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429 results for “physiological data”
Data from: Oxidative phosphorylation gene transcription in whitefish species pairs reveals patterns of parallel and non-parallel physiological divergence
Across multiple lakes in North America, lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) have independently evolved "dwarf" and "normal" sympatric species pairs that exhibit pronounced phenotypic and genetic divergence. In particular, traits associated with metabolism have been shown to be highly differentiated between whitefish species. Here, we examine the transcription of genes associated with all five mitochondrial and nuclear genome-encoded oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) complexes, the primary physiological mechanism responsible for the production of ATP, in whitefish species pairs from Cliff Lake and Webster Lake in Maine, USA. We observed OXPHOS gene transcription divergence between dwarf and normal whitefish in each of the two lakes, with the former exhibiting transcription upregulation for genes associated with each of the OXPHOS complexes. We also observed a significant influence of lake on transcription levels for some of the genes, indicating that inter-lake ecological or genetic differences are contributing to variation in OXPHOS gene transcription levels. Together, our results support the hypothesis that metabolic divergence is a critical adaptation involved in whitefish speciation, and implicate OXPHOS gene upregulation as a factor involved in meeting the enhanced energetic demands of dwarf whitefish. Further examination of the links between this critical physiological pathway and ecological and genetic variation will provide insight into the fine-scale evolutionary dynamics at work in nature.
Data from: Integrating thermal physiology within a syndrome: locomotion, personality and habitat selection in an ectotherm
1. Physiology and temperature can both have a profound influence on behaviour and metabolism. Despite this, thermal physiology has rarely been considered within the animal personality framework, but could be an inherent mechanism maintaining consistent individual differences in behaviour, particularly in species that need to thermoregulate (i.e. ectotherms). 2. Here, we present evidence for a thermal-behavioural syndrome and detail how it is linked to variation in habitat selection in an Australian lizard, the delicate skink, Lampropholis delicata. 3. We predicted that individuals would occur along a cold-hot continuum – analogues to the slow-fast continuum proposed by the pace-of-life hypothesis - whereby an individual's placement along a thermal physiological axis will correspond with their placement along a personality axis. We first tested the thermal-behavioural syndrome by measuring the thermal preferences and optimal performance temperature of individual skinks and linking it to their activity, exploratory, social and boldness behaviours. 4. In line with our predictions, we found that individuals with a 'hot' thermal type performed optimally at higher temperatures, had faster sprint speeds and were more active, explorative and bold relative to 'cold' thermal types. 5. We then monitored each individual's habitat selection within an artificial environment containing three microhabitats differing in their thermal characteristics. 6. We found that an individual's thermal type mediated their use of habitat, in which 'hot' individuals utilised a hotter microhabitat more regularly than both 'cold' and 'intermediate' thermal types, suggesting that the thermal-behavioural syndrome could drive ecological niche partitioning in this species. 7. We envisage that the thermal-behavioural syndrome concept is likely to extend to other study systems, particularly to ectothermic organisms that rely heavily on behavioural thermoregulation to maintain optimal body temperature.
Data from: Migratory passage structures at hydropower plants as potential physiological and behavioural selective agents
Anthropogenic activities affect fish populations worldwide. River dams have profound impacts on ecosystems by changing habitats and hindering migration. In an effort to counteract such effects a diversity of mitigation measures has been installed at hydroelectric power plants. Still, not all individuals in a population use these measures, creating potentially strong selection processes at hydroelectric power plants. Especially, during migration, when fish can get heavily delayed or pass through a hydropower turbine, facing increased mortality compared to those using a safe bypass route. In this study, we quantify migration route choices of descending wild PIT-tagged Atlantic salmon smolts released upstream from a hydroelectric plant. We demonstrate how only a few meters' displacement of bypass canals can have a large impact on the fish guidance efficiency. The proportion of fish using the bypasses increased when water was released in surface gates closer to the turbine intake. During a period of low fish guidance efficiency, we observed two different smolt migratory strategies. While some individuals spent little time in the forebay before migrating through the turbine tunnel, others remained in the forebay. We suggest that these groups represent different behavioural types, and that sub-optimal mitigation measures at hydropower intakes may therefore induce strong selection on salmon behavioural traits. The ultimate outcome of these selection mechanisms is discussed in light of potential trade-offs between turbine-migration mortality costs and optimal sea-entrance timing survival benefits.
Data from: An automated platform for high-throughput mouse behavior and physiology with voluntary head-fixation
Recording neural activity during animal behavior is a cornerstone of modern brain research. However, integration of cutting-edge technologies for neural-circuit analysis with complex behavioral measurements poses a severe experimental bottleneck for researchers. Critical problems include a lack of standardization for psychometric and neurometric integration, and lack of tools that can generate large, sharable datasets for the research community in a time and cost effective way. Here, we introduce a novel mouse behavioral-learning platform featuring voluntary head fixation and automated high throughput data collection for integrating complex behavioral assays with virtually any physiological device. We provide experimental validation by demonstrating behavioral training of mice in visual discrimination and auditory detection tasks. To examine facile integration with physiology systems, we coupled the platform to a two-photon microscope for imaging of cortical networks at single-cell resolution. Our behavioral learning and recording platform is a prototype for the next generation of mouse cognitive studies.
Data from: Can physiological engineering/programming increase multi-generational thermal tolerance to extreme temperature events?
Organisms increasingly encounter higher frequencies of extreme weather events as a consequence of global climate change. Currently, few strategies are available to mitigate climate change effects on animals arising from acute extreme high temperature events. We tested the capacity of physiological engineering to influence the intra- and multi-generational upper thermal tolerance capacity of a model organism Artemia, subjected to extreme high temperatures. Enhancement of specific physiological regulators during development could affect thermal tolerances or life-history attributes affecting subsequent fitness. Using experimental Artemia populations we exposed F0 individuals to one of four treatments; heat hardening (28 &[deg]C to 36 &[deg]C, 1 &[deg]C per 10 minutes), heat hardening plus serotonin (0.056 μg ml-1), heat hardening plus methionine (0.79 mg ml-1), and a control treatment. Regulator concentrations were based on previous literature. Serotonin may promote thermotolerance, acting upon metabolism and life-history. Methionine acts as a methylation agent across generations. For all groups, measurements were collected for three performance traits of individual thermal tolerance (upper sublethal thermal limit, lethal limit, and dysregulation range) over two generations. Results showed no treatment increased upper thermal limit during acute thermal stress, although serotonin-treated and methionine-treated individuals outperformed controls across multiple thermal performance traits. Additionally, some effects were evident across generations. Together these results suggest phenotypic engineering provides complex outcomes; and if implemented with heat hardening can further influence performance in multiple thermal tolerance traits, within and across generations. Potentially, such techniques could be up-scaled to provide resilience and stability in populations susceptible to extreme temperature events.
Data from: A dynamic state model of migratory behavior and physiology to assess the consequences of environmental variation and anthropogenic disturbance on marine vertebrates
Integrating behavior and physiology is critical to formulating new hypotheses on the evolution of animal life-history strategies. Migratory capital breeders acquire most of the energy they need to sustain migration, gestation and lactation before parturition. Therefore, when predicting the impact of environmental variation on such species, a mechanistic understanding of the physiology of their migratory behavior is required. Using baleen whales as a model system, we developed a dynamic state variable model that captures the interplay among behavioral decisions, energy, reproductive needs and the environment. We applied the framework to blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in the Eastern North Pacific Ocean, and explored the effects of environmental and anthropogenic perturbations on female reproductive success. We demonstrate the emergence of migration to track prey resources, enabling us to quantify the trade-offs among capital breeding, body condition, and metabolic expenses. We predict that periodic climatic oscillations affect reproductive success less than unprecedented environmental changes do. The effect of localized, acute anthropogenic impacts depended on whales' behavioral response to the disturbance; chronic, but weaker, disturbances had little effect on reproductive success. Because we link behavior and vital rates by modeling individuals' energetic budgets, we provide a general framework to investigate the ecology of migration and assess the population consequences of disturbance, while identifying critical knowledge gaps.
Data from: The quantitative genetics of physiological and morphological traits in an invasive terrestrial snail: additive versus non-additive genetic variation
1. The distribution of additive versus non-additive genetic variation in natural populations represents a central topic of research in evolutionary/organismal biology. For evolutionary physiologists, functional or whole-animal performance traits ("physiological traits") are frequently studied assuming they are heritable and variable in populations. 2. Physiological traits of evolutionary relevance are those functional capacities measured at the whole-organism level, with a potential impact on fitness. They can be classified as capacities (or performances) or costs, the former being directly correlated with fitness, and the latter being inversely correlated with fitness (usually assumed as constraints). 3. In spite of their obvious adaptive significance, the additive genetic variation of physiological traits, and its relative contribution to phenotypic variance (or narrow-sense heritability) in comparison to maternal, dominance or epistatic variance, is known only for a few groups such as insects and mammals. 4. In this study, we assessed the additive and maternal/non-additive genetic variation in a suite of physiological and morphological traits in populations of the land snail Cornu aspersum. 5.Except for dehydration rate (h2= 0.32 ± 0.15), egg mass (h2= 0.82 ± 0.30) and hatchling mass (h2= 1.01 ± 0.31) (population = fixed effect), we found very low additive genetic variation. Large non-additive/maternal effects were found in all traits. Cage effects did not change the results, indicating low contribution of common environmental variance to our results. No differences were found between the phenotypic or non-additive genetic variance/covariance matrices. 6. Even though we compared populations across 1300 km in a common garden setup, our results suggest an absence of physiological as well as morphological differentiation in these populations. 7. These results contrast with previous analyses in the original distributional range of this species, which found high additive genetic variation in morphological traits. These are intriguing results demanding further quantitative genetic studies in the original distributional range of this species as well as the history of colonization of this invasive species.
Data from: Climate, physiological tolerance, and sex-biased dispersal shape genetic structure of Neotropical orchid bees
Understanding the impact of past climatic events on the demographic history of extant species is critical for predicting species' responses to future climate change. Paleoclimatic instability is a major mechanism of lineage diversification in taxa with low dispersal and small geographic ranges in tropical ecosystems. However, the impact of these climatic events remains questionable for the diversification of species with high levels of gene flow and large geographic distributions. In this study, we investigate the impact of Pleistocene climate change on three Neotropical orchid bee species (Eulaema bombiformis, E. meriana and E. cingulata) with transcontinental distributions and different physiological tolerances. We first generated ecological niche models to identify species-specific climatically stable areas during Pleistocene climatic oscillations. Using a combination of mitochondrial and nuclear markers, we inferred calibrated phylogenies and estimated historical demographic parameters to reconstruct the phylogeographic history of each species. Our results indicate species with narrower physiological tolerance experienced less suitable habitat during glaciations and currently exhibit strong population structure in the mitochondrial genome. However, nuclear markers with low and high mutation rates show lack of association with geography. These results combined with lower migration rate estimates from the mitochondrial than the nuclear genome suggest male-biased dispersal. We conclude that despite large effective population sizes and capacity for long-distance dispersal, climatic instability is an important mechanism of maternal lineage diversification in orchid bees. Thus, these Neotropical pollinators are susceptible to disruption of genetic connectivity in the event of large-scale climatic changes.
Data from: Innovative consumers: ecological, behavioral and physiological predictors of responses to novel food
Consumer innovation, i.e. the acquisition and consumption of novel food types, has received little attention despite its predominance among animal innovations, and its potential implications for the ecology and evolution of species in a changing world. Results of the few studies that have investigated individual responses to novel foods suggest that various ecological, behavioral, and physiological variables may impact individual propensity for consumer innovation, but further work is needed to clarify these relationships. We investigated if urbanization, social rank, exploratory personality, and baseline levels of corticosterone predict food neophobia and consumer innovation responses of wild-caught black-capped chickadees (N=170) from 14 sites along an urbanization gradient. Our analyses do not support a link between food neophobia or consumer innovation and urbanization, dominance or exploratory personality. However, birds with higher levels of baseline corticosterone were quicker to contact novel food types, and more likely to consume novel foods than individuals with lower levels of the hormone. This finding suggests that physiological states that promote foraging behavior might drive individual responses to novel food. Additionally, we found that chickadees tested later in autumn were less neophobic than those tested earlier in the season, perhaps reflecting seasonal changes in food availability. Together, the ability of baseline corticosterone and date of capture to predict responses to novel food suggest that necessity may drive consumer innovation in chickadees.
Data from: Lizards at the peak: physiological plasticity does not maintain performance in lizards transplanted to high altitude
Warming climates are facilitating the range expansion of many taxa to habitats that were formerly thermally inhospitable, including to higher latitudes and elevations. The potential for such colonization, however, varies widely among taxa. Since environmental factors may interact to affect colonization potential, an understanding of underlying physiological and behavioural mechanisms is necessary to predict how species will respond to potentially suitable habitats. For example, temperature and oxygen availability will interact to shape physiological and performance traits. Our model species, the wall lizard Podarcis muralis, is a widely distributed ectotherm that continues to expand its range in Europe despite being limited by cold temperatures at high elevations and latitudes. To test the potential for organisms to expand to warming high-altitude environments, we conducted a transplant experiment to quantify the within-individual effects of high-altitude hypoxia on physiological and performance traits. Transplanted lizards maintained individual differences in physiological traits related to oxygen capacity and metabolism (haemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, and peak post-exhaustion metabolic rate) as well as performance traits tied to fitness (sprint speed and running endurance). Although lizards altered blood biochemistry to increase oxygen-carrying capacity, their performance was reduced at high altitude. Furthermore, lizards at high altitude suffered a rapid loss of body condition over the six-week experiment, potentially indicating an energetic cost to hypoxia. Taken together, this demonstrates a limited potential for within-individual plasticity to facilitate colonization of novel high-altitude environments.
Data from: Artificial light at night advances avian reproductive physiology
Artificial light at night is a rapidly increasing phenomenon and it is presumed to have global implications. Light at night has been associated with health problems in humans as a consequence of altered biological rhythms. Effects on wild animals have been less investigated, but light at night has often been assumed to affect seasonal cycles of urban dwellers. Using light loggers attached to free-living European blackbirds (Turdus merula), we first measured light intensity at night which forest and city birds are subjected to in the wild. Then we used these measurements to test for the effect of light at night on timing of reproductive physiology. Captive city and forest blackbirds were exposed to either dark nights or very low light intensities at night (0.3 lux). Birds exposed to light at night developed their reproductive system up to one month earlier, and also moulted earlier, than birds kept under dark nights. Furthermore, city birds responded differently than forest individuals to the light at night treatment, suggesting that urbanization can alter the physiological phenotype of songbirds. Our results emphasize the impact of human-induced lighting on the ecology of millions of animals living in cities and call for an understanding of the fitness consequences of light pollution.
FIGURE 8 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 8. Specimen housed at Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo (MZUSP 10300), from Utiariti, MT, the second specimen of Bachia bresslaui to be known, here recognized as the recently described B. didactyla, showing the first supralabial merged with the nasal, and supraocular not touching the nasal.
FIGURE 7 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 7. Variation on head scalation on Bachia bresslaui: A) the holotype from an unknown locality at São Paulo state (MZUSP 4737); B) from Brasilia, DF (MZUSP 91658), with a similar head scalation to the holotype; C) from an unknown locality (MZUSP 91599), showing contact between parietal and supralabial; D) from Bataguassu, MS (MZUSP 78211) also with parietal and supralabial in contact, and with no contact between frontal and nasal; E) from UHE Ponte de Pedra, MT (MZUSP 98760), showing seven supralabials, and also; F) from Itiquira, MT (MZUSP 99345).
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 4. Distributional records of Bachia species of B. bresslaui group at the Central Brazil. Examined specimens are represented by symbols outlined in white; Type localities represented by central black dot. Two records of B. bresslaui at Planalto dos Gerais presented with an question mark were not examined and may represent B. geralista sp. nov. São Paulo state record presented with a question mark represents the unknown type locality for Bachia bresslaui.
FIGURE 5 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 5. Habitat and microhabitat of Bachia geralista sp. nov., at Peruaçu valley region: (A) an individual and its track imprinted in the sandy soil; (B) typical cerrado vegetation found at the area; (C) a Pequi tree (Caryocar brasiliense); (D) the large cover of leaves under a Pequi tree; (E) detail of soil profile covered by a large layer of leaves; (F) general view of the regenerated cerrado habitat, dominated by Porcada bushes (Copaifera martii).
FIGURE 6 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 6. Physiological and behavioral results: A) Box-plots represent maximum daily temperatures reached in the different microhabitats available to B. geralista sp. nov. Horizontal grey bars show temperatures voluntarily experienced by 10 individuals of B. geralista sp. nov. within laboratory thermal gradients. Dashed red line indicates highest temperature experienced by B. geralista sp. nov. in the lab, grey indicates voluntary maximum. B) Use of tail in one captive B. geralista sp. nov., arrow indicates cloacal region. C) Juveniles B. geralista sp. nov. grouped together within the terrarium.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 3. Paratypes of Bachia geralista sp. nov. (A) from Parque Nacional Grande Sertão Veredas, MG (MZUSP 99473) and (B) from São Desidério, BA (MZUSP 100021).
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 1. Lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views of the head of the holotype of Bachia geralista sp. nov. (MZUSP 99408). Bar represents 5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Bachia Gray, 1845 (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) from the Eastern Brazilian Cerrado, and data on its ecology, physiology and behavior
FIGURE 2. Living paratopotypes of Bachia geralista sp. nov. from Parque Nacional Cavernas do Peruaçu, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, showing color pattern with a distinct dorsolateral yellowish stripe (A) and with a dorsolateral stripe faded (B).
Data from: Do genetic ecotypes drive physiological responses to a changing world? Indications that coastal Atlantic cod are better adapted to ocean stressors
<p>Genotypic information for 48 Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) used in study by Perry <i>et al</i>.: Do genetic ecotypes drive physiological responses to a changing world? Indications that coastal Atlantic cod are better adapted to ocean stressors.</p><p>Genotypes provided in the GenePop format, with the 3776 SNP loci used detailed in Henriksson <i>et al</i>. (<i>in prep</i>). For further information, please contact Simon Henriksson (simon.henriksson@gu.se). </p><p> </p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.