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Data from: To grunt or not to grunt: factors governing call production in female olive baboons, Papio anubis
Vocal signals often play an important role in synchronizing the activities of group members, coordinating decisions about when and where to travel, and facilitating social interactions in which there are potential conflicts of interest. In chacma baboons, Papio ursinus, low amplitude grunts facilitate nonaggressive social interactions and reconcile conflicts. Grunts seem to function as signals of benign intent and reduce uncertainty about the signaler's subsequent behavior. Here, we replicate and extend these findings in another species of savanna baboons, the olive baboon, Papio anubis. As in chacma baboons, female olive baboons are more likely to grunt as they approach lower ranking females than as they approach higher ranking females and are less likely to grunt as they approach their own mothers and daughters than as they approach other females. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that baboons modify their call production for different listeners in different social contexts, and support the view that the mechanisms underlying call production may overlap with the mechanisms underlying call perception.
Data from: When one phenotype is not enough - divergent evolutionary trajectories govern venom variation in a widespread rattlesnake species
Understanding the origin and maintenance of phenotypic variation, particularly across a continuous spatial distribution, represents a key challenge in evolutionary biology. For this, animal venoms represent ideal study systems: they are complex, variable, yet easily quantifiable molecular phenotypes with a clear function. Rattlesnakes display tremendous variation in their venom composition, mostly through strongly dichotomous venom strategies, which may even coexist within single species. Here, through dense, widespread population-level sampling of the Mojave rattlesnake, Crotalus scutulatus, we show that genomic structural variation at multiple loci underlies extreme geographic variation in venom composition, which is maintained despite extensive gene flow. Unexpectedly, neither diet composition nor neutral population structure explain venom variation. Instead, venom divergence is strongly correlated with environmental conditions. Individual toxin genes correlate with distinct environmental factors, suggesting that different selective pressures can act on individual loci independently of their co-expression patterns or genomic proximity. Our results challenge common assumptions about diet composition as the key selective driver of snake venom evolution and emphasise how the interplay between genomic architecture and local-scale spatial heterogeneity in selective pressures may facilitate the retention of adaptive functional polymorphisms across a continuous space.
FIGURE 9 in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 9. Timberline Live Pet Foods ad from May, 2012, issue of Reptiles, a trade magazine, promoting the advantages of A. domestica (sic) over other available crickets.
FIGURE 3. Gryllus bimaculatus. a in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 3. Gryllus bimaculatus. a. Adult male (left) and adult female (right) both from pet store, San Diego Co., California. Note shiny pronotums and prominence of "bimacula" areas (red arrow pointing to left macula) at base of tegmina, although typically less so in the female. b. Adult male, more unusual light colored phase with cream colored eyes, from pet store in France. DNA profiles of both these "populations" are shown in Fig. 6.
FIGURE 6. Fast distance based analysis tree for 16s ribosomal RNA gene. Note total genetic uniformity among 28 in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 6. Fast distance based analysis tree for 16s ribosomal RNA gene. Note total genetic uniformity among 28 individuals of G. locorojo from eight "localities" on three continents. See Appendix A for specimen source data.
FIGURE 4. Gryllus locorojo a in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 4. Gryllus locorojo a. Adult male from Ghann's Cricket Farm showing characteristic head stripes. Adult male genitalia consistent with Gryllus: b. lateral view (arrow points to middle lobe) and c. ventral view (arrow points to middle lobe). d. Right adult male tegmen.
FIGURE 1 in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 1. Gryllodes sigillatus (adult male left) and Acheta domesticus (adult male right). Both species are usually light brown/tan in color with a black bar between the eyes. Adults of both sexes of G. sigillatus always have short tegmina (top wings) covering about half of the abdomen. Adults of both sexes of A. domesticus have longer tegmina reaching near tip of abdomen and hind (bottom) wings (see arrows) that extend beyond tip of abdomen. In culture, some adults of the latter species shed their hind wings (Walker 1977). Such an occurrence can be confirmed by the absence of any hind wing or the presence of just a stump.
FIGURE 2. Gryllus assimilis. a in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 2. Gryllus assimilis. a. Adult male from Mexico, Quintana Roo, near Cobá, more typical dark phase. Note dull pronotum (arrow) due to covering of fine hairs. b. Adult male from Mexico, Quintana Roo, Cancun, rarer light color phase, showing dull pronotum and head with indications of stripes. Field collected adults of both sexes are always long winged. Such color variation in natural specimens confirms the importance of male calling song for positive identification.
FIGURE 5 in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 5. Oscillograms (a,b) and sonogram (b) of the calling song of G. locorojo. a (upper). Male from S(top) 11–124, Rainbow Meal Worms, R(ecording) 12–4 @ 23°C showing only pairs which are sometimes grouped. B (lower). Male from S12–15, Monkfield Nutrition, R12–19 at 24°C, showing a triplet, doublet, and singlet pulse chirps with a dominant frequency of 5.4 kHz (Interestingly, dominant frequency is 4.2 kHz in Shestakov & Vedenina 2012).
FIGURE 8 in Billions and billions sold: Pet-feeder crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), commercial cricket farms, an epizootic densovirus, and government regulations make for a potential disaster
FIGURE 8. Joint Ghann's Cricket Farm – Top Hat Cricket Farm ad from May, 2012, issue of Reptiles, a trade magazine, promoting USDA authorized G. assimilis over illegal G. locorojo.
Analysis of the Structure and Conduct of Watermelon Marketing in Ibarapa Central Local Government Area of Oyo State
<p><i>This study was carried out to analyze the structure and conduct of watermelon marketing in Ibarapa Central Local Government Area of Oyo State. Specific objectives of the study include to describe the socio-economic characteristics of watermelon marketers, examine the marketing margin and marketing efficiency of marketers in the study area. Multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 95 marketers. Primary data were collected using a set of well-structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Gini coefficient model and marketing efficiency index. The result of the study shows that 57.9% of the marketers were male, 41.1% were married, Gini Coefficient result of 0.56 indicated a moderate concentration of watermelon marketers. Market Efficiency Index of 2.43 revealed a high level of efficiency in the market. Inadequate shed and price fluctuation were among the major constraints identified in the study area. It was therefore recommended that Local Government Authority in the area should as a matter of urgency construct sets of buildings to serve as store or shop which will be made available at affordable prices to the marketers.</i></p>
Fig. 1 in Widespread support for a global species list with a formal governance system
Fig. 1. Survey results showing (A) generally strong agreement that there would be a net benefit to creation of a single global species list across all respondent groups; (B) overall preferences for representation on an oversight board; (C) overall preferences for oversight options of an independent board, a committee of an existing organization, or an NGO; and (D) common problems encountered by respondents, including competing lists, outdated information, and the absence of lists.
Replication Package for Gang Rule: Understanding and countering criminal governance
<p>Blattman, Christopher and Duncan, Gustavo and Lessing, Benjamin and Tobon, Santiago. (Forecoming). "Gang Rule: Understanding and Countering Criminal Governance". The Review of Economic Studies</p> <p>The package contains all the code and data necessary to reproduce the figures and tables in the aforementioned paper. All raw data that can be disclosed was collected by the authors, and are available under a Creative Commons Non-commercial license. </p>
Data from: Elevational distribution of birds in an Eastern African montane environment as governed by temperature, precipitation, and habitat availability
<p>We conducted annual point counts of birds between 2013 and 2018 at 297 plots across habitats and elevations (2,416-4,303 m) in Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. These data were subsequently used to determine elevational and habitat preferences via indicator analyses, and to model abundance distributions as a function of temperature, precipitation, habitat availability, and congeneric competition. Of 35 focal species, we found 20 species to be particularly associated with narrow elevational range (<300 m) and 24 species to have a strong associated with one to three habitat types. Abiotic conditions, estimated for each plot location, significantly correlated with the abundance distributions of 33 species (temperature 33, precipitation 17), and biotic factors with distributions of 31 species (habitat 30, competition 7). Temperature and habitat availability were particularly associated with upper elevational limits (31 and 26 species respectively vs. 10 and 6 at lower limits), whereas precipitation affected both limits similarly (17 lower, 16 upper), and competition had a limited role at either limit (4 lower, 3 upper). That the elevational distribution of Afromontane birds results from a species-specific combination of biotic and abiotic factors is crucial information in our effort to predict climate change effects in this region.</p>
Data for: Plasticity and co-variation of root traits govern phosphorus acquisition among 20 wheat genotypes
<p>Trait plasticity (variation of a trait under environmental variability or gradients) and trait integration are both crucial for plant adaption to environmental change. Variations in different suite of root traits such as biomass allocation, morphology and physiology underlie diverse phosphorus (P) acquisition strategies among plants. Yet, how the intraspecific plasticity and integration of root traits influence plant adaptation to different P supply remains obscure. To characterize diverse adaptive strategies in relation to plant P acquisition, eight root traits were assessed in 20 wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum</em> L.) genotypes grown in a culture room with low and high P supply. High P supply increased shoot P accumulation and biomass of all wheat genotypes. The shoot P accumulation in genotypes with high P sensitivity (PS: calculated as shoot P content at low P / shoot P content at high P supply) was higher with high P supply and lower with low P supply compared with that in the genotypes with low PS. The high-PS genotypes exhibited larger variation in root length, root/shoot ratio and rhizosphere pH across P supplies than the low-PS genotypes, suggesting an integrated response at the whole-plant level. At low P supply, the high-PS genotypes had greater root length and specific root length, but lower acid phosphatase activity than the low-PS genotypes, which suggests contrasting P-acquisition strategies across the genotypes. Strong co-variation of root traits occurred across low-PS genotypes regardless of P supply; conversely, the high-PS genotypes only exhibited strong trait integration at low P supply, whereas high P supply sharply reduced root trait co-variation. Our findings suggest that P stress may strengthen root trait integration in wheat plants, and that both plasticity and integration of root traits drive plant adaptive strategies and tolerance to P-deficiency stress.</p>
Socio-demographic, institutional and governance factors influencing adaptive capacity of smallholder irrigation schemes
<p>Socio-demographic, institutional and governance factors influencing adaptive capacity of smallholder irrigation schemes</p>
Data from: Mechanism matters: the cause of fluctuations in boom-bust populations governs optimal habitat restoration strategy
Many populations exhibit boom-bust dynamics in which abundance fluctuates dramatically over time. Past research has focused on identifying whether the cause of fluctuations is primarily exogenous, e.g., environmental stochasticity coupled with weak density dependence, or endogenous, e.g., over-compensatory density dependence. Far fewer studies have addressed whether the mechanism responsible for boom-bust dynamics matters with respect to at-risk species management. Here, we ask whether the best strategy for restoring habitat across a landscape differs under exogenously versus endogenously driven boom-bust dynamics. We used spatially explicit individual-based models to assess how butterfly populations governed by the two mechanisms would respond to habitat restoration strategies that varied in the level of resource patchiness – from a single large patch to multiple patches spaced at different distances. Our models showed that the restoration strategy that minimized extinction risk and boom-bust dynamics would be markedly different depending on the governing mechanism. Exogenously governed populations fared best in a single large habitat patch, whereas for endogenously driven populations, boom-bust dynamics were dampened and extinction risk declined when the total restored area was split into multiple patches with low to moderate inter-patch spacing. Adding environmental stochasticity to the endogenous model did not alter this result. Habitat fragmentation lowered extinction risk in the endogenously driven populations by reducing their growth rate, precluding both "boom" phases and, more importantly, "bust" phases. Our findings suggest that: 1) successful restoration will depend on understanding the causes of fluctuations in at-risk populations; 2) the level and pattern of spatiotemporal environmental heterogeneity will also affect the ideal management approach; and 3) counter-intuitively, for at-risk species with endogenously governed boom-bust dynamics, lowering the intrinsic population growth rate may decrease extinction risk.
Public Debt and Government Finance Information - WB, IMF
<p>Data are collected from the World Bank’s World Development Indicators and International Debt Statistics databases and IMF’s Fiscal Monitor and Government Finance Statistics databases</p>
Connecting the Digital Bridges Factors Influencing Farmers' Attitude towards e-Governance
<p><span>The e-governance streamlines the delivery of government services to the farmers, such as agricultural subsidies, credit facilities, insurance schemes, extension services and other citizen charters. The objective of this study was to determine the factors influencing the attitude of farmers towards e-governance. The scale used for attitude measurement was standardized through Judge-rating and pre-testing and forty-one statements were used to assess the attitude of the farmers on a Likert scale. One hundred twenty-five (125) farmers from Phulbari upazila in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh were selected for data collection using a multi-stage random sampling procedure through structured interview method.<span> </span>The findings revealed that a significant proportion (68.0 percent) of the respondents held a moderately to highly favourable attitude towards e-governance. Although seven socio-economic factors had significant relationship with farmers’ attitude towards e-governance; the key influencing factors identification through multiple linear regression and stepwise regression indicated that knowledge of e-governance, educational qualification, age, and organizational participation were the most important. Thus, to enhance farmer engagement and trust in e-governance, policy formulation should be aimed at improving farmers’ knowledge of e-governance involves a multifaceted approach that addresses their specific needs and challenges need to be addressed.</span></p>
Data collected as part of a master's thesis in information governance at the Haute école de gestion de Genève
<p>The subject of the master's thesis is (in French) : "Élaboration d’un cadre d’évaluation de la maturité de la gouvernance informationnelle dans le cadre de la direction des systèmes d'information de la HES-SO Genève : Étude du contexte et recommandations."</p> <p>These files (in French) produced as part of this master's thesis contain :</p> <ul> <li>the data used to create an information governance framework adapted to the context of a public academic institution</li> <li>the list of documents (laws, regulations, publications) used to identify the actors and their roles and responsibilities within HES-SO Genève</li> <li>extraction of the roles and responsibilities of information governance within HES-SO Genève, as well as a RACI matrix</li> <li>expert opinions on a framework for assessing the information governance maturity of an information systems department within a public academic institution</li> <li>a framework for assessing the information governance maturity of an information systems department within a public academic institution</li> </ul>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.