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Fig. 1 in New multituberculate teeth from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco

Fig. 1. Comparision of left lower m2in Paulchoffatioidea superfam. nov. A. Hahnodon taqueti Sigogneau−Russell, 1991a; redrawn from SigogneauRussell, 1991a: fig. 2c. B. Denisodon moroccensis gen. et sp. nov. C. Kuehneodon sp.; redrawn from Hahn and Hahn 1998: fig. 39b. D. Pinheirodon sp.; redrawn from Hahn and Hahn 1999b: fig. 29c.

Fig. 5 in New multituberculate teeth from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco

Fig. 5. Comparison of upper right premolars with a shortened buccal row of cusps. A. Hahnodontidae, gen. et sp. indet., P3 or P4, posterior portion of tooth with the preserved posterior lingual cusps,?L3–5. B. Kielanodon hopsoni G. Hahn 1987, Paulchoffatiidae, P3. Redrawn from G. Hahn, 1987: text−fig. 8a. C. Pinheirodontidae, gen. et sp. indet., P4. Redrawn from Hahn and Hahn 1999b: fig. 59c. D. Eobaatar magnus Kielan−Jaworowska, Dashzeveg and Trofimov, 1987, Eobataridae, P5. Redrawn from KielanJaworowska et al. 1987: text.−fig. 3B.

Fig. 2 in New multituberculate teeth from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco

Fig. 2. Hahnodon taqueti Sigogneau−Russell, 1991a, holotype, left m2, MNHN SA 33, in occlusal (A) and lingual (B) views. Drawn after Sigogneau−Russell 1991a: fig. 2c, a, respectively. Scale bar 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in New multituberculate teeth from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco

Fig. 3. Denisodon moroccensis gen. et sp. nov., right m2, holotype, MNHN SA 97, in occlusal (A), buccal (B), lingual (C), anterior (D), and posterior (E) views; in A anterior is up. Scale bar 1 mm.

Fig. 4 in New multituberculate teeth from the Early Cretaceous of Morocco

Fig. 4. Hahnodontidae, gen. et sp. indet., left upper posterior premolar (P3 or P4), MNHN SA 152in occlusal (A), lingual (B), buccal (C), and posterior (D) views; in A anterior is up. Scale bar 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 4. Examples of select taxonomically identifiable fossil ichthyoliths and modern counterparts. All modern ichthyoliths were isolated from specimens in the Scripps Marine Vertebrate Collection. The fossil Myctophidae and Triakidae specimens are from ODP Site 1262, and are 62 million years old. The Scaridae modern teeth are from Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History's Fish Collection and subfossil teeth are from coral reef sediment cores taken off of the coast of Bocas del Toro, Panama, and are approximately 1200 years old.

FIGURE 3. Paleocene-aged ichthyoliths from ODP Site 1262, stained with Alizarin Red S in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 3. Paleocene-aged ichthyoliths from ODP Site 1262, stained with Alizarin Red S. The scale bar is 500 μm, with teeth>106 μm in the upper row and teeth <106 μm in the lower. Note that in the coloring effect is present in all teeth, however, the degree of staining varies.

FIGURE 2. A flowchart showing the steps for sediment processing for efficient and effective ichthyolith isolation from a in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 2. A flowchart showing the steps for sediment processing for efficient and effective ichthyolith isolation from a variety of sediment types. Sediment types are in boxes, while processing steps are shown in ovals.

FIGURE 1 in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 1. An assortment of large (>106 μm fraction) denticles (elasmobranch scales; left) and fish teeth (right) from DSDP Site 596, a red clay core in the South Pacific. These ichthyoliths are approximately 52 million years old. Image was taken on the Hull Lab Imaging System, Yale University. Scale bar is 500 μm.

Fig. 14 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 14. Diagrams to illustrate postulated evolution of occlusion. A–E. Divergence between Allotheria and Mammaliaformes. The teeth are seen mesiodistally, buccal to the left. Arrows indicate direction of the power stroke. A. Plesiomorphic condition, e.g., Sinoconodon, with no occlusal contact. B, C. Opposition develops by formation of supplementary cusprows in Allotheria; B is a hypothetical transitional stage. D. Unilateral transverse shearing in morganucodonts. E. Rearrangement (triangulation) of cusps, as in symmetrodonts, resulting in mesially and distally facing wear facets. F–I. Allotherians illustrating stages in the evolution of palinal occlusion. Teeth seen in side view, distal to the left. F. Vertical crushing in Theroteinus. G. Distally oblique crushing in Millsodon. H. Basin grinding with palinal movement in Thomasia. I. Horizontal palinal grinding in multituberculates.

Fig. 13. Allotheria incertae sedis, BMNH M46234, left I2 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 13. Allotheria incertae sedis, BMNH M46234, left I2 in lingual (A), distal (B), occlusal (C), and buccal (D) views. Mesial end upwards in C, crown upwards in the rest.

Fig. 12. BDUC J 782 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 12. BDUC J 782, left upper premolar, referred to Hahnotherium antiquum gen. et sp. nov. in occlusal (A), lingual (B), distal (C), and buccal (D) views. The three rows of cusps are labelled L, B, BB. Crown upwards in C, mesial end upwards in the rest.

Fig. 11. Right second lower molars. A. BMNH M46763 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 11. Right second lower molars. A. BMNH M46763, referred to Hahnotherium antiquum gen. et sp. nov. B. Kuehneodon sp. (based on Hahn 1969: fig. 36). C. Pinheirodon vastus (based on Hahn and Hahn 1999: fig. 4b). D. Bolodon osborni (based on Kielan−Jaworowska and Ensom 1992: pl. 3: 5). Mesial end upwards.

Fig. 9. BMNH M46640, right P3 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 9. BMNH M46640, right P3/4, referred to Kermackodon multicuspis gen. et sp. nov. A. Occlusal view, mesial to right. B. Basal view, mesial to left. C. Lingual view. D. Buccal view, crown upwards in C and D.

Fig. 10 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 10. Hahnotherium antiquum gen. et sp. nov., BMNH M46797, left M2 (holotype). A. Occlusal view, mesial end upwards. B. Oblique mesiobuccal view; to show buccally facing facets on buccal cusps; and contact facet at mesial end. C. Lingual view, crown upwards.

Fig. 7. A in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 7. A. Kermackodon multicuspis gen. et sp. nov., BMNH M46822, left M2 (holotype) in occlusal (A1), mesial (A2), distal (A3), buccal (A4), and lingual (A5) views. B. Paulchoffatiid M2 (re−drawn and simplified after Hahn 1969: fig 80). C. Bolodon osborni M2 (re−drawn from KielanJaworowska and Ensom 1992: pl. 3: 8)). Mesial end upwards in A1, B, C, crown upwards in the rest. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of epoxy resin casts. A–C. Kermackodon multicuspis gen. et sp. nov. A. BMNH M46822, right M2 (holotype) in occlusal (A1), oblique lingual (A2), and oblique buccal (A3) views. B. BMNH M46684, right p4 (referred) in distal (B1), lingual (B2), buccal (B3), and occlusal (B4) views. C. BMNH M46640, right upper premolar (referred) in lingual (C1) and occlusal (C2) views. D. Allotheria incertae sedis, BMNH M46234, left I2, lingual view. E, F. Hahnotherium antiquum gen. et sp. nov. E. BMNH M46717, left M2 (holotype) in occlusal (E1) and mesio−lingual (E2) views. F. BMNH M46773, right m2 (referred) in mesio−occlusal (F1), occlusal (F2), and mesio−lingual (F3) views. Mesial end upwards in A1, B4, C2, E1, F2, crown upwards in A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, D, E2, F3.

Fig. 5. A–D in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 5. A–D. Kirtlingtonia catenata gen. et sp. nov. A. BMNH M46497, right last upper molar (holotype) in occlusal (A1), buccal (A2), and lingual (A3) views. B. BMNH M46579, right last upper molar (paratype) in occlusal (B1), lingual (B2), and distal (B3) views. C. BMNH M46818, left upper premolar (referred) in occlusal (C1), lingual (C2), mesial (C3), and buccal (C4) views. D, E. Comparison of Kirtlingtonia (D) with M2 of a paulchoffatiid, genus B (after Hahn and Hahn 1998a) (E). Arrows represent postulated position of buccal and lingual cusp rows of m2. Not to scale. F. BDUC J 562, undetermined haramiyid, interpreted as a left lower molar, in occlusal (F1), lingual (F2), and distal (F3) views. Mesial end upwards in A1, A2, A3, B1, C1, D, E, F1; crown upwards in B2, B3, C2, C3, C4, F2, F3.

Fig. 3 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 3. "Haramiyidan" teeth. A, B. Millsodon superstes gen. et sp. nov. A. BMNH M46645, right m1 (holotype), in occlusal (A1), buccal (A2), and distal (A3) views. B. BMNH M46183, left m3 (paratype) in occlusal (B1), buccal (B2), and distal (B3) views. Mesial end upwards in occlusal and buccal views, crown upwards in distal view. C, D. Staffia aenigmatica. C1, C2, C3, right m1; D1, D2, D3, m3; redrawn after Heinrich (2002: fig. 5), corresponding views. The m3 is interpreted as a left tooth. E, F. Thomasia, redrawn after Sigogneau−Russell (1989: figs. 18, 7). E1, E2, right "Thomasia II" (?= m1); F1, F2, left (right reversed) small "Thomasia I" (?= m3). Mesial end upwards in occlusal and buccal views, crown upwards in distal views. G. BDUC J 3, right upper molar referred to Millsodon superstes, occlusal (G1), lingual (G2), and mesial (G3) views. In G1 and G2 the wear facets, indicated by vertical hatching, are probably due to the mesial cusp of the lower molar. G1, mesial end upwards; G2, G3, crown upwards. H. Postulated occlusal relations of upper and lower molars (shown as left in H2) of M. superstes, based on BDUC J 3 and BMNH M46645. H1, occlusal view, buccal side upwards; H2, lingual view; mesial end to right in both. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in New teeth of allotherian mammals from the English Bathonian, including the earliest multituberculates

Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of epoxy resin casts. All in BMNH collection. A–C. Eleutherodon oxfordensis. A. M46832, right upper molar. B. M46821, right upper molar. C. M46851, left lower molar. D, E. Millsodon superstes gen. et sp. nov. D. M46645, right lower molar (m1), holotype. E. M46183, left lower molar (m3), paratype in buccal (E1) and occlusal (E2) views. F–H. Kirtlingtonia catenata gen. et sp. nov. F. M46497, right upper molar, holotype. G. M46183, right upper molar, paratype in occlusal (G1) and oblique lingual (G2, G3) views, higher magnification to show striations in basin. H. M46818, left upper premolar in lingual (H1) and occlusal (H2) views. Mesial end upwards in occlusal views, crown upwards in buccal and lingual views.