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Figures 117-124 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figures 117-124 - Pectinivalva spp., larval leaf-mines. 117 Pectinivalva (Casanovula) brevipalpa on Tristaniopsis collina 118 Pectinivalva (Casanovula) minotaurus vacated mine on Lophostemon confertus 119 Pectinivalva (Menurella) scotodes on Eucalyptus pilularis 120 Pectinivalva (Menurella) acmenae on Syzygium smithii 121, 122 Pectinivalva (Menurella) quintiniae on Quintinia verdonii 123 Pectinivalva (Menurella) xenadelpha on Syzygium acuminatissimum 124 Pectinivalva (Menurella) tribulatrix vacated mine on Rhodomyrtus macrocarpa.

Figures 77-79 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figures 77-79 - Pectinivalva (Menurella) spp., female genitalia, ventral view. 77 Pectinivalva (Menurella) acmenae 78 Pectinivalva (Menurella) quintiniae 79 Pectinivalva (Menurella) quintiniae, apophyses and papillae anales.

Figure 1 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figure 1 - Phylogeny of Pectinivalvinae, based on 27 morphological characters of larva, pupa and adult, and 1 behavioural character of larva. Strict Consensus Tree of 147 equally most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.6667, RI = 0.8450 and RC = 0.5633). Outgroups are Notiopostega atrata Davis (Opostegidae), Enteucha acetosae (Stainton) and Roscidotoga callicomae Hoare (Nepticulidae).

Figures 67-72 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figures 67-72 - Pectinivalva (Menurella) spp., male genitalia, ventral view. 67–69 Pectinivalva (Menurella) quintiniae, holotype, slide ANIC18720 and paratype, slide EJvN3736 (69): 67, 68 genitalia with aedeagus in situ 69 aedeagus 70–72 Pectinivalva (Menurella) tribulatrix, holotype, slide ANIC18721: 70 genitalia with aedeagus in situ 71 close-up of gnathos and pectinifer 72 close-up of aedeagus showing tubular sclerite associated with cathrema. Scales 100 μm, 50 μm (71, 72).

Figure 3 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figure 3 - Neighbor Joining Tree of DNA barcodes of Pectinivalvinae species, showing specimen registry numbers. Outgroup is Opostega salaciella (Treitschke, 1833). Stigmella anomalella (Goeze, 1783) chosen as extra outgroup, but groups here with Pectinivalva subgenus Menurella.

Figures 125- 126 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figures 125- 126 - Pectinivalva (Casanovula) and Pectinivalva (Menurella) spp., cocoon, pupa, live adults. 125 Pectinivalva (Casanovula) minotaurus cocoon 126 Pectinivalva (Casanovula) minotaurus male pupa (pharate adult), ventral view 127 Pectinivalva (Casanovula) minotaurus male pupa (pharate adult), dorsal view 128 Pectinivalva (Menurella) quintiniae live adult male 129 Pectinivalva (Menurella) xenadelpha, female holotype, live.

Figures 58-66 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figures 58-66 - Pectinivalva spp., male genitalia, ventral view. 58, 59 Pectinivalva (Pectinivalva) mystaconota, paratype, slide EJvN 4106: 58 genital capsule 59 aedeagus 60, 61 Pectinivalva (Casanovula) brevipalpa, holotype, slide ANIC12111: 60 genital capsule 61 aedeagus 62, 63 Pectinivalva (Casanovula) minotaurus, paratype, slide CvdB110: 62 genital capsule 63 aedeagus 64, 65 Pectinivalva (Menurella) scotodes, paratype, slide ANIC11262: 64 genital capsule 65 aedeagus 66 Pectinivalva (Menurella) acmenae, paratype, slide ANIC10213 66 genital capsule with aedeagus almost in situ. Scales 100 μm (59 same scale as 58).

Figures 89-97 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figures 89-97 - Pectinivalva(Menurella) spp., female genitalia, ventral view. 89–91 Pectinivalva (Menurella) scotodes, paratype, slideANIC11263 92–94 Pectinivalva (Menurella) acmenae, paratype, slideANIC11242 95–97 Pectinivalva (Menurella) quintiniae, paratype, slide EJvN3961. Scales 200 μm (89, 92, 95), 100 μm.

Figures 80-88 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figures 80-88 - Pectinivalva spp., female genitalia, ventral view. 80–82 Pectinivalva (Pectinivalva) mystaconota, paratype, slide ANIC10161 83–85 Pectinivalva (Casanovula) brevipalpa, paratypes, slides ANIC11328, ANIC11238 (85) 86–88 Pectinivalva (Casanovula) minotaurus, paratypes, slides ANIC11327 (86), ANIC10209. Scales 100 μm, 200 μm (80, 88).

Figures 109-114 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figures 109-114 - Pectinivalva spp., larval prothoracic sclerites. 109–113 Prosternites: 109 Pectinivalva (Pectinivalva) 138 110 Pectinivalva (Casanovula) brevipalpa 111 Pectinivalva (Casanovula) minotaurus 112 Pectinivalva (Menurella) scotodes 113 Pectinivalva (Enteucha) acmenae. 114 Pectinivalva (Pectinivalva) 5, dorsal sclerite, showing surrounding reticulate cuticle; rings indicate positions of setae D1 and XD1.

Figure 2 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figure 2 - Phylogeny of Pectinivalvinae, characters and outgroups as for Fig. 1. 50% Majority Rule Consensus Tree from 147 equally most parsimonious trees; bootstrap support (200 replicates) shown on branches.

Figures 98-103 from: Hoare R, van Nieukerken E (2013) Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species. ZooKeys 278: 1-64. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.278.4743

Figures 98-103 - Pectinivalva (Menurella) spp., female genitalia, ventral view. 98–100 Pectinivalva (Menurella) xenadelpha, holotype, slide EJvN3738 101–103 Pectinivalva (Menurella) tribulatrix, paratype, slide EJvN3963. Scales 100 μm, 50 μm (99, 100, 102).

Figure 8 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 8 - Scanning electron micrographs of Spinivalva gaucha fifth larval instar: A head and prothorax, general, dorsal view B antenna, dorsal view C stemmata (open arrow indicates sixth stemma), lateral view D head and prothorax, general, ventral view E labium, ventral view F maxilla, lateral view G spinneret, lateral view H left side of prothoracic shield, dorsal view I prothoracic spiracle, lateral view J prothoracic leg, postero-lateral view K pseudopodium on A4, antero-lateral view L crochets of pseudopodium A4 in detail. Scale bars = 200, 25, 25, 200, 20, 20, 20, 75, 10, 25, 75, 10 µm, respectively.

Figure 5 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 5 - Larval and pupal morphology of Spinivalva gaucha under light microscopy: A first larval instar, dorsal and ventral views B fifth larval instar, dorsal and ventral views C–E pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views, respectively. Scale bars = 50 µm; 0.5, 0.5 mm, respectively.

Figure 6 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 6 - Scanning electron micrographs of Spinivalva gaucha first larval instar: A head, general, dorso-lateral view B mandible, dorsal view C antenna, lateral view D spinneret, lateral view; seta indicates hypopharyngeal papillae E maxilla (asterisk), lateral view F labial palpi. Scale bars = 20, 5, 5, 5, 3, 1 µm, respectively.

Figure 11 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 11 - Diaphanized portion and histological sections of a Passiflora actinia leaf, showing through transparency the organization levels ofa Spinivalva gaucha mine in relation to larval ontogeny: A general aspect of the mine, containing a last-instar larva; Roman numerals indicate larval instar numbers and corresponding positions of head capsules in the mine; closed arrow indicates the beginning of the mine B detail of head capsule shed by the fourth-instar larva (bar indicates position used for measurement of head-capsule width) C transverse section of serpentine portion of the mine (location indicated by the horizontal dashed line in A) D transverse section of blotch portion of the mine (location indicated by the vertical dashed line in A) E transverse section of intact portion of leaf lamina (indicated by left arrow in D) F transverse section of mined portion of leaf lamina (indicated by right arrow in D). Ab abaxial surface of epidermis; Ad adaxial surface of epidermis; Lm leaf mine; Pp palisade parenchyma; Sp spongy parenchyma. Scale bars =1.5, 0.15, 2.0, 3.0 mm; 500, 600 µm, respectively.

Figure 3 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 3 - Genital morphology of Spinivalva gaucha under light microscopy:A male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted; open arrow indicates gnathal lobe) B aedeagus, lateral view C male right valve, median view D units of the coremata anterior pair, ventral view (open and closed arrows indicate tubular pouch and hair pencil, respectively) E female genitalia, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Figure 2 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 2 - Spinivalva gaucha adult morphology: A head, anterior view B fore- and hind-wing venation C detail of retinaculum D detail of basal frenulum (open arrow) and more distal pseudofrenulum (closed arrow). Scale bars = 0.2, 0.5 mm; 50, 100 µm, respectively.

Figure 12 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 12 - Bayesian consensus phylogeny of Spinivalva. A unrooted tree based on 1.5 Kb bp of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase c subunit I, tRNA-Leu and cytochrome oxidase c subunit II. Specimens from three different localities (termed Populations 1, 2 and 3; see Material and Methods for details), field-collected from different host plants (Passiflora suberosa [ ], Passiflora misera [] and Passiflora actinia []) were analyzed. Numbers indicate raw branch lengths B phylogenetic relationships of Spinivalva within the Parectopa group of gracillariids (sensu Kawahara et al. 2011), based on 610 bp of the barcoding region (cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene). Numbers above branch indicate node support (posterior probability); those located below represent the raw branch length. A species of Bucculatricidae (Bucculatrix ulmella) was used to root the tree.

Figure 10 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 10 - Life history of Spinivalva gaucha: A Passiflora actnia shoot at the type locality B Spinivalva gaucha mine on upper leaf surface (leaf marked with an asterisk in A; open and closed arrows indicate respectively the beginning of a mine and a last-instar larva visible through transparent blotch section of the mine); C chorion of empty egg on lower surface D first-instar larva (indicated by closed arrow) visible through transparent serpentine section of a young mine (open arrow indicates the beginning of the mine on the upper leaf surface) E initial portion of blotch section in detail, showing frass and damage to leaf parenchyma left by last-instar larva within the mine F fourth-instar larva in the mine G exit hole (arrow) used by a last-instar larva to leave the mine H last-instar larva after changing color, building the cocoon outside the mine on the leaf surface I cocoon, with pupa visible through transparency J pupa in detail, after removing the cocoon K pupal exuvium protruding from the cocoon exit hole onto plastic substrate, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 20, 10, 0.2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, 0.5, 2, 2, 1, 2 mm, respectively.