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Fig. 2 in Feeding habits of the threatened aquatic Andean frog Telmatobius rubigo (Anura: Telmatobiidae)

Fig. 2. Coverage-based rarefaction (solid line) and extrapolation (dotted line) curves for prey sample completeness (Hill numbers of order q = 0) of the analyzed stomachs of Telmatobius rubigo. The 95% confidence interval boundaries (gray lines) were calculated based on 200 bootstrap replicates.

Fig. 1 in Feeding habits of the threatened aquatic Andean frog Telmatobius rubigo (Anura: Telmatobiidae)

Fig. 1. Adult male of Telmatobius rubigo in its natural habitat in the locality of Santa Catalina, Jujuy province, Argentina. Photo by Mauricio Sebastián Akmentins. de Los Pozuelos basin (Barrionuevo and Abdala 2018; The frogs were located in the rivers through an active Barrionuevo and Baldo 2009). This fully aquatic frog search by visual encounter (Crump and Scott 1994), has a unique feeding behavior among anurans, using a during January and March 2020 (Fig. 1). The frogs specialized feeding mechanism of inertial suction to were captured manually, and the stomach contents were capture their prey (Barrionuevo 2016). Beyond this obtained in situ by the modified technique of stomach singular prey capture mechanism, the knowledge about flushing (Legler and Sullivan 1979; Solé et al. 2005), the trophic ecology of this species remains incomplete. which avoids mortality of the frogs. The stomach This study analyzed the feeding habits of the Laguna contents were individually preserved with 70% ethanol de Los Pozuelos' Rusted Frog in the desert Puna in 1.5 ml polypropylene tubes for subsequent analysis. environment of Jujuy province, Argentina. Due to the For each frog, the sex was recorded based on secondary combination of a strictly aquatic life habit and the inertial sexual characters, such as nuptial pads and keratinized suction feeding mechanism, we expected a predominance spicules on the chest (Barrionuevo and Baldo 2009). The of aquatic items in the diet of this species. Determining size of each frog was measured as the Snout-Vent Length the composition of prey can provide valuable biological (SVL) with a digital dial caliper to the nearest 0.1 mm information to better understand the ecology of this (Mitutoyo Absolute Digimatic, Kawasaki, Japan) and threatened aquatic Andean frog. each frog was weighed with a portable digital scale to the nearest 0.1 g (OHAUS, Parsippany, New Jersey, USA). Materials and Methods After diet samples and measurements were taken, the frogs were released at the capture site. The study was conducted in three localities of occurrence The stomach contents were analyzed under a of Telmatobius rubigo in Jujuy province, Argentina stereomicroscope, and prey were identified to the level (Barrionuevo and Abdala 2018): Queta, in the southern of subclass for Annelida, and to the level of order or distributional range (22°43'7.88"S, 65°58'19.71"W; family for Arthropoda. For each item (prey category), 3,548 m asl); Casa Colorada, in the western distributional the number (N), volume (V), and occurrences (F) were range (22°22'8.9"S, 66°13'29.7"W; 4,333 m asl); and calculated as both absolute and percentage values. The Santa Catalina, in the northern distributional range, volume for intact prey items was estimated according near the type locality of the species (21°56'58.2"S, to the formula used by Dunham (1983) for a prolate 66°02'21.6"W; 3,802 m asl). These localities are in the spheroid: V= 4/3 π x (prey length/2) x (prey width/2)2. Central Andean Puna ecoregion (Dinerstein et al. 1995). The representativeness of the diet sample was The climate is typical of high-altitude desert, being cold evaluated by constructing a coverage-based (species and dry with large daily thermal fluctuations. Precipitation richness) rarefaction curve for incidence data (Chao and events are scarce, occurring as snow and hail in the winter Jost 2012), using iNEXT package, version 2.0.5 (Chao et and rain in summer (Barrionuevo and Baldo 2008). al. 2016) in the program R (R Core Team 2017).

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Fig. 3 in Disease reservoirs threaten the recently rediscovered Podocarpus Stubfoot Toad (Atelopus podocarpus)

Fig. 3. Comparison of infection burdens in Gastrotheca tadpoles between three of the six sites. The asterisks denote significant differences. The boxplot was produced in ggplot 2 (Ginestet 2011).

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Fig. 1 in Disease reservoirs threaten the recently rediscovered Podocarpus Stubfoot Toad (Atelopus podocarpus)

Fig. 1. The Podocarpus Stubfoot Toad (Atelopus podocarpus) was rediscovered along a single stream in Yacuri National Park (Ecuador) in 2016, after having been presumed extinct in the years following the last previous sighting in 1994. Photo by Phil Jervis.

Fig. 2 in Impacts of a highway on the population genetic structure of a threatened freshwater turtle (Glyptemys insculpta)

Fig. 2. Estimate of short-term gene flow among populations north and south of Interstate Highway 88 (gray bar) and the Susquehanna River (dashed line) shown with 95% confidence intervals. Circle size reflects relative sample size. Values inside of circles represent the contribution of gene flow from within populations.

Fig. 1. Study area. Interstate Highway 88 in Impacts of a highway on the population genetic structure of a threatened freshwater turtle (Glyptemys insculpta)

Fig. 1. Study area. Interstate Highway 88 (I-88) and the Susquehanna River (Susq.) bisect Otsego and Delaware Counties, New York, USA.

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Figure 1 in First record of the near threatened native seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Teleostei: Syngnathidae) in an ecosystem dominated by the invasive seagrass Halophila stipulacea in the Caribbean Sea

Figure 1. – Specimen of Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933, photographed in a dense Halophila stipulacea seagrass bed on the west coast of Martinique Island, on 9th June 2017.

Fig. 19 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Fig. 19. Mining concessions in southern Peru, Moquegua and Tacna regions. Yellow circles represent the record of Euathlus vanessae sp. nov.

Figs 3-5 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Figs 3-5. Euathlus vanessae sp. nov., male holotype (MUSA-AR 234), morphology of left palpal bulb: 3, ventral view; 4, prolateral view; 5, retrolateral view. The boxes indicate the apical embolus: serrated edge with three teeth at PI (AK, accessorial keel; PI, prolateral inferior keel; PS, prolateral superior keel). Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figs 16, 17 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Figs 16, 17. Different habitats where Euathlus vanessae sp. nov. has been collected: 16, cacti and scrubs, approximately at 3500 m a.s.l.; 17, low shrubs, perennial herbaceous plants and queñua relicts (Polylepis besseri Hieron) approximately at 4100 m a.s.l. Photos by O. M. Quispe-Colca.

Figs 1, 2 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Figs 1, 2. Euathlus vanessae sp. nov., habitus, dorsal view: 1, male holotype (MUSA-AR 234) Moquegua, Mariscal Nieto, Moquegua; 2, female paratype (MUSA-AR 228) from queñua relicts (Polylepis besseri Hieron), Asana, Torata, Mariscal Nieto, Moquegua. Photos by O. M. Quispe-Colca.

Figs 11-15 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Figs 11-15. Euathlus vanessae sp. nov., female paratype (MUSA-AR 230): 11, carapace, dorsal view; 12, sternum, labium, maxillae and coxae, ventral view; 13, ocular tubercle, dorsal view; 14, spermathecae, ventral view; 15, abdomen, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm (Figs 13, 14), 5 mm (Figs 11, 12, 15).

Figs 6-10 in First record of the tarantula genus Euathlus (Araneae: Theraphosidae: Theraphosinae) in Peru, with the description of a threatened new species

Figs 6-10. Euathlus vanessae sp. nov., male holotype (MUSA-AR 234): 6, carapace, dorsal view; 7, sternum, labium, maxillae and coxae, ventral view; 8, ocular tubercle, dorsal view; 9, left tibial apophysis, ventral view; 10, abdomen, dorsal view (PB, prolateral branch; RB, retrolateral branch). Scale bar = 1 mm (Figs 8, 9), 5 mm (Figs 6, 7, 10).

Fig. 4 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 4. (a) Differences in latencY to first orientation towards loudspeakers of male Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) tested at RFAD with plaYbacks of acoustic stimuli built from recordings of natural calls. (b) Differences in latencY to focal males approach within 30 cm of loudspeakers in the same experiments. Values in top-right corner of (b) and (c) correspond to Kruskall-Wallis Test statistics and p-values, assuming Chi-square distribution with two degrees of freedom.

Fig. 3 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 3. (a) Waveform (upper graph) and spectrogram (lower graph) of a 14 s bout of advertisement calls of Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) recorded near Altamira, State of Pará, Brazil. First three calls are considered warm-up calls, formed by four notes. Remaining calls are formed by six notes. (b) Detailed view of waveform and spectrogram of a single call formed by six notes, originating from the same call bout. Roman numerals correspond to the designation of silent intervals between notes; arabic numerals correspond to the designation of notes (see Table 1 for a description of parameters of notes and silent intervals). Air temperature at the time of recording was 29.0°C.

Fig. 2 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 2. Sample spectrograms of stimuli used in the playback experiments conducted at Reserva Ducke (RFAD), in Manaus, Brazil, from December 2011 to April 2012. The original advertisement calls of A. femoralis males used for the stimuli were recorded in (a) RFAD, Manaus, State of Amazonas, Brazil in June 2008, by L. K. Erdtmann; (b) Belterra, State of Pará, Brazil, in January 2007, by P. I. Simões; (c) Altamira, State of Pará, Brazil, in March 2009, by A.P. Lima. Air temperature at the time of recording was 24.7 °C, 24.7 °C, 28.6 °C, respectivelY. Advertisement calls were analYZed in Raven 1.2 using Blackmann window, 80% overlapping and a fast Fourier transform with frequency resolution of 80 Hz and 2048 points.

Fig. 1 in On the distinctive call of a threatened phenotype of Allobates femoralis (Anura: Aromobatidae) and its recognition by allopatric conspecific males

Fig. 1. (A) Location of the study site and sources of Allobates femoralis (Boulenger, 1884) acoustic stimuli in the Central Brazilian Amazon. Open triangle: Reserva Ducke (RFAD), north of Manaus, State of Amazonas, where behavioral experiments were conducted. At RFAD A. femoralis males emit advertisement calls formed by four notes. Open dot: Belterra, State of Pará, where A. femoralis males also emit calls formed by four notes. Solid dot: Altamira, State of Pará, where A. femoralis males emit calls formed by six notes. (B) Distribution of the six-note advertisement call phenotype of A. femoralis in the Altamira region (graY dots) and depiction of hYpothesiZed effects of Belo Monte power plant along the area delimited bY a black dashed line in (A). The estimation of impacted areas was adapted from SEVÁ FILHO (2005) and does not depict effects predicted from forest clearing and other human activities around the urban perimeters of Altamira and Vitória do Xingu.

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Fig. 4 in Dung beetles in a Caatinga Natural Reserve: a threatened Brazilian dry-forest with high biological value

Fig. 4. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination of the dung beetle communities in: (a) Riparian Forest (RF), Capoeira (CAP) and Arboreal Caatinga (ARB); (b) Management (MZ) and Preservation Zone (PZ) of the Brazilian National Reserve FLONA Contendas do SincorÁ, state of Bahia.

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Fig. 3 in Dung beetles in a Caatinga Natural Reserve: a threatened Brazilian dry-forest with high biological value

Fig. 3. Species richness accumulation curves for the Management zone and Natural resources zone stablished in the management plan of the FLONA Contendas do SincorÁ conservation unit, state of Bahia, Brazil.