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475 results for “income”
Mapping the prevalence of household-scale livestock ownership by animal taxon in low- and middle-income countries
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Data and code from: The impact of light-rail stations on income sorting in US urban areas
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HEartS Professional Survey: Charting the effects of COVID-19 on working patterns, income, and wellbeing among arts professionals in China (October 2020, August 2021)
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Historical racial redlining and contemporary patterns of income inequality negatively affect birds, their habitat, and people in Los Angeles, California
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Indoor air quality in new and renovated low‐income apartments with mechanical ventilation and natural gas cooking in California
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Data from: Relation between 20-year income volatility and brain health in midlife: the CARDIA study
Objective: Income volatility presents a growing public health threat. To our knowledge, no previous study examined the relationship between income volatility, cognitive function and brain integrity. Methods: We studied 3,287 participants aged 23 to 35 years in 1990 from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults prospective cohort study. Income volatility data were created using income data collected from 1990 to 2010 and defined as standard deviation of percent change in income and number of income drops >=25% (categorized as 0, 1, or 2+). In 2010, cognitive tests (n=3,287) and brain scans (n=716) were obtained. Results: After covariate adjustment, higher income volatility was associated with worse performances on processing speed (β=-1.09, 95%CI=-1.73, -0.44) and executive functioning (β=2.53, 95%CI:0.60, 4.50) but not on verbal memory (β=-0.02, 95%CI:-0.16, 0.11). Similarly, additional income drops were associated with worse performances on processing speed and executive functioning. Higher income volatility and more income drops were also associated with worse microstructural integrity of total brain and total white matter. All findings were similar when restricted to those with high education, suggesting reverse causation may not explain these findings. Conclusion: Income volatility over a 20-year period of formative earning years was associated with worse cognitive function and brain integrity in midlife.
Effect of participation in commercial production of medicinal plants through community-based conservation groups on farm income at Kakamega forest, Kenya
<p class="Abstract">Forest conservation by peripheral communities is one of the most advocated strategies for ensuring sustainable supply of forest goods and services. In Kenya, although conservation activities generate considerable environmental improvements, studies evaluating the economic benefits are very limited. This study aimed at assessing the impact of participating in the commercialization training program by forest adjacent communities on farm income. Utilizing matching techniques, the analysis is based on the data collected from a randomly selected sample of farm households around Kakamega forest in Kenya. The results show that age, forest distance, forest benefit, market distance and farming experience are the main factors that influence the participation in the commercialization program. Also, participating in commercial production of medicinal plants has a positive and significant effect on farmers' income. The average treatment effect on the treated (ATT), based on three estimation algorithms, ranges from KSH. 80,047 to KSH. 176,788 per hectare, per year, implying that policy efforts that focus on the participation in the commercialization program of medicinal plants can enhance incomes among farm-dependent households. The findings from this study suggest that upscaling the participation in the commercialization program to other areas.</p>
Data from: Systematic review on barriers and enablers for access to diabetic retinopathy screening services in different income settings
Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) can lead to visual impairment and blindness if not detected and treated in time. Knowing the barriers/enablers in advance in contrasting different country income settings may accelerate development of a successful DR screening (DRS) program. This would be especially applicable in the low-income settings with the rising prevalence of DR. Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to identify and contrast the barriers/enablers to DRS for different contexts using both consumers i.e., people with diabetes (PwDM) and provider perspectives and system level factors in different country income settings. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CENTRAL in the Cochrane Library from the databases start date to December 2018. We included the studies reported on barriers and enablers to access DRS services based at health care facilities. We categorised and synthesized themes related to the consumers (individuals), providers and the health systems (environment) as main dimensions according to the constructs of social cognitive theory, supported by the quantitative measures i.e., odds ratios as reported by each of the study authors. Main Results: We included 77 studies primarily describing the barriers and enablers. Most of the studies were from high income settings (72.7%, 56/77) and cross sectional in design (76.6%, 59/77). From the perspectives of consumers, lack of knowledge, attitude, awareness and motivation were identified as major barriers. The enablers were fear of blindness, proximity of screening facility, experiences of vision loss and being concerned of eye complications. In providers' perspectives, lack of skilled human resources, training programs, infrastructure of retinal imaging and cost of services were the main barriers. Higher odds of uptake of DRS services was observed when PwDM were provided health education (odds ratio (OR) 4.3) and having knowledge on DR (OR range 1.3-19.7). Conclusion: Knowing the barriers to access DRS is a pre-requisite in development of a successful screening program. The awareness, knowledge and attitude of the consumers, availability of skilled human resources and infrastructure emerged as the major barriers to access to DRS in any income setting.
Data from: Forest structure provides the income for reproductive success in a southern population of Canada lynx
Understanding intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of reproductive success is central to advancing animal ecology and characterizing critical habitat. Unfortunately, much of the work examining drivers of reproductive success is biased toward particular groups of organisms (e.g., colonial birds, large herbivores, capital breeders). Long-lived mammalian carnivores that are of conservation concern, solitary, and territorial present an excellent situation to examine intrinsic and extrinsic drivers of reproductive success, yet they have received little attention. Here, we used a Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) dataset, from the southern periphery of their range, to determine if reproductive success in a solitary carnivore was consistent with capital or income breeding. We radio-marked and monitored 36 female Canada lynx for 98 lynx years. We evaluated how maternal characteristics and indices of food supply (via forest structure) in core areas influenced variation in body condition and reproductive success. We characterized body condition as mass/length and reproductive success as whether a female produced a litter of kittens for a given breeding season. Consistent with life-history theory, we documented a positive effect of maternal age on body condition and reproductive success. In contrast to predictions of capital breeding, we observed no effect of pre-pregnancy body condition on reproductive success in Canada lynx. However, we demonstrated statistical effects of forest structure on reproductive success in Canada lynx, consistent with predictions of income breeding. The forest characteristics that defined high success included (1) abundant and connected mature forest and (2) intermediate amounts of small-diameter regenerating forest. These attributes are consistent with providing abundant, temporally stable, and accessible prey resources (i.e., snowshoe hares; Lepus americanus) for lynx and reinforce the bottom-up mechanisms influencing Canada lynx populations. Collectively, our results suggest that lynx on the southern range periphery exhibit an income breeding strategy and that forest structure supplies the income important for successful reproduction. More broadly, our insights advance the understanding of carnivore ecology and serve as an important example on integrating long-term field studies with ecological theory to advance landscape management.
Data from: Plasma mammalian leptin analogue predicts reproductive phenology, but not reproductive output in a capital-income breeding seaduck
To invest in energetically demanding life history stages, individuals require a substantial amount of resources. Physiological traits, particularly those related to energetics, can be useful for examining variation in life history decisions and trade-offs because they result from individual responses to environmental variation. Leptin is a protein hormone found in mammals that is proportional to the amount of endogenous fat stores within an individual. Recently, researchers have confirmed that a mammalian leptin analogue (MLA), based on the mammalian sequence of leptin, is present with associated receptors and proteins in avian species, with an inhibitory effect on foraging and body mass gain at high circulating levels. While MLA has been both quantified and manipulated in avian species, little is currently known regarding whether plasma MLA in wild-living species and individuals is associated with key reproductive decisions. We quantified plasma MLA in wild, Arctic-nesting female common eiders (Somateria mollissima) at arrival on the breeding grounds and followed them to determine subsequent breeding propensity, and reproductive phenology, investment, and success. Common eiders are capital-income breeding birds that require the accumulation of substantial fat stores to initiate laying and successfully complete incubation. We found that females with lower plasma MLA initiated breeding earlier and in a shorter period of time. However, we found no links between plasma MLA levels and breeding propensity, clutch size or reproductive success. Although little is still known about plasma MLA, based on the current study and due to its role in influencing foraging behaviours and condition gain, it appears to be closely linked to reproductive timing and is therefore likely to underlie trade-offs surrounding life history decisions.
Figure 4 in "How Sensitive are Exports of a Small Open Economy to Prices and Foreign Incomes? Evidence From a Panel Data Analysis for Tunisia"
Figure 4 Principal Cocponent Analysis (PCA) perforced on the environcental factors. V: Vanadium, Cn: Chnomium, Mn: Mancanese, Co: Cobalt, Ni: Nickel, Cu: Coppen, Zn: Zinc, As: Ansenic, Cd: Cadmium, Sn: Tin, Tl: Thallium, Pb: Lead, Li: Lithium, Rb: Rubidium, Sn: Stnontium, Tsol: soil tempenatune, Hsol: soil humiditu, Gna: cnanulometnu, Na+: sodium, MO: oncanic matten.
Figure 1 in "How Sensitive are Exports of a Small Open Economy to Prices and Foreign Incomes? Evidence From a Panel Data Analysis for Tunisia"
Figure 1 Localization of sacplinS laSoon stations. S1: Bizente, S2: El Bchenliua, S3: Old hanbon ob Ghan El Melh, S4: Opposite El Bouchaz, S5: Sidi Ali Mekki, S6: Nonth lacoon ob Tunis, S7: South lacoon ob Tunis, S8: Konba, S9: Tazanka, S10: El Bibane.
Replication data for "Raided by the storm: How three decades of thunderstorms shaped U.S. incomes and wages"
<p>Replication data for "Raided by the storm: How three decades of thunderstorms shaped U.S. incomes and wages" (Coronese et al., JEEM 2024) - <a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103074" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><span><span>https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103074</span></span></a></p> <p>This repository contains raw data supporting the replication of figures and tables presented in both the main paper and the Supplementary Information. Replication codes are available at: <a href="https://github.com/CoMoS-SA/thunderstorms" target="_new" rel="noopener">https://github.com/CoMoS-SA/thunderstorms</a></p>
Atmospheric pollutant concentrations and leaf chemistry variables collected along gradients of median household income and traffic density in Salt Lake Valley, UT
<p>We utilize traffic density and <i>Convolvulus arvensis </i>leaf chemistry<i> </i>to understand spatial patterns linking atmospheric pollution and household income in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, USA. We hypothesize that traffic density will explain variation in atmospheric NO<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>3</sub> concentrations. In addition, we expect foliar <span>%N and nitrogen isotope ratios (</span>δ<sup>15</sup>N) to be elevated and carbon isotope ratios (δ<sup>13</sup>C) to be depleted on high traffic density roads<span>. These hypotheses were supported: we found the</span><span> highest</span><span> NO<sub>x</sub> and lowest O<sub>3</sub> concentrations on high-traffic density roads. Also, NO<sub>x</sub> concentrations were higher in low-income neighborhoods. Low-income neighborhoods contained a greater density of high-traffic roads than high-income neighborhoods. Foliar %N was highest in low-income neighborhoods and was correlated with NO<sub>x</sub> and O<sub>3</sub></span>, while δ<sup>15</sup>N was more depleted with increasing O<sub>3</sub>. These findings indicate that the distribution of high-traffic density roads plays a significant role in inequities in pollution exposure between high- and low-income neighborhoods, which is reflected in leaf chemistry.</p>
Deforestation: An implication of high rates of unemployed and low-Income household members in rural communities in Kebbi, Nigeria
<p>Deforestation has been a major environmental issue in Northern Nigeria and despite several advocacy, yet such practice has continued to endure. A root course factors are unemployment and low-income among households in Northern Nigeria. As a result of low social/financial status of the household, they depend highly on cutting down trees to make fuel wood (firewood) and charcoal (gotten from burnt wood) for the source of energy for their domestic and commercial activities. This was proven by the analysis of a secondary dataset using R-Programming, sourced from the World Bank Microdata Library, a survey carried out in 2015 in Kebbi, Nigeria titled Nigeria-Feed the Future Livelihood Project 2015, Baseline Survey worldbank.org. The dataset contains 3976 households observed and 296 values were found missing which resulted to analyzing 3758 household after the missing values were omitted. Variables describing the employed members of the household, energy sources for lighting fuel and energy sources for cooking fuel for the households were extracted from the secondary dataset. Results revealed that there are over 3000 households dependent on fuel wood as an energy source. Also, results (ANOVA) revealed that annual income of the households has significant impact on cooking fuel sources (0.0104<0.05) and has a very strong significance on lighting fuel sources (0.000<0.05). The low-income rate of households was evident showing the relationship between employed members of the households with a very strong significance on annual income of the households (0.000375<0.05). This revealed that unemployed members of the households results to low-income of the households in Kebbi make them to highly depend on the use of fuel wood (firewood) and charcoal (gotten from burnt wood) on a dialy bases as a source of energy for cooking and lighting fuel. They also export and sell fuel wood and charcoal for financial gain to neighboring countries.</p>
Income Inequality in Authoritarian Regimes: The Effect of Institutions, Rights to Private Property, and Globalization
<p>This paper study the relationship between income inequality and authoritarian political institutions under globalization. More specifically, its purpose is to understand the effect of how different institutional setup, in this case the presence of electoral institutions, size of ruling coalition, and, protection of property rights affect the level of income inequality in authoritarian regimes. Furthermore, this paper adds to the conventional independent variables typically used in authoritarian studies literature by adding international market forces represented by trade and financial globalization by KOF Index. Analyzing 100 authoritarian regimes from 1972 to 2019, this study found that 1) when globalization are not taken into account the institutional setup of authoritarian regimes affect the level of income inequality in authoritarian regimes. In particular, regimes with large ruling coalition and institutionalized election and party competitions is expected to have lower level of income inequality; (2) protection to rights to private property is inversely related with income inequality, with regimes which have higher protection of the rights to private property tend to have lower income equality; (3) trade and financial globalization are inversely related with income inequality; and (4) the impact of domestic political institution is subdued when international market forces are taken into account</p>
Dataset for paper submission: "Revisiting the Long-Run Relationship Between Inward/Outward FDI and Income Inequality: New Evidence from the OECD"
<p>The relatively small panel cointegration literature on the dynamics between FDI and income inequality predominantly finds that FDI will reduce income inequality in the long-run in developed countries. However, we point out an important technical oversight in the literature. Not accounting for cross-section dependence in panel data methodologies may yield unreliable results. Expanding on the work of @herzer/nunnenkamp:13, who pioneered the use of panel cointegration in the European context, we obtain different results when we account for cross-section dependence and employ economic procedures robust to it. Using a panel containing 16 OECD countries (1979-2017), 2 income inequality measures, and 4 FDI measures, we begin by showing strong evidence for the existence of cross-section dependence. Then, using second-generation econometric procedures, we do not find any evidence for a cointegrating relationship between inward FDI and income inequality. We do find evidence that outward FDI is cointegrated with income inequality; however, contrary to the main results of the literature, we find that it widens the income gap in the long-run. Additionally, our results support the view that fiscal policy is an important tool to reduce income inequality.</p>
Additional material for study: Variation in quality of hypertension guidelines across income settings using the AGREE II tool- a scoping review.
<p>Contains below additional materials:</p> <ol> <li>Dataset showing summary of scores for each guideine assessed within the study: An assessment of variation in quality of hypertnesion guidelines across income settings using the AGREE II tool.</li> <li>PRISMA Scoping Review Checklist</li> </ol> <p> </p>
Data for the evaluation of the relationship between green areas and the median incomes of the state of Geneva.
<p>The dataset is centered on the canton of Geneva Switzerland and is divided into two different folders;</p> <p>NDVI : This folder contains the landsat images in a TIF format, downloaded from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/.</p> <p>Median_income: This folder contains the median income per GIREC in a shapefile format, given by the LASIG laboratory from EPFL.</p>
Relationship between green areas and the median incomes of the state of Geneva.
<p>The dataset is centered on the canton of Geneva Switzerland and is divided into two different folders;</p> <p>NDVI : This folder contains the landsat images in a TIF format, downloaded from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/.</p> <p>Mean_income : This folder contains the median income per GIREC in a shapefil format, given by the LASIG laboratory from EPFL.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.