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Figure 29 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 29. Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Order Spirostreptida s. l. (sensu Hoffman 1980a, Shelley 2003a), parameters as in Fig. 1. Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene fossil from Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992).
Figure 49-50. Distributions. 49 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 49-50. Distributions. 49) Distributions of Merocheta/Polydesmida in Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and western Asia; the dotted line circumscribes an area lacking both records and samples. 50) Distributions of Merocheta/Polydesmida in Central Asia; the dotted line circumscribes an area lacking both records and samples.
Figure 28 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 28. Distribution of the Order Spirobolida, parameters as in Fig. 1. Inverted triangle, location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous fossil from Mongolia.
Figure 41 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 41. Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Order Chordeumatida, parameters as in Fig. 1; a few records are available from the dotted area in North America. The upper arrow denotes the Tingupidae record from Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA, and the lower one indicates the known and projected ranges of Eudigonidae in Chile.
Figure 45-46. Distributions. 45 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 45-46. Distributions. 45) Distribution of the Order Stemmiulida. 46) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Superorder Merocheta and the Order Polydesmida, parameters as in Fig. 1. No records or samples are available from the dotted areas.
Figure 39 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 39. Distribution of Callipodida in Europe and the Middle East. The question mark denotes the record from Budapest, Hungary, whose origin is uncertain.
Figure 34-35. Distributions. 34 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 34-35. Distributions. 34) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Suborder Spirostreptidea, parameters as in Fig. 1. 35) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Superorder Nematophora, parameters as in Fig. 1; a few records are available from the dotted area in North America. The upper arrow denotes the Chordeumatida (Tingupidae) record from Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA, and the lower one denotes the known and projected distribution of Chordeumatida (Eudigonidae) in Chile.
Figure 22 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 22. Distribution of the Order Siphonophorida; the dot in North America/USA (California) signifies the type and only known locality of Illacme plenipes Cook and Loomis, 1928 (Siphonorhinidae), the world's "leggiest" animal (Cook and Loomis 1928; Shelley 1996c, d; Marek and Bond 2006). The question mark represents the generalized record from Northern Territory, Australia (Black 1997), and the arrow denotes the locality of Siphonophoridae on Auckland Island, New Zealand (Johns 1964).
Figure 19-20. Distributions. 19 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 19-20. Distributions. 19) Distribution of Platydesmida in Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. 20) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distribution of the Order Polyzoniida, parameters as in Fig. 15.
Figure 32 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 32. Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Suborder Epinannolenidea. Parameters are as in Fig. 1, except the question marks in Australia represent general records from Northern Territory, South Australia, and northern Western Australia (Black 1997).
Figure 53 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 53. Land areas in the Mid-Cambrian Period, Paleozoic Era, adapted from the website of Ron Blakey, Geology Dept., Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA (http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~ rcb7/RCB.html), symbols as in Fig. 52. The bold arrow represents emergence of the original ancestor from the Iapetus Ocean onto the Avalonia terrane that is still attached to Gondwana I around 524 ma, and the short, lighter arrows show initial dispersions through Avalonia and onto Gondwana I proper; at this time, other land masses and the rest of Gondwana I were devoid of diplopods. A, Avalonia terrane; Af, "proto-Africa" region of Gondwana I; B, Baltica; GI, Gondwana I; K, Kazakhstania; L, Laurentia; S, Siberia; SA, "proto-South America" region of Gondwana I.
Figure 30 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 30. Distribution of the Suborder Cambalidea. Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene fossil from Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992).
Figure 23-25. Distributions. 23 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 23-25. Distributions. 23) Distribution of the "minor" orders. Star/Circled Areas, Siphonocryptida (Colobognatha); Dots, Siphoniulida (Helminthomorpha incertae sedis). 24) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Subterclass Eugnatha showing the locations of significant fossils. The arrow points to the Kodiak Island, Alaska, USA, record of Chordeumatida (Tingupidae). Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil from Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil in Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992). 25) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Superorder Juliformia showing the locations of significant fossils. Parameters as in Fig. 1 except no records or samples are available from the dotted area in North America, the Great Basin Physiographic Province, western USA. Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil from Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil in Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992). The question mark indicates the generalized record of Epinannolenidea from Northern Territory, Australia (Black 1997).
Figure 14-15. Distributions. 14 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 14-15. Distributions. 14) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distributions of the Infraclass Helminthomorpha showing the locations of significant fossils, parameters as in Fig. 1. It differs from that of the Subclass Chilognatha (Fig. 5) in the imperceptibly shorter length along the southern coast of Western Australia, the only place where Pentazonia have been taken without helminthomorphs. Upright triangle, site of Archidesmus macnioli Peach, 1887, the oldest fossil, from Silurian deposits in Scotland; Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil from Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil in Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992). 15) Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) distribution of the Subterclass Colobognatha. The question marks in Australia represent generalized records from Northern Territory, South Australia, and "Upper Western Australia" by Black (1997). Some point localities probably represent the ubiquitous, introduced polyzoniidan (Siphonotidae), Rhinotus purpureus (Pocock, 1894).
Figure 10 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 10. Distributions of Oniscomorpha and Glomerida in North America/the Western Hemisphere. Star, site of the non-spinose fossil from Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA..
Figure 7-9. Distributions. 7 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 7-9. Distributions. 7) Distributions of the Superorder Limacomorpha and the order Glomeridesmida, at present excluding the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The arrow denotes the new record from Fiji (Appendix). 8) Distribution of the Superorder Oniscomorpha. Star, site of the non-spinose Carboniferous fossil from Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA. 9) Distribution of the Order Glomerida, parameters as in Fig. 1, 6.
Figure 5-6. Distributions. 5 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 5-6. Distributions. 5)Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) indigenous distributions of the Subclass Chilognatha showing the locations of significant fossils, parameters as in Fig. 1. It is essentially identical to that of the Infraclass Helminthomorpha (Fig. 14), the only difference being imperceptibly greater eastward expansion for Chilognatha on the southern coast of Western Australia. At present, this is the only place in the world where the Infraclass Pentazonia (Fig. 6) influences the overall distribution of a higher diplopod taxon. Upright triangle, site of Archidesmus macnioli Peach, 1887, the oldest helminthomorph fossil, from Silurian deposits in Scotland; Star, site of the non-spinose oniscomorph pentazonian Carboniferous fossil at Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA; Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil from Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil in Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992). 6) Distribution of the Infraclass Pentazonia, which presently excludes the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. The question mark represents the unconfirmed Oniscomorpha (Sphaerotheriida) record from Papua New Guinea (Attems 1943), and the arrow denotes the new Limacomorpha/Glomeridesmida locality in Fiji (Appendix). Star, site of the non-spinose oniscomorph Carboniferous fossil at Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA.
Figure 1 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 1. Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) indigenous distributions of the Diplopoda showing locations of significant fossils. The solid line in southern South America shows the extent of diplopod samplings and known occurrences, but we project the organisms for uninvestigated areas south of the southernmost records, in Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile, and Santa Cruz Prov., Argentina, the unsubstantiated record of the polyxenid from the last (Mauriès 1998), Propolyxenus patagonicus (Silvestri, 1903), being indicated by the question mark. Except for records from Kodiak Island, Alaska (Chordeumatida) (left arrow), the Hawaiian Islands (Cambalidea), and the Federal Republic of the Marshall Islands (Polyxenida) (right arrow), oceanic islands and archipelagos harboring ostensibly indigenous forms are grouped with the continent with apparent faunal affinity; the Cape Verde Islands are combined with both Africa and Europe because of dual affinities, Spirostreptidea and Glomerida/ Julida, respectively. Only a few records and samples, especially of Chilognatha, are available from the dotted areas in Africa and North America; no extant records and samples are available from those in Eurasia and South America. The southeast Asian area encircled by triangles is the only place where all 16 orders occur indigenously. Upright triangle, site of Archidesmus macnioli Peach, 1887, the oldest helminthomorph fossil, from Silurian deposits in Scotland; Star, site of the non-spinose oniscomorph pentazonian Carboniferous fossil at Mazon Creek, Illinois, USA; Inverted triangle, approximate location of Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik, 1975, the Cretaceous spirobolidan fossil in Mongolia; Asterisk, location of Protosilvestria sculpta, the Oligocene cambalidean fossil from Quercy, France (Mauriès 1992).
Figure 3 in Atlas of Myriapod Biogeography. I. Indigenous Ordinal and Supra-Ordinal Distributions in the Diplopoda: Perspectives on Taxon Origins and Ages, and a Hypothesis on the Origin and Early Evolution of the Class
Figure 3. Known (solid lines) and projected (dashed lines) indigenous distributions of the Subclass Penicillata and Order Polyxenida. The arrow denotes the record from the Federal Republic of the Marshall Islands; the upright question mark (?) denotes the unsubstantiated record of Propolyxenus patagonicus (Silvestri, 1903) from Santa Cruz Prov., Argentina (Mauriès 1998); and the inverted question mark (¿) indicates uncertain occurrence on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Other parameters as in Fig. 1. Too few records exist from Canada to project a northern boundary in North America, and the isolated record from central Asia (Kyrgyzstan) is too distant to be combined with an area where records cluster. No records are available from the dotted areas in India and North America, and the only one from that in Africa is Chilexenus schultzei (Attems, 1909) from Botswana (Hamer 1998).
FIG. 3 in Le genre Stolzia (Orchidaceae) en Afrique centrale avec deux nouveaux taxons
FIG. 3. — Stolzia repens (Rolfe) Summerh. var. cleistogama Stévart, Droissart & Simo, Droissart 68: A, fleur fermée (haut) et fleur ouverte (bas) vues de profil; B, sépale médian (gauche), sépale latéral (milieu) et pétale (droite); C, labelle étalé; D, loge pollinique (opercule) vue de profil; E, plante entière. Échelles: A, 5 mm; B, C, 1 mm; D, 0,5 mm; E, 1 cm.
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