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FIGURE 16. Frontohornera frontalis n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 16. Frontohornera frontalis n. gen., n. sp. Holotype specimen, ZIRAS 1/50707, respectively seen in A, frontal and B, abfrontal views. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 15. Abyssoecia elevata n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 15. Abyssoecia elevata n. gen., n. sp. Progressive stages of development of young ancestrulate colonies viewed from different angles, showing development of either supportive columns or growth of lateral margins towards substratum as colony grows larger. A–C, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 196; D–F, specimen YMG4–07, Stn 129; G–L, specimen YMG4–04, Stn 44. Scale bars: A, B, D–F, 250 µm; C, 200 µm; G–L, 500 µm.
FIGURE 13. Abyssoecia elevata n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 13. Abyssoecia elevata n. gen., n. sp. Holotype and paratype colonies detached from their substrata. A, B, holotype, ZIRAS 1/50703, frontal and profile views; note foramen in colony formed by growth and fusion of lobes around a space; C, D, paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50704 frontal and abfrontal views; E, F, paratype 2, ZIRAS 3/50705, frontal and profile views. Scale bars: 500 µm.
FIGURE 9 in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 9. Tubuliporina sp. incertae sedis. Specimen ZIRAS 1/50674. A–C, rotational and D, tilted, views of sole colony; E–H, rotational views of distal part of colony showing two autozooidal peristomes and a smaller-diameter (?female) peristome; I, J, close-ups of smaller peristome; K, close-up of right-hand peristomial aperture in D. Scale bars: A–D, 250 µm; E–H, 200 µm; I–K, 100 µm.
FIGURE 8. Orectopora flabellum n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 8. Orectopora flabellum n. gen., n. sp. Colonies at early stages of astogeny. A–D, rotational views of specimen GLD4–08, Stn 151, with ancestrular region more magnified in D; E, F, rotational views of specimen GLD4–08, Stn 145; G, H, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 230; I, J, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 219; K–P, rotational views of paratype specimen, NIWA 127723. Scale bars: A–C, E–H, 300 µm; D, P, 200 µm; I–O, 500 µm.
FIGURE 1 in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 1. Sampling stations in the eastern Russian exploration area of the CCZ, ranging from depths of 4510 m (orange) to 5280 m (purplish-blue).
FIGURE 4. Pandanipora helix n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 4. Pandanipora helix n. gen., n. sp. Details of morphology. A, specimen YMG4–13, Stn 289; B–D, paratype 4, ZIRAS 5/50671; E, paratype 5, ZIRAS 6/50672; F, G, Q, paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50668; H, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 217; I, holotype, ZIRAS 1/50667; J, specimen YMG4–06, Stn 68; K, O, specimen YMG4–13, Stn 321; L, specimen YMG4–13, Stn 295; M, paratype 2, ZIRAS 3/50669; N, specimen GLD4–12, Stn 258; P, specimen GLD4–12, Stn 255. A, distal view of growing edge of colony showing early differentiation of daughter zooid and prop from the floor of the parent zooid, with chambers arranged in stacks; B, growing edge of colony showing differentiation of a daughter zooid (lower) from the floor of the parent zooid (upper); C, same, close-up; D, interior surface of developing zooid chamber showing imbricated foliated fabric of wedge-shaped crystallites and openings of pseudopores; E–I, variability of zooid size and geometry: E, elongated zooids with tall peristomes; F, part of ring-like colony; G, lateral view of same colony, two zooids near-perpendicular to plane of props; H, arcuate colony with overlapping peristome bases; I, lateral view of apical coil of spiral colony with subconnate peristome bases and shortened peristomes, most broken; J, frontolateral view of tubular peristome showing annular striae on the surface; K, lateral view of tubular peristome; L, peristomial aperture, frontal view; M, oblique view of peristomial aperture showing imbricated foliated fabric of wedge-shaped crystallites and interior openings of pseudopores; N, imbricated foliated fabric of wedge-shaped crystallites around internal opening of pseudopore; O, zooidal wall showing tiny sparse simple pseudopores; P, Q, close-up of zooidal wall showing crystallites. Scale bars: A, B, G, 250 µm; C, J, K, O, 100 µm; D, N, 10 µm; E, F, H, I, 500 µm; L, M, Q, 50 µm; P, 15 µm.
FIGURE 14. Abyssoecia elevata n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 14. Abyssoecia elevata n. gen., n. sp. A–E, paratype 3, ZIRAS 4/50706; F, specimen YMG4–06, Stn 106; G, J, specimen YMG4–13, Stn 302; H, I, N, specimen YMG4–07, Stn 129; K, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 191; L, M, specimen YMG4–04, Stn 44. A, gonozooid at upper left of image with projecting ooeciostome; B, D, distal and distolateral views of gonozooid; C, E, frontal and distal views of ooeciostome with subcircular ooeciopore; F–H, distolateral (F) and distal views of colony margin with developing zooids; I–K, frontal views of short autozooidal peristomes; L–N, ancestrular region of two colonies. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, D, F–J, L–N, 200 µm; C, E, 100 µm; K, 50 µm.
FIGURE 12. Discantenna metallica n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 12. Discantenna metallica n. sp. Progressive stages of development of ancestrulate and young colonies. A–D, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 358; E–H, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 224; I–L, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 207. A–D, rotational views (respectively frontal, distolateral, lateral, proximal) of newly formed colony with ancestrular zooid and developing daughter peristome; note developing kenozooids in B; E–H, similar views of a slightly older colony with further kenozooidal development in F; I–L, apical and profile views of an older colony (ancestrular protoecium missing) with a definite stalk underway and peristomes opening all around it. Scale bars: A–H, J, 100 µm; I, K, L, 200 µm.
FIGURE 11. Discantenna metallica n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 11. Discantenna metallica n. sp. Paratype and other colonies. A, B, D, F, G, paratype 2, ZIRAS 3/50702; C, E, H, I, paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50676; J, L, N, P, specimen YMG4–06, Stn 69; K, M, O, Q, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 151. A, fertile colony with broken base and small capitulum; B, D, same, showing gonozooid in frontal and apertural views; C, E, a second gonozooid with longer ooeciostome; F, G, high- and lower-magnification views of terminal diaphragm, showing skeletal microstructure; H, I, ooeciopores of gonozooid in C and E; J, N, lateral and apical views of colony with small lobate capitulum; K, O, lateral and apical views of another colony with a small capitulum that is more symmetrical; L, M, parts of stalks with short autozooidal peristomes and terminal diaphragms; P, Q, proximal parts of two colonies in post-ancestrular region. Scale bars: A, J, K, N, O, 250 µm; B–E, L, M, P, Q, 100 µm; F–I, 25 µm.
FIGURE 10. Discantenna metallica n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 10. Discantenna metallica n. sp. Holotype and paratype colonies. A–D, holotype, ZIRAS 1/50675; E–I, paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50676. A, apical and B, lateral views of colony; C, D, same, edge of disk, respectively showing peristomes and differentiating zooids; E, lateral view of colony showing numerous stalk zooids; F, autozooidal peristome near top of stalk with calcified terminal diaphragm; G, underside of part of capitulum seen in E; H, part of stalk with short peristomes and terminal diaphragms; I, margin of capitulum seen in E. Scale bars: A–E, 500 µm; F, 150 µm; G–I, 250 µm.
FIGURE 5. Pandanipora helix n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 5. Pandanipora helix n. gen., n. sp. A, K, specimen YMG4–13, Stn 289; B, C, specimen YMG4–13, Stn 308; D, specimen YMG4–07, Stn 143; E, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 219; F, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 330; G–I, specimen YMG4–14, Stn 326; J, specimen GLD4–12, Stn 258; L, specimen YMG4–13, Stn 321. A–D, F, prop morphology: A, vertical and oblique columnar props attached to nodule by expanded tips; B, curved props attached to nodule irregularities by expanded tips with complex outlines; C, same, close-up; D, single elongated prop from its inception in the zooid basal wall to its distal expansion; E, light micrograph of colony showing successively overlapping zooids with their coelomic cavities continuing into the props with no intervening septum or pore, as well as 2–5 brown bodies located centrally to proximally in several zooids; F, prop tip showing opening towards substratum and internal surface with wedge-shaped crystallites, structurally analogous to peristome; G–I, ancestrula and daughter zooid budded from peristome; J–L, ancestrula and postancestrular zooids. Scale bars: A, B, E, 500 µm; C, D, J–L, 250 µm; F, 50 µm; G–I, 100 µm.
FIGURE 7. Orectopora flabellum n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 7. Orectopora flabellum n. gen., n. sp. Details of colony morphology. A, B, E, H, holotype colony; C, D, F, G, I, J, specimen GLD4–08, Stn 151. A, B, E, apical, oblique-abfrontal and abfrontal views, respectively, of middle lobe (fascicle) in Fig. 7E, showing apparent roof forming in axil between what will become two fascicle lobes; note relatively large pseudopores in neanic calcification of abfrontal wall in B and E; C, F, two views of a small fascicle showing autozooidal apertures adjacent to concave frontal face of lobe (on right), between which are larger developing chambers (either autozooidal or reproductive), and, along convex abfrontal face (on left), a row of mostly kenozoidal openings (and perhaps some incipient autozooid buds); D, G, J, magnified sequence of images showing the largest developing chamber in C and F, and ultrastructural wall fabric; H, reversed (frontal) view of fascicle tip in E; I, frontal view of chamber in D, G, J. Scale bars: A, B, E, H, 200 µm; C, F, 150 µm; D, I, 50 µm; G, J, 20 µm.
FIGURE 3. Pandanipora helix n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 3. Pandanipora helix n. gen., n. sp. Holotype and paratype colonies. A, C, holotype, ZIRAS 1/50667; B, paratype 1, ZIRAS 2/50668; D, paratype 2, ZIRAS 3/50669; E, paratype 3, ZIRAS 4/50670; F, paratype 4, ZIRAS 5/50671; G, paratype 5, ZIRAS 6/50672. A, apical, and C, lateral views of the spiral holotype colony with widened apical part of axis of zooids with mostly broken, shortened peristomes and supported by rare, distanced, elongated tubular props; B, ring-like colony showing attenuated zooids with elongated, gently arcuate tubular peristomes tilted outwards, and supported by strongly elongated, slightly crooked filiform props; note one prop at lower left bifurcated near termination; D, crescentic colony showing zooids with elongated, arcuate tubular peristomes angled outwards, and supported by shortened straight props; E, colony bifurcated near point of origin showing linear chain of zooids with straight peristomes; supported by short props, some with widened terminations; F, arcuate colony with thicker zooids having widened tubular peristomes, supported by gradually shortening props; G, straight colony with greatly elongated peristomes, supported by regular series of props with expanded terminal bases, including four attached to piece of nodule. Scale bars: 500 µm.
FIGURE 2 in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 2. Colonies of some cyclostome bryozoans, in vivo, attached to polymetallic nodules. A–E, Pandanipora helix n. gen., n. sp.: A, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 190; B, specimen GLD4–12, Stn 262; C, specimen YMG4–07, Stn 143; D, specimen YMG4–13, Stn 295; E, specimen GLD 4–11, Stn 212. F, Tubuliporina sp. indet., specimen YMG18–01, Stn 7. G, H, Abyssoecia elevata n. gen., n. sp.: G, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 196; H, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 191. I, Discantenna metallica n. sp.: specimen GLD4–11, Stn 224. J, K, Frontohornera frontalis n. gen., n. sp.: J, specimen YMG4–07, Stn 124; K, specimen GLD4–11, Stn 210. L, Alyonushka hystricosa n. gen., n. sp.: specimen GLD4–09, Stn 199. M, Calyssopora volcano n. gen., n. sp.: specimen YMG18–01, Stn 33. N, O, Anyuta anastema n. gen., n. sp.: N, specimen GLD4–09, Stn 180; O, specimen YMG4–06, Stn 71. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 6. Orectopora flabellum n. gen., n in Bryozoa (Cyclostomata and Ctenostomata) from polymetallic nodules in the Russian exploration area, Clarion - Clipperton Fracture Zone, eastern Pacific Ocean-taxon novelty and implications of mining
FIGURE 6. Orectopora flabellum n. gen., n. sp. Holotype, ZIRAS 1/50673. A, C, E, colony respectively seen in frontal, abfrontal and apical views; B, frontal view of left-hand lobe (fascicle) in A; D, oblique abfrontal view of right-hand lobe (fascicle) in C; F, base of broken colony stalk. Scale bars: A, C, E, 500 µm; B, D, 250 µm; F, 150 µm.
FIGURE 10. Pegethrix bostrychoides. A. Nodule formation. B in Revision of the Synechococcales (Cyanobacteria) through recognition of four families including Oculatellaceae fam. nov. and Trichocoleaceae fam. nov. and six new genera containing 14 species
FIGURE 10. Pegethrix bostrychoides. A. Nodule formation. B. Existence of multiple trichomes within common sheath. C–G. Variation in the degree of filament coiling, from flexuous to spiral coils. H–I. Double false-branches and single false-branches. J–K. Sheath tightly embraces trichome or expands from trichome. L. Heterogeneity in cell shape and trichome width between young and mature trichomes. Meristematic zone of cell division shown on mature trichome. Scale bar 10μm in 1000X magnification.
Competitiveness prediction for nodule colonization in Sinorhizobium meliloti through combined in vitro tagged strain characterization and genome-wide association analysis
<p>Associations between leguminous plants and symbiotic nitrogen-fixing rhizobia are a classic example of mutualism between a eukaryotic host and a specific group of prokaryotic microbes. Although this symbiosis is in part species-specific, different rhizobial strains may colonise the same nodule. Some rhizobial strains are commonly known as better competitors than others, but detailed analyses that aim to predict rhizobial competitive abilities based on genomes are still scarce. Here, we performed a bacterial <em>genome-wide association (GWAS) analysis to define the </em>genomic determinants related to the competitive capabilities in the model rhizobial species <em>Sinorhizobium meliloti.</em> For this, 13 tester strains were GFP-tagged and assayed <i>vs.</i> 3 RFP-tagged reference competitor strains (<em>Rm1021, AK83, and BL225C) in a</em> <i>Medicago sativa</i> nodule occupancy test. Competition data and strain genomic sequences were employed to build a model for GWAS based on <i>k</i>-mers. Among the <i>k</i>-mers with the highest scores, 51 <i>k</i>-mers mapped on the genomes of four strains showing the highest competition phenotypes (> 60% single strain nodule occupancy; GR4, KH35c, KH46 and SM11) <i>vs.</i> BL225C. These <i>k</i>-mers were mainly located on the symbiosis-related megaplasmid pSymA, specifically on genes coding for transporters, proteins involved in the biosynthesis of cofactors and proteins related to metabolism (e.g., fatty acids). The same analysis was performed considering the sum of single and mixed nodules obtained in the competition assays <em>vs. </em>BL225C, retrieving <i>k</i>-mers mapped on the genes previously found and on <i>vir</i> genes. Therefore, the competition abilities seem to be linked to multiple genetic determinants and comprise several cellular components.</p>
FIGURE 1. Garcinia sibeswarii. A. Branch with fruit. B. Blaze showing exudates. C. Male flower. D. Female flower. E. Fruit. F. Fruit rind cut showing fibrous aril. G. Fruit cross section. H. Seed testa removed showing noduled surface. I in Garcinia sibeswarii (Clusiaceae), a new species from Assam, India
FIGURE 1. Garcinia sibeswarii. A. Branch with fruit. B. Blaze showing exudates. C. Male flower. D. Female flower. E. Fruit. F. Fruit rind cut showing fibrous aril. G. Fruit cross section. H. Seed testa removed showing noduled surface. I. Mature seed.
FIGURE. View of medullary hyphae in R. subcalcarata covered by a thin layer of secreted material, probably glycoproteins. The presence of small, elongated and electron-dense nodules is also observed. Scale = 12 µm. in The genus Ramalina Acharius (Ascomycota, Lecanoromycetes, Ramalinaceae) in northern South America
FIGURE. View of medullary hyphae in R. subcalcarata covered by a thin layer of secreted material, probably glycoproteins. The presence of small, elongated and electron-dense nodules is also observed. Scale = 12 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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