to a 40x60 m2 stem-mapped plot that was established in a temperate rainforest of southern Chile. It contains data for each individual stem located within the plot. Each individual is characterized by a species code, diameter at breast height (dbh, 1.35 m), diameter at coring height (dch, ca. 30 cm), x and y coordinates, basal area index of the last 10 years (bai, cm2), and growth efficiency (ge, cm2/cm2).</p>
Cations make a difference: Soil nutrient patches and fine-scale root abundance of individual species in a mountain grassland
<p><span>1. Root densities in the field vary at the centimetre scale, but we have no information </span><span>on </span><span>whether this variation is linked to variation in nutrient concentrations and availability. Roots of many species are able to proliferate in nutrient-rich patches in controlled conditions in culture, but because data on nutrient concentrations and, in particular, on their temporal stability in the field are scarce, we do not know to what extent root distribution in the soil bears traces of such a response.</span></p> <p><span>2. Here</span><span>,</span><span> we linked </span><span>centimetre</span><span>-scale measurements of soil nutrient concentrations over a period of 6 weeks with estimation of root biomass and its species composition at the same points to determine whether there is any association between the two. In addition to phosphorus, nitrate and ammonium, we determined</span><span> the</span><span> concentrations of metal cations (magnesium, calcium and potassium). We used qPCR to determine</span><span> the</span><span> quantities of individual species in the root biomass samples.</span></p> <p><span>3. We found that calcium and magnesium (and to a lesser degree phosphorus and potassium) showed fine-scale patchiness that was stable over the duration of the study (6 weeks) and </span><span>was</span><span> consistent over all these elements. Nutrient patches were associated with high root biomass and </span><span>the </span><span>occurrence of roots of several species. Such patches are formed primarily by elements with known low mobility in soil (cations, phosphorus). In contrast, nitrogen ions showed overwhelmingly high temporal variation with no relationship between root density and nitrogen concentration.</span></p> <p><span>4. Soil nutrient concentrations thus constitute a multidimensional signal. Some elements strongly </span><span>vary</span><span> in time, while some are much more stable and thus form stable patches that permit root response over periods of weeks or months. Among them, calcium and magnesium play an important role in forming soil heterogeneity at a scale comparable to the scale at which fine root densities also vary. As these cations affect a number of plant functions, their association with higher root densities confirms their role in growth dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems.</span></p>
Supporting data for: Whole genome sequencing reveals fine-scale environment associated divergence near the range limits of a temperate reef fish
<p>Environmental variation is increasingly recognized as an important driver of diversity in marine species despite the lack of physical barriers to dispersal and the presence of pelagic stages in many taxa. A robust understanding of the genomic and ecological processes involved in structuring populations is lacking for most marine species, often hindering management and conservation action. Cunner (<em>Tautogolabrus adspersus</em>), is a temperate reef fish with both pelagic early life history stages and strong site-associated homing as adults; the species is also of interest for use as a cleaner fish in salmonid aquaculture in Atlantic Canada. We aimed to characterize genomic and geographic differentiation of cunner in the Northwest Atlantic. To achieve this, a chromosome-level genome assembly for cunner was produced and used to characterize spatial population structure throughout Atlantic Canada using whole genome resequencing. The genome assembly spanned 0.72 Gbp and 24 chromosomes; whole genome resequencing of 803 individuals from 20 locations from Newfoundland to New Jersey identified approximately 11 million genetic variants. Principal component analysis revealed four regional Atlantic Canadian groups. Pairwise F<sub>ST</sub> and selection scans revealed signals of differentiation and selection at discrete genomic regions, including adjacent peaks on chromosome 10 across multiple pairwise comparisons (<em>i.e.</em>, F<sub>ST</sub> 0.5–0.75). Redundancy analysis suggested association of environmental variables related to benthic temperature and oxygen range with genomic structure. Results suggest regional scale diversity in this temperate reef fish and can directly inform the collection and translocation of cunner for aquaculture applications and the conservation of wild populations throughout the Northwest Atlantic.</p>
Data From: Broad- and fine-scale structure across the distribution of the Relict Dace (Relictus solitarius) in the Great Basin Desert, USA
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Data from: Fine-scale genetic structure and helping decisions in a cooperatively breeding bird
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Data from: Fine-scale refuges can buffer demographic and genetic processes against short-term climatic variation and disturbance: a 22 year case study of an arboreal marsupial
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Fine-scale ecological and anthropogenic variables predict the habitat use and detectability of sloth bears in the Churia habitat of east Nepal
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Data from: Seasonal effects and fine-scale population dynamics of Aedes taeniorhynchus, a major disease vector in the Galapagos Islands
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Data from: Arctic fungal communities associated with roots of Bistorta vivipara do not respond to the same fine-scale edaphic gradients as the above-ground vegetation
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Data from: Fine-scale spatial genetic structure in the frankincense tree Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) Hochst. and implications for conservation
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Data from: Fine-scale spatial associations between functional traits and tree growth
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.