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opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Data from: Trait plasticity and tradeoffs shape intraspecific variation in competitive response in a foundation tree species

<ul> <li>The ability to tolerate neighboring plants (i.e., degree of competitive response) is a key determinant of plant success in high-competition environments. Plant genotypes adjust their functional trait expression under high levels of competition, which may help explain intraspecific variation in competitive response. However, the relationships between traits and competitive response are not well understood, especially in trees. In this study, we investigated among-genotype associations between tree trait plasticity and competitive response. </li> <li>We manipulated competition intensity in experimental stands of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) to address the covariance between competition-induced changes in functional trait expression and aspects of competitive ability at the genotype level. </li> <li>Genotypic variation in the direction and magnitude of functional trait responses, especially those of crown foliar mass, phytochemistry, and leaf physiology, was associated with genotypic variation in competitive response. Traits exhibited distinct plastic responses to competition, with varying degrees of genotypic variation and covariance with other trait responses. </li> <li>The combination of genotypic diversity and covariance among functional traits led to tree responses to competition that were coordinated among traits yet variable among genotypes. Such relationships between tree traits and competitive success have the potential to shape stand-level trait distributions over space and time. </li> </ul>

opencc-zeroJun 2021View details →

Repeated genetic and adaptive phenotypic divergence across tidal elevation in a foundation plant species

Microgeographic genetic divergence can create fine-scale trait variation. When such divergence occurs within foundation species, then it might impact community structure and ecosystem function, and cause other cascading ecological effects. We tested for parallel microgeographic trait and genetic divergence in Spartina alterniflora , a foundation species that dominates salt marshes of the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Spartina is characterized by tall-form (1-2m) plants at lower tidal elevations and short-form (<0.5m) plants at higher tidal elevations, yet whether this trait variation reflects plastic and/or genetically differentiated responses to these environmental conditions remains unclear. In the greenhouse, seedlings raised from tall-form plants grew taller than those from short-form plants, indicating a heritable difference in height. When we reciprocally transplanted seedlings back into the field for a growing season, composite fitness (survivorship and seed production) and key plant traits (plant height and biomass allocation) differed interactively across origin and transplant zones in a manner indicative of local adaptation. Further, a survey of single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed repeated, independent genetic differentiation between tall- and short-form Spartina at 5 of 6 tested marshes across the native range. The observed parallel, microgeographic genetic differentiation in Spartina likely underpins marsh health and functioning, and provides an underappreciated mechanism that might increase capacity of marshes to adapt to rising sea levels.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Unbalanced biparental care during colony foundation in two subterranean termites

Parental care is a major component of reproduction in social organisms, particularly during the foundation steps. Because investment into parental care is often costly, each parent is predicted to maximize its fitness by providing less care than its partner. However, this sexual conflict is expected to be low in species with lifelong monogamy, because the fitness of each parent is typically tied to the other's input. Somewhat surprisingly, the outcomes of this tug-of-war between maternal and paternal investments have received important attention in vertebrate species, but remain less known in invertebrates. In this study, we investigated how queens and kings share their investment into parental care and other social interactions during colony foundation in two termites with lifelong monogamy: the invasive species Reticulitermes flavipes and the native species R. grassei. Behaviors of royal pairs were recorded during six months using a non-invasive approach. Our results showed that queens and kings exhibit unbalanced investment in terms of grooming, antennation, trophallaxis and vibration behavior. Moreover, both parents show behavioral differences towards their partner or their descendants. Our results also revealed differences among species, with R. flavipes exhibiting shorter periods of grooming and antennation towards eggs or partners. They also did more stomodeal trophallaxis and less vibration behavior. Overall, this study emphasizes that despite lifelong monogamy, the two parents are not equally involved in the measured forms of parental care and suggests that kings might be specialized in other tasks. It also indicates that males could play a central, yet poorly studied role in the evolution and maintenance of the eusocial organization.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Standing genomic variation within coding and regulatory regions contributes to the adaptive capacity to climate in a foundation tree species

Global climate is rapidly changing and the ability for tree species to adapt is dependent on standing genomic variation; however the distribution and abundance of functional and adaptive variants are poorly understood in natural systems. We test key hypotheses regarding the genetics of adaptive variation in a foundation tree: genomic variation is associated with climate and genomic variation is more likely to be associated with temperature than precipitation or aridity. To test these hypotheses, we used 9,593 independent, genomic single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 270 individuals sampled from Corymbia calophylla's entire distribution in southwestern Western Australia, spanning orthogonal temperature and precipitation gradients. Environmental association analyses returned 537 unique SNPs putatively adaptive to climate. We identified SNPs associated with climatic variation (i.e. temperature (458), precipitation (75) and aridity (78)) across the landscape. Of these, 78 SNPs were non-synonymous (NS), while 26 SNPs were found within gene regulatory regions. The NS and regulatory candidate SNPs associated with temperature explained more deviance (27.35%) then precipitation (5.93%) and aridity (4.77%), suggesting that temperature provides stronger adaptive signals than precipitation. Genes associated with adaptive variants include functions important in stress responses to temperature and precipitation. Patterns of allelic turnover of NS and regulatory SNPs show small patterns of change through climate space with the exception of an aldehyde dehydrogenase gene variant with 80% allelic-turnover with temperature. Together, these findings provide evidence for the presence of adaptive variation to climate in a foundation species and provide critical information to guide adaptive management practices.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Historical baselines and the future of shell calcification for a foundation species in a changing ocean

Seawater pH and the availability of carbonate ions is decreasing due to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions, posing challenges for calcifying marine species. Marine mussels are of particular concern given their role as foundation species worldwide. Here, we document shell growth and calcification patterns in Mytilus californianus, the California mussel, over millennial and decadal scales. By comparing shell thickness across the largest modern shells, the largest mussels collected in the 1960s-1970s and shells from two Native American midden sites (1000-2420 years BP), we found that modern shells are thinner overall, thinner per age category, and thinner per unit length. Thus, the largest individuals of this species are calcifying less now than in the past. Comparisons of shell thickness in smaller individuals over the past 10-40 years, however, do not show significant shell thinning. Given our sampling strategy, these results are unlikely to simply reflect within-site variability or preservation effects. Review of environmental and biotic drivers known to affect shell calcification suggest declining ocean pH as a likely explanation for the observed shell thinning. Further future decreases in shell thickness could have significant negative impacts on M. californianus survival and, in turn, negatively impact the species rich complex that occupies mussel beds.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Adaptive variation for growth and resistance to a novel pathogen along climatic gradients in a foundation tree

Natural ecosystems are under pressure from increasing abiotic and biotic stressors, including climate change and novel pathogens, which are putting species at risk of local extinction, and altering community structure, composition, and function. Here, we aim to assess adaptive variation in growth and fungal disease resistance within a foundation tree, Corymbia calophylla to determine local adaptation, trait heritability, and genetic constraints in adapting to future environments. Two experimental planting sites were established in regions of contrasting rainfall with seed families from 18 populations capturing a wide range of climate origins (~4000 individuals at each site). Every individual was measured in 2015 and 2016 for growth (height, basal diameter) and disease resistance to a recently introduced leaf blight pathogen (Quambalaria pitereka). Narrow-sense heritability was estimated along with trait covariation. Trait variation was regressed against climate-of-origin and multivariate models were used to develop predictive maps of growth and disease resistance. Growth and blight resistance traits differed significantly among populations, and these differences were consistent between experimental sites and sampling years. Growth and blight resistance were heritable, and comparisons between trait differentiation (QST) and genetic differentiation (FST) revealed that population differences in height and blight resistance traits are due to divergent natural selection. Traits were significantly correlated with climate-of-origin, with cool and wet populations showing the highest levels of growth and blight resistance. These results provide evidence that plants have adaptive growth strategies and pathogen defense strategies. Indeed, the presence of standing genetic variation and trait heritability of growth and blight resistance provide capacity to respond to novel, external pressures. The integration of genetic variation into adaptive management strategies, such as assisted gene migration and seed sourcing, may be used to provide greater resilience for natural ecosystems to both biotic and abiotic stressors.

opencc-zeroJan 2020View details →

Local adaptation constrains drought tolerance in a tropical foundation tree

1. Plant species with broad climatic ranges might be more vulnerable to climate change than previously appreciated due to intraspecific variation in climatic stress tolerance. In tropical forests, drought is increasingly frequent and severe, causing widespread declines and altering community dynamics. Yet, little is known about whether foundation tropical trees vary in drought tolerance throughout their distributions, and how intraspecific variation in drought tolerance might contribute to their vulnerability to climate change. 2. We tested for local adaptation in seedling emergence and establishment with a full-factorial reciprocal transplant experiment including 27 populations and 109,350 seeds along a 3500 mm precipitation gradient for a widespread tropical foundation tree, Metrosideros polymorpha, in Hawaii. To more precisely relate seedling performance to soil moisture, we conducted a complementary greenhouse experiment to test responses of the same focal populations to simulated drought. 3. In the reciprocal transplant experiment, we observed significant variation among populations and sites in germination and seedling establishment rates. Overall, there was a significant link between historical rainfall of populations and their performance under current rainfall at the study sites consistent with local adaptation. In particular, populations from historically wet sites demonstrated lower germination rates in currently dry sites compared to wet field sites, while populations from historically dry sites germinated well across all sites, with particularly high germination in dry sites. In the greenhouse, seedlings from wet populations survived fewer days without water, and succumbed at wetter soil conditions than populations from historically dry sites, corroborating results from the field experiment. 4. Synthesis. While climate change models project the greatest drying trends for historically dry areas in Hawaii, even moderate drying of wet sites could significantly reduce M. polymorpha recruitment given the sensitivity of seedlings to slight changes in water regimes. Thus, although M. polymorpha demonstrates high seedling drought tolerance in some populations, providing evidence of resilience at the species-scale, there are nonetheless vulnerable populations likely to decline under climate change. Our approach demonstrates that even trees with high dispersal can show significant clines in drought tolerance, and suggests that similar intraspecific variation might be an important consideration for other tropical tree species.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Population history provides foundational knowledge for utilizing and developing native plant restoration materials

A species' population structure and history are critical pieces of information that can help guide the use of available native plant materials in restoration treatments and decide what new native plant materials should be developed to meet future restoration needs. In the western United States, Pseudoroegneria spicata (bluebunch wheatgrass; Poaceae) is an important component of grassland and shrubland plant communities and commonly used for restoration due to its drought resistance and competitiveness with exotic weeds. We used next-generation sequencing data to investigate the processes that shaped P. spicata's geographic pattern of genetic variation across the Intermountain West. Pseudoroegneria spicata's genetic diversity is partitioned into populations that likely differentiated since the Last Glacial Maximum. Adjacent populations display varying magnitudes of historical gene flow, with migration rates ranging from multiple migrants per generation to multiple generations per migrant. When considering the commercial germplasm sources available for restoration, genetic identities remain representative of the wildland localities from which germplasm sources were originally developed, and they maintain high levels of heterozygosity and nucleotide diversity. However, the commercial germplasm sources represent a small fraction of the overall genetic diversity of P. spicata in the Intermountain West. Given the low migration rates and long divergence times between some pairs of P. spicata populations, using commercial germplasm sources could facilitate undesirable restoration outcomes when used in certain geographic areas, even if the environment in which the commercial materials thrive is similar to that of the restoration site. As such, population structure and history can be used to provide guidance on what geographic areas may need additional native plant materials so that restoration efforts support species and community resilience and improve outcomes.

opencc-zeroMay 2019View details →

Data from: Detrital traits affect substitutability of a range-expanding foundation species across latitude

Climate-driven range shifts of foundation species could alter ecosystem processes and community composition by providing different resources than resident foundation species. Along the US Atlantic coast, the northward expanding foundation species, black mangrove, Avicennia germinans, is replacing the dominant salt marsh foundation species, marsh cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora. These species have distinct detrital attributes that ostensibly provide different resources to epifauna. We experimentally examined how detritus of these species affects decomposition and community composition in different habitat contexts at regional and local scales. First, we manipulated detritus identity (Avicennia, Spartina) at 13 sites across a 5° latitudinal gradient spanning mangrove, mixed marsh-mangrove, and salt marsh habitats. Across latitude, we found that Avicennia detritus decomposed 2-4 times faster than Spartina detritus, suggesting that detrital turnover will increase with mangrove expansion. Epifaunal abundance and richness increased 2-7 times from south to north (mangrove to salt marsh) and were equivalent between Avicennia and Spartina detritus except for crabs, a dominant taxonomic group that preferred Spartina detritus. Second, to examine the whether changing habitat context affected regional patterns, we manipulated detritus identity and surrounding habitat type (mangrove, salt marsh) at a single mixed site, also including inert mimics to separate structural and nutritional roles of detritus. Epifaunal richness was similar between the two detrital types, but crabs were 2-7 times more abundant in Spartina detritus, due to its structural attributes. Surrounding habitat type did not influence decomposition rate or community patterns, which suggests that latitudinal influences, not surrounding habitat, drove the regional community patterns in the first experiment. Overall, mangrove expansion could alter epifaunal communities due to the lower structural value and faster turnover of mangrove detritus. As species shift with changing climate, understanding foundation species substitutability is critical to predict community change, but we must account for concomitant environmental changes that also modify communities.

opencc-by-nc-1.0Mar 2015View details →

Medieval foundation

The foundation of a medieval house found at Rostockaholme outside Emmaboda in Småland. The house might have been a smithy. It´s been dated to the 11th-13th century. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opencc-byOct 2021View details →

Stone foundation, Dubnik - Cervenica, Slovakia

Stone foundation of historical shaft building Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

FIGURES 25–36. Fig. 25 in Additions and corrections to the type list of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) of the Costa Lima Collection, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

FIGURES 25–36. Fig. 25, Apiomerus gonçalvesi Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1952; holotype n° 5540.Fig. 26, A.hagmanni Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951 [= A.luctuosus Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951]; n° 4840. Fig. 27, A. hempeli Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype unnumbered. Fig. 28, A. langei Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; paratype n° 5455. Fig. 29, A. luctuosus Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 5356. Fig. 30, A. lugubris Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4709. Fig. 31, A. lutzi Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4753. Fig. 32, A. mayi Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951 [= A.luctuosus Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951]; paratype n° 4839. Fig. 33, A. montei Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4752. Fig. 34, A. mutabilis Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; paratype n° 4825. Fig. 35, A. parkoi Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4824. Fig. 36, A. pessoai Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4747. Bars = 2 mm.

FIGURES 13–24. Fig. 13 in Additions and corrections to the type list of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) of the Costa Lima Collection, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

FIGURES 13–24. Fig. 13, Apiomerus barbiellini Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4808. Fig. 14, A. beckeri Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1952; holotype n° 5477. Fig. 15, A. bolivari Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4817. Fig. 16, A. brachycephalus Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4835. Fig. 17, A. catharinensis Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4805. Fig. 18, A. cearensis Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4763. Fig. 19, A. chinai Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951 [= A. luctuosus Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951]; holotypen° 4837. Fig. 20, A. claripennis Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4748. Fig. 21, A. costalimai Prosen & Martínez, 1955; paratype n° 5814. Fig. 22, A. duckei Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4820. Fig. 23, A. flochi Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 5459. Fig. 24, A. garbei Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 5460. Bars = 2 mm.

FIGURES 1–12. Fig. 1 in Additions and corrections to the type list of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) of the Costa Lima Collection, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

FIGURES 1–12. Fig. 1, Cimex limai Pinto, 1927 [= Propicimex limai (Pinto, 1927)]; holotype n° 2940. Fig. 2, Ornithocoris toledoi Pinto, 1927b; syntype unnumbered. Fig. 3, Monalonion bondari Costa Lima, 1938; paratype n° 3391. Fig. 4, M. parviventre bahiense Costa Lima, 1938 [= M. bahiense Costa Lima, 1938]; holotype n° 3393. Fig. 5, Arachnocoris alboannulatus Costa Lima, 1927; syntype n°12944. Fig. 6, Hesperoctenes limai Ferris & Usinger, 1945; alotype n° 2139. Fig. 7, Microtomus pintoi Costa Lima, 1935; holotype n° 2193. Fig. 8, M. sticheli Costa Lima, 1935 [= M. tibialis Stichel, 1926]; holotype n° 2194. Fig. 9, Agriocleptes schubarti Wygodzinsky, 1946; alotype n° 4627.Fig. 10, A. stali Wygodzinsky, 1946; alotype n° 4625. Fig. 11, A. wygodzinskyi Prosen & Martínez, 1953; paratype n° 5815.Fig. 12, Apiomerus arnaui Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4807.Bars: 1–5,7= 1 mm; 6, 8–12= 2 mm.

FIGURES 61–72. Fig. 61 in Additions and corrections to the type list of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) of the Costa Lima Collection, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

FIGURES 61–72. Fig. 61, Spiniger neivai Costa Lima, 1940b [= Neivacoris neivai (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 4397. Fig. 62, S.ochrinotatus Costa Lima, 1940b[= Zelurus ochrinotatus (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 4398. Fig. 63, S. osorioi Costa Lima, 1939 [= Zelurus truculentus (Stål, 1860)]; holotype n° 4004. Fig. 64, S. penidoi Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus penidoi (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 2073. Fig. 65, S. pintoi Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus pintoi (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 2855. Fig. 66, S. seabrai Costa Lima & Leite, 1950 [= Zelurus seabrai (Costa Lima & Leite, 1950)]; syntype n° 5408. Fig. 67, S. spitzi Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus spitzi (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; paratype n° 4187. Fig. 68. S. travassosi Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus travassosi (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 2848. Fig. 69, S. variegatus Costa Lima, 1940b [=Zelurus variegatus (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 2089. Fig. 70, S. zikani Costa Lima, 1940b [=Zelurus zikani (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 2847. Fig. 71, Zelurus fluminensis Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1946; n° 2086. Fig. 72, Z. itatiaiensis Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1946; alotype n° 4396. Bars = 2 mm.

FIGURES 85–92. Fig. 85 in Additions and corrections to the type list of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) of the Costa Lima Collection, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

FIGURES 85–92. Fig. 85, Pessoaia maculata Wygodzinsky, 1943; alotype n° 4441. Fig. 86, P. limai Usinger, 1942; paratype unnumbered. Fig. 87, P. piratoides Costa Lima, 1940a; paratype n° 4438. Fig. 88, Vescia angrensis Seabra & Hathaway, 1942; holotype n° 4437. Fig. 89, Acanthocheila nigrescens Drake & Bondar, 1932; paratype n° 3092. Fig. 90, A. costalimai Monte; n° 2968. Fig. 91, Gargaphia brunfelsiae Monte, 1938; paratype n° 2970. Fig. 92, G. costalimai Monte, 1938; paratype n° 4141. Bars: 85–88 = 2 mm; 88–92 = 1 mm.

FIGURES 73–84. Fig. 73 in Additions and corrections to the type list of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) of the Costa Lima Collection, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

FIGURES 73–84. Fig. 73, Zelurus neglectus Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1947a; paratype n° 3616. Fig. 74, Salyavata nigrofasciata Costa Lima, 1935b; holotype n° 1873. Fig. 75, Ocrioessa barberi Costa Lima, 1941; holotype n° 4522. Fig. 76, Oncocephalus mazzai Costa Lima, 1941 [= O. validispinis Reuter, 1882]; holotype n° 4523. Fig. 77, Pygolampis duckei Costa Lima & Seabra, 1945a; holotype n° 4570. Fig. 78, Rutuba buenoi Costa Lima & Seabra, 1945a [= Pnirontis buenoi (Costa Lima & Seabra, 1945a)]; holotype n° 4565. Fig. 79, Seridentus havilandi Costa Lima & Seabra, 1945b; holotype n° 4599. Fig. 80, Stenopodessa lanei Costa Lima & Seabra, 1945b; holotype n° 4589. Fig. 81, S. piligera Barber, 1930; holotype n° 4588. Fig. 82, Zylobus parkoi Costa Lima & Seabra, 1945b [= Nitornus parkoi (Costa Lima & Seabra, 1945b); holotype n° 4607. Fig. 83, Triatoma costalimai Verano & Galvão, 1958; syntype n° 5938. Fig. 84, T. matogrossensis Leite & Barbosa, 1953; holotype n° 5721. Bars = 2 mm.

FIGURES 37–48. Fig. 37 in Additions and corrections to the type list of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) of the Costa Lima Collection, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

FIGURES 37–48. Fig. 37, Apiomerus pinheiroi Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4764.Fig. 38, A.signatus Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4802. Fig. 39, A. spitzi Costa Lima; n° 4657. Fig. 40, A. zikani Costa Lima, Seabra & Hathaway, 1951; holotype n° 4819. Fig. 41, Heniartes zikani Wygodzinsky, 1947; paratype n° 4819. Fig. 42, Paramanicocoris rubroniger Costa Lima, Hathaway & Seabra, 1947 [= Manicocoris rubroniger (Costa Lima, Hathaway & Seabra, 1947)]; holotype n° 4699. Fig. 43, Heza simulans Costa Lima; n°2972. Fig. 44, Rocconota bruchi Costa Lima, 1941; holotype n° 4534. Fig. 45, Phymata melloi Costa Lima, 1935 [= P. communis Handlirsch, 1897]; syntype n° 1874. Fig. 46, Aradomorpha championi Lent & Wygodzinsky, 1944; paratype n° 4639. Fig. 47, A. chinai Costa Lima, 1940c; holotype n° 4416. Fig. 48, Spiniger almeidai Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus lineatus (Le Peletier & Serville, 1825)]; holotype n° 2838. Bars = 2 mm.

FIGURES 49–60. Fig. 49 in Additions and corrections to the type list of Heteroptera (Insecta: Hemiptera) of the Costa Lima Collection, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation

FIGURES 49–60. Fig. 49, Spiniger coralinus Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus coralinus (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 2097.Fig. 50, S. diasi Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus diasi (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 4166. Fig. 51, S. domesticus Pinto, 1927 [= Opisthacidius pertinax (Breddin, 1903)]; syntype n° 2099. Fig. 52, S. flavofasciatus espiritosantensis Seabra & Hathaway, 1943 [= Zelurus flavofasciatus (Stål, 1859)]; holotype n° 4540. Fig. 53, S. fulvomaculatus nigrolineatus Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus nigrolineatus (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 2531. Fig. 54, S. genumaculatus Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus genumaculatus (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 4167. Fig. 55, S. lopesi Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus lopesi (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n°4186. Fig. 56, S. luctuosus Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus luctuosus (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; paratype n° 4165. Fig. 57, S. lugubris Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus lugubris (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 2074. Fig. 58, S. lutzi Costa Lima, 1940b [= Opisthacidius lutzi (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 2100. Fig. 59, S. martinsi Costa Lima, 1940b [= Zelurus martinsi (Costa Lima, 1940b)]; holotype n° 4157. Fig. 60, S. mazzai Costa Lima, 1941 [= Zelurus mazzai (Costa Lima, 1941)]; holotype n° 4527. Bars = 2 mm.