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915 results for “morphological evolution”
Figure 3 in Termite soldier defence strategies: a reassessment of Prestwich's classification and an examination of the evolution of defence morphology using extended eigenshape analyses of head morphology
Figure 3. Soldier head features independently analysed; straight lines represent the size measurements: dots, landmark points; S, start point; F, finish point.
Fig. 5 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 5. Brood chambers in Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov. A. Paratype (NHMUK 2021.2.25.1). B–D. Holotype (MNHN-IB-2017-696). A. Brood chamber with 8 lateral branches, thinly covered by secondary calcification. B. Thicker mesh of secondary calcification over a brood chamber. C. Transverse section of branch intersecting six lobes of ramifying brood chambers. D. Two ooeciopores (open arrowheads) at the end of a lateral branch of a brood chamber.
Fig. 2 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 2. Photographs (A–B) and scanning electron micrographs of Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov. A. Holotype, specimen kept dry (MNHN-IB-2017-696). B. Seven variously shaped colonies (top row, left to right: NHMUK 2021.2.25.1, 2021.3.19.2, 2018.1.15.63, 2021.3.19.1; bottom row, left to right: NHMUK 2021.6.14.1, 2021.6.14.2, 2021.6.14.3). C. Longitudinal section of a specimen (NHMUK 2021.3.19.1) with two branches; 1: endozone, 2: exozone, 3: basal part with central primary attachment zone (3a) and secondary peripheral attachment zone (3b). D–E. NHMUK 2021.3.19.2. D. Growing tip. E. Interzooecial walls at growing tip.
Fig. 3 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 3. Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov.A. Non-type (MNHN-IB-2017-700). B–C, E. Holotype (MNHN-IB-2017-696). D. Paratype (NHMUK 2021.2.25.1). A. Elongated maculae. B. Mixture of peristomate autozooids and kenozooids. C. Part of a transverse section of a terminal branch showing the endozone, exozone and intersecting ramifications of several gonozooids (larger white cavities). D. Kenozooids and autozooids with small peristomes bearing pointed processes. E. Kenozooids and autozooidal peristomes of various sizes and shapes.
Fig. 1 in Disporella guada sp. nov., an erect-ramose rectangulate cyclostome (Bryozoa, Stenolaemata) from the Caribbean Sea: convergent evolution in bryozoan colony morphology
Fig. 1. Underwater photos of specimens of Disporella guada Harmelin, Taylor & Waeschenbach sp. nov.; Guadeloupe, Islet Tête-à-l'Anglais, 5 m. A. Holotype (MNHN-IB-2017-696); photo Y. Bouchon- Navaro, 10 Oct. 2014. B. Another large specimen; photo C. Bouchon, 7 Nov. 2016.
Early diversification of avian limb morphology and the role of modularity in the locomotor evolution of crown birds
<p>High disparity among avian forelimb and hind limb segments in crown birds relative to non-avialan theropod dinosaurs, potentially driven by the origin of separate forelimb and hind limb locomotor modules, has been linked to the evolution of diverse avian locomotor behaviors. However, this hypothesized relationship has not been quantitatively investigated in a phylogenetic framework. We assessed the relationship between the evolution of limb morphology and locomotor behavior by comparing a numerical proxy for locomotor diversity to morphospace sizes derived from a dataset of 1241 extant species. We then estimated how limb disparity accumulated during the crown avian radiation. Lastly, we tested whether limb segments evolved independently between each limb module using phylogenetically informed regressions. Disparity increased significantly with behavioral diversity after accounting for clade age and species richness. We found that forelimb disparity accumulated rapidly early in avian evolution, whereas hindlimb disparity accumulated later, in more recent divergences. We recovered little support for strong correlations between forelimb and hind limb morphology. We posit that these findings support independent evolution of locomotor modules that enabled the striking morphological and behavioral diversity of extant birds.</p>
Input data from: Mammalian forelimb evolution is driven by uneven proximal-to-distal morphological diversity
<p>Vertebrate limb morphology often reflects the environment due to variation in locomotor requirements. However, proximal and distal limb segments may evolve differently from one another, reflecting an anatomical gradient of functional specialization that has been suggested to be impacted by the timing of development. <span>Here we explore whether the temporal sequence of bone condensation predicts variation in the capacity of evolution to generate morphological diversity in proximal and distal forelimb segments across more than </span>600 species of mammals. Distal elements not only exhibit greater shape diversity, but also show stronger within-element integration and, on average, faster evolutionary responses than intermediate and upper limb segments. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that late-developing distal bones display greater morphological variation than more proximal limb elements. However, the higher integration observed within the autopod deviates from such developmental predictions, suggesting that functional specialization plays an important role in driving within-element covariation. Proximal and distal limb segments also show different macroevolutionary patterns, albeit not showing a perfect proximo-distal gradient. The high disparity of the mammalian autopod, reported here, is consistent with <span>the higher potential of development to generate variation in more distal limb structures, as well as functional specialization of the distal elements.</span></p>
Fig. 1 in Pollen eaters and pollen morphology: co-evolution through the Permian and Mesozoic
Fig. 1. Eucommiidites group pollen (Cryptosaccites pabularis Krassilov et Tekleva) in the gut compression of Ceroxyela dolichocera Rasnitsyn (Xyelidae, Hymenoptera) from the Lower Cretaceous of Baissa, Transbaikalia: (A) insect impression; (B) stereomicroscope view of the fore-gut with pollen grains; (C) pollen grains amassed at the hind end of the abdomen, (D) same, enlarged. Scale bars: 2 mm (A), 1 mm (B, C), 30 µm (D).
Fig. 2 in Pollen eaters and pollen morphology: co-evolution through the Permian and Mesozoic
Fig. 2. Pollen loads of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic insects: (A) Protohaploxypinus-type taeniate pollen from Sellardsiopsis conspicua G. Zalessky, Lower Permian Tchekarda locality; (B) Protohaploxypinus- type taeniate pollen from Parapsocidium uralicum G. Zalessky (Psocida), same locality; (C) Vittatina-type taeniate pollen from Sojanidelia floralis Rasnitsyn (Grylloblattida), same locality; (D) Lunatisporites-type taeniate pollen from Idelopsocus diradiatus Rasnitsyn, same locality; (E) Eucommiidites-group pollen (Cryptosaccites pabularis Krassilov et Tekleva) from Ceroxyela dolichocera Rasnitsyn (Xyelidae, Hymenoptera), Lower Cretaceous Baissa locality, Transbaikalia; (F) Classopollis-type rimulate pollen from Aboilus cf. dilutus Gorochov (Orthoptera, katydids), Upper Jurassic of Karatau, Kazakhstan. Scale bars: 30 µm (A), 10 µm (B–F).
Phylogenomic analyses resolve relationships among garter snakes (Thamnophis: Natricinae: Colubridae) and elucidate biogeographic history and morphological evolution
<p>Garter snakes (<i>Thamnophis</i>) are a successful group of natricines endemic to North America. They have become important natural models for ecological and evolutionary research, yet prior efforts to resolve phylogenetic relationships have resulted in conflicting topologies and weak support for certain relationships. Here, we use phylogenomic data generated with a reduced representation double-digest RADseq approach to reassess the evolutionary relationships across <i>Thamnophis</i>. We then use the resulting phylogeny to better understand how biogeography and feeding ecology have influenced lineage diversification and morphological evolution. We recovered highly congruent and strongly supported topologies from maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses, but some discordance with a multispecies coalescent approach. All phylogenomic estimates split <i>Thamnophis</i> into two clades largely defined by northern and southern North American species. Divergence time estimates and biogeographic analyses indicate a mid-Miocene origin of <i>Thamnophis </i>in Mexico. In addition, historical vicariant events thought to explain biogeographic patterns in other lineages (e.g., Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Rocky Mountain Range, and Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt) appear to have influenced patterns of diversification in <i>Thamnophis</i> as well. Analyses of morphological traits associated with feeding ecology showed degrees of phylogenetic signal, and ancestral state reconstruction suggested some association between head morphology and diet composition. Our new estimate of <i>Thamnophis</i> phylogeny yields an improved understanding of the biogeographic history and morphological evolution of garter snakes, and provides a robust framework for future research on these snakes.</p>
Fig. 3 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 3. One of the four equally most parsimonious trees (length 306, CI 0.33, RI 0.63; chosen at random: individual source trees differ only in position of terminals within Phengaris, M. teleius and M. alcon group: see Fig. 2), with character states that support individual clades. Nonhomoplastic autapomorphies are black, homoplastic apomorphies white. Numbers above branches refer to characters, numbers below branches to character states (see Appendix 1 for character descriptions).
Fig. 4 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 4. Evolution of the life history traits of Maculinea butterflies and their relatives. Only the species for which states of all relevant characters are reliably well-known are included (see Table 1), but the overall topology of the tree including all terminals (Figs 2 & 3) is preserved. (A) Myrmecophily. M. nausithous is optimized as a modified predatory species (see ''Evolution of life histories''). (B) Host plants and habitat associations. Rosids and asterids are two well-supported clades of eudicot angiosperm plants (see Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2003): Fabaceae and Rosaceae are included in the former, Lamiaceae, Gentianaceae, and Campanulaceae in the latter. In some cases, character-state optimization is derived from the all-species tree (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 1. System of coding of wing pattern traits used in the phylogenetic study of Maculinea and their relatives.
Fig. 2 in Phylogeny of Maculinea blues (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) based on morphological and ecological characters: evolution of parasitic myrmecophily
Fig. 2. Strict consensus of the four equally most parsimonious trees (length 306, CI 0.33, RI 0.63) showing proposed phylogenetic relationships within the ''Glaucopsyche-section'' of Lycaenidae: Polyommatini. Bootstrap and Bremer support are shown above and below the nodes, respectively.
Fig. 8 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters
Fig. 8. Evolution of the most conserved morphological traits in Solanum with <10 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Pseudostipules; B, Enlarged anther connectives; C, Anther modifications; D, Pedicel insertion. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.
Fig. 4 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters
Fig. 4. Evolution of the most highly labile morphological traits in Solanum with>100 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Growth form; B, Sympodial unit structure; C, Glandular trichomes; D, Corolla shape; E, Corolla colour; F, Fruit colour. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.
Evolution along allometric lines of least resistance: Morphological differentiation in Pristurus geckos
<p class="FirstParagraph"><span>Species living in distinct habitats often experience unique ecological selective pressures, which can drive phenotypic divergence. However, how ecophenotypic patterns are affected by allometric trends and trait integration levels is less well understood. Here we evaluate the role of allometry in shaping body size and body form diversity in <em>Pristurus</em> geckos utilizing differing habitats. We found that patterns of allometry and integration in body form were distinct in species with different habitat preferences, with ground-dwelling <em>Pristurus</em> displaying the most divergent allometric trend and high levels of integration. There was also strong concordance between intraspecific allometry across individuals and evolutionary allometry among species, revealing that differences in body form among individuals were predictive of evolutionary changes across the phylogeny at macroevolutionary scales. This suggested that phenotypic evolution occurred along allometric lines of least resistance, with allometric trajectories imposing a strong influence on the magnitude and direction of size and shape changes across the phylogeny. When viewed in phylomorphospace, the largest rock-dwelling species were most similar to the smallest ground-dwelling species, and vice versa. Thus, in <em>Pristurus</em>, phenotypic evolution along the differing habitat-based allometric trajectories resulted in similar body forms at differing body sizes in distinct ecological habitats.</span></p>
Statistical and Dynamic Model of Surface Morphology Evolution during Polishing in Additive Manufacturing
<p>This repository maintains data and code associated with our accepted paper in IISE Transactions titled "Statistical and Dynamical model of Surface Morphology Evolution during Polishing in Additive Manufacturing". To briefly summarize,</p> <p><strong>1. Polishing_stagewise_data.zip</strong> - Contains height values measured at 32 different locations on the 3D printed sample using an optical profilometer prior to polishing (Stage 0) and post every stage of polishing (Stages 1 to 6). Please refer to the following paper for experimentation details and process parameters: "<em>Jin, S., A. Iquebal, S. Bukkapatnam, A. Gaynor, and Y. Ding (2019, 10). A gaussian process model-guided surface polishing process in additive manufacturing. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 142, 1–17.</em>"</p> <p><strong>2. Initial_surface_generation.m</strong> - Script containing the Initial surface generation algorithm using the random circle packing algorithm. This file generates the surface asperity distribution and their graph connectivity of a 3D printed sample prior to polishing (Figure 4(b) in paper). One such realization is stored and compared with experimental data (Refer #3).</p> <p><strong>3. Stage0_fitted_data.mat</strong> - .mat file containing data pertaining to height measures of the 3D printed sample prior to polishing and generated initial surface (simulation) which is statistically similar to the actual data.</p> <p><strong>4. Parameter_fitting_Polishing.m</strong> - Script containing the model capturing polishing dynamics with network formation, evaluated at each stage of polishing. This file generates the Bearing Area Curves of the initial surface simulated after each stage of polishing and compares with experimental data (Figures 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 in paper). (The script makes use of other functions defined in #5).</p> <p><strong>5. surface_roughness.m, graph_evolution.m, solve_for_d.m, KLDiv.m</strong> and <strong>Gen_hurst.m</strong> - Matlab scripts containing functions that are called within the main script (Parameter_fitting_Polishing.m)</p> <p><strong>6. Simulated_Annealing.zip</strong> - Zip file containing files related to Simulated Annealing Algorithm. Please read the <strong>README_Simulated_Annealing.txt</strong> for instructions to reproduce the optimized parameter solutions.</p> <p><strong>7. pub_fig.m</strong> - Script containing the formatting options for plots and figures.</p>
Evolution in interacting species alters predator life history traits, behavior and morphology in experimental microbial communities
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Input data from: Mammalian forelimb evolution is driven by uneven proximal-to-distal morphological diversity
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