Find research datasets worth reusing

openother-openOct 2022View details →

Text Mining of Archaeological Reports for Urban farming (data and code)

This release is created to create a DOI in Zenodo for the data related to Fischer, AD, van Londen, H, Blonk-van den Bercken, AL, Visser, RM and Renes, J. 2021. Urban farming and ruralisation in the Netherlands (1250 up tot the nineteenth century), unravelling farming practice and the use of (open) space by synthesising archaeological reports using text mining. Nederlandse Archeologische Rapporten 68. Amersfoort: Rijksdienst voor het Cultureel Erfgoed. <a href="https://www.cultureelerfgoed.nl/publicaties/publicaties/2021/01/01/urban-farming-and-ruralisation-in-the-netherlands">https://www.cultureelerfgoed.nl/publicaties/publicaties/2021/01/01/urban-farming-and-ruralisation-in-the-netherlands</a>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Towards transferable data-driven models to predict urban pluvial flood water depth in Berlin, Germany

The attached files include the predictive features and the water depth from 2D hydrodynamic simulations that were used to train data driven models to predict water depth in Berlin.

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Data from: Variation in flower size and shape of Impatiens capensis is correlated with urbanization in Montreal, Canada

Urbanization is changing the conditions in which many species live, forcing them to adjust to these novel environments. Floral size and shape are critical traits for the reproduction of plants pollinated by animals as they are involved in the attraction of pollinators and in efficient pollination. Variation in size and shape could be affected by urbanization via its modification of the abiotic environment (habitat fragmentation, water availability, temperature, soil properties), or via its impact on the biotic environment of plants (pollination, herbivory). Although numerous studies have assessed the impact of urbanization on pollinator communities and on many plant traits, few have investigated its impact on floral size and shape while quantifying the proportion of the total urbanization effect that is due to biotic interactions. In this study, we tested if urbanization and pollinator visitation rates affects the flower shape of the spotted jewelweed, Impatiens capensis. We quantified size and shape of flowers in frontal and profile views using geometric morphometrics for 228 individuals from six populations from the region of Montreal, Canada. Pollinator visitation rates were estimated at each site and the main pollinators were found to be bumblebees, honeybees and hummingbirds. We found that floral size and shape are significantly correlated with urbanization as measured by the amount of vegetation in the surrounding environment of the plants (mean normalized vegetation index, NDVI) and by the visitation rates of bumblebees and honey bees. Partitioning of the total flower shape variation suggests that urbanization affects flower shape through abiotic factors and via its impact on pollinator visitation rates. While further studies from other cities are necessary to confirm the role of urbanization in shaping the floral shape of I. capensis, these results support the idea that urbanization could affect flower shapes.

opencanada-crownMay 2024View details →

Ottawa climate data for building simulations with urban heat island effects and nature-based solutions

As cities face rising temperatures, increased frequency of extreme weather events, and altered precipitation patterns, buildings are subjected to increasing energy demand, heat stress, thermal comfort issues, and decreased service life. Therefore, evaluating building performance under changing climate conditions is essential for building sustainable and resilient communities. Unique climate characteristics of cities, such as the urban heat island effect, are not well simulated by global or regional climate models, and is therefore often not included in typical building analyses. Consequently, a computationally efficient approach is used to generate “urbanized” climate data, derived from regional climate models, to prepare building simulation climate data that incorporate urban effects. We demonstrate this process using existing climate data for Ottawa airport’s weather station and extend it to prepare projections for scenarios where nature-based solutions, such as increased greenery and albedo, were implemented. We find significant improvements in the representation of the urban heat island and subsequent cooling effects of nature-based solutions in the urbanized climate data. This dataset allows building practitioners to evaluate building performance under historical and potential future changes in climate, considering the complex interactions within the urban canopy and the implementation of mitigation efforts such as nature-based solutions. This dataset contains hourly historical and future weather files for use in building simulations for the city of Ottawa, Canada. While similar weather files are usually based on measurements taken at a city's nearby airport, the current dataset utilizes a novel statistical-dynamical downscaling technique which involves the use of the dynamical Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model combined with a statistical approach and climate projections from an ensemble of 15 Canadian Regional Climate Model 4 (CanRCM4) to generate urban climate data which includes the effects of the urban heat island and different nature-based solutions (NBS) as mitigation strategies (such as increasing surface albedo and greenery). Additionally, different levels of implementation of these mitigation strategies were produced, for example, when the albedo is increased to 0.40 (ALBD40) and 0.80 (ALBD80), and similarly for the green and combined scenarios, GRN40, GRN80, COMB40, and COMB80. The URBAN scenario is considered the control case where the urban heat island effects are accounted for in the data, but the NBS scenarios are not yet implemtned.  The data are stored in large CSV files, where the rows consists of all 15 realizations of the CanRCM4 ensemble and the variables make up the columns. For example, each 31-year period is repeated 15 times, once for each of the RCM realizations. Therefore, there are 4,073,400 (15x31x8760) rows in each file. We recommend viewing the data using packages from Python or R.     The historical and future global warming thresholds and their corresponding time periods are as follows: <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Global Warming Scenario </td> <td> Time Period </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Historical </td> <td> 1991-2021 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Global Warming 0.5ºC </td> <td> 2003-2033 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Global Warming 1.0ºC </td> <td> 2014-2044 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Global Warming 1.5ºC </td> <td> 2024-2054 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Global Warming 2.0ºC </td> <td> 2034-2064 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Global Warming 2.5ºC </td> <td> 2042-2072 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Global Warming 3.0ºC </td> <td> 2051-2081 </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Global Warming 3.5ºC </td> <td> 2064-2094 </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   The following variables are included in the files: <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Variable</td> <td>Description</td> </tr> <tr> <td>RUN</td> <td>Run number (R1-R15) of Canadian Regional Climate Model, CanRCM4 large ensemble associated with the selected reference year data</td> </tr> <tr> <td>YEAR</td> <td>Year associated with the record</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MONTH</td> <td>Month associated with the record</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DAY</td> <td>Day of the month associated with the record</td> </tr> <tr> <td>HOUR</td> <td>Hour associated with the record</td> </tr> <tr> <td>YDAY</td> <td>Day of the year associated with the record</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DRI_kJPerM2</td> <td>Direct horizontal irradiance in kJ/m2 (total from previous HOUR to the HOUR indicated)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DHI_kJperM2</td> <td>Diffused horizontal irradiance in kJ/m2 (total from previous HOUR to the HOUR indicated)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>DNI_kJperM2</td> <td>Direct normal irradiance in kJ/m2 (total from previous HOUR to the HOUR indicated)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>GHI_kJperM2</td> <td>Global horizontal irradiance in kJ/m2 (total from previous HOUR to the HOUR indicated)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>TCC_Percent</td> <td>Instantaneous total cloud cover at the HOUR in % (range: 0-100)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>RAIN_Mm</td> <td>Total rainfall in mm (total from previous HOUR to the HOUR indicated)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WDIR_ClockwiseDegFromNorth</td> <td>Instantaneous wind direction at the HOUR in degrees (measured clockwise from the North)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>WSP_MPerSec</td> <td>Instantaneous wind speed at the HOUR in meters/sec</td> </tr> <tr> <td>RHUM_Percent</td> <td>Instantaneous relative humidity at the HOUR in %</td> </tr> <tr> <td>TEMP_K</td> <td>Instantaneous temperature at the HOUR in Kelvin</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ATMPR_Pa</td> <td>Instantaneous atmospheric pressure at the HOUR in Pascal</td> </tr> <tr> <td>SnowC_Yes1No0 </td> <td>Instantaneous snow-cover at the HOUR (1 - snow; 0 - no snow)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>SNWD_Cm</td> <td>Instantaneous snow depth at the HOUR in cm</td> </tr> </tbody> </table>

Scientific production data on the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazilian favelas and urban communities (2020-2022)

Spreadsheet of data created for the dissertation ‘The COVID-19 pandemic in Brazilian favelas and urban communities: a bibliometric analysis’, PPGICS/ICICT, Fiocruz, to respond to the bibliometric analysis elaborated in the research, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, May 2024.

Existing Urban Hyperspectral Reference Data

This dataset supports the publication "Urban Hyperspectral Reference Data Availability and Reuse: State-of-the-Practice Review" DOI: 10.1111/phor.12508. The urban hyperspectral signatures of 9 pre-existing spectral libraries have been converted into .xlsx file formats and organized by material category. This reformatted and compiled dataset is uploaded to this open-source repository to promote FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable) data principles and facilitate data preservation and reuse.

Data for irrigation impacts on urban heat stress in North America

Includes all model simulation results, summaries by urban clusters, and evaluation results of the study.  The netcdf files are for various model variables and simulations (noURB for no urban simulation, IRR for irrigation simulation, and CTRL for the urban with no irrigation simulation, which is treated as the baseline), the csv files are the summaries for various cases (by urban cluster, and by world and climate zone for model evaluations), and the geotiff files are the raster images for key variables shown in the manuscript. The python notebook has all the scripts to estimate the heat stress metrics from the netcdf files.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2019View details →

Urban stormwater pond water quality and vegetation cover data

These data include measurements of water physical and chemical parameters and littoral vegetation measurements in urban stormwater ponds located in three different urban land use types in Orlando, Florida, USA.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2019View details →

WASHTREET. Runoff velocity data using different Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques in a full scale urban drainage physical model

WASHTREET - Runoff velocity data using different Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques in a full scale urban drainage physical model. This dataset contains raw data and runoff velocities results obtained using seeded and unseeded Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques in an urban drainage physical model, which is placed in the Hydraulic Laboratory of the Centre for Technological Innovation in Construction and Civil Engineering (CITEEC) at the University of A Coruña (Spain). The objective of this work is to obtain an accurate representation of the surface velocity distribution as part of the <a href="https://zenodo.org/communities/washtreet">WASHTREET project</a>, where a series of high-resolution experiments were performed measuring urban surface wash-off and sediment transport through gully pots and pipes under laboratory-controlled conditions. The experimental facility is a 36 m2 full-scale street section and consists of a rainfall simulator placed over a concrete street surface with two gully pots that drain runoff into an underground pipe system. The dataset was used in the work developed in Naves et al. (2019) (DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.003</a>). A detailed description of experimental setup, procedure, postprocessing and results can be consulted in ‘1_TestsDescription.pdf’. 4K resolution and 25 fps raw videos from which frames are extracted for the PIV analysis are provided for each experiment performed in separated zip files (named as ‘2.(test ID)_RawVideos_(configuration).zip’).  Experiments includes three different steady rainfalls of 30, 50 and 80 mm/h of rain intensity and were recorded with and without added fluorescent traces. Data to orthorectify frames from videos are provided in ‘3_SpatialCalibration.zip’. In addition, 60 seconds of steady conditions are extracted for each test and the frames are processed to obtain velocities from a PIV analysis. ‘4_ProcessedFrames_SteadyFlow.zip’ includes the 1500 rectified and processed frames for each experiment to perform the PIV analysis.  Results of runoff velocity distributions are included in ‘5_VelocityResults.zip’. Further details of the rainfall simulator, physical model geometry and more hydraulic and sediment transport results can be consulted in <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3233918">WASHTREET hydraulic, wash-off and sediment transport experimental data</a>. In addition, data regarding the use of photogrammetry to obtain the elevation map of this physical model is included in <a href="http://www.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3241337">WASHTREET Structure from Motion data</a>. The WASHTREET project is being developed in the scope of the PhD thesis of the first author, which is in receipt of a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities predoctoral grant [FPU14/01778]. The project also receive funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities under POREDRAIN project RTI2018-094217-B-C33 (MINECO/FEDER-EU) Derived publications: <ul> <li>Naves, J., Anta, J., Puertas, J., Regueiro-Picallo, M., & Suárez, J. (2019). Using a 2D shallow water model to assess Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) and Structure from Motion (SfM) techniques in a street-scale urban drainage physical model. Journal of Hydrology, 575, 54-65. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.003">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.003</a></li> <li>Naves, J., Anta, J., Suárez, J., & Puertas, J. (2020). Hydraulic, wash-off and sediment transport experiments in a full-scale urban drainage physical model. Scientific Data, 7(1), 1-13. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0384-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-020-0384-z</a></li> <li>Naves, J., García, J. T., Puertas, J., & Anta, J. (2021). Assessing different imaging velocimetry techniques to measure shallow runoff velocities during rain events using an urban drainage physical model. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 25(2), 885-900. <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-885-2021">https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-885-2021</a> </li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2019View details →

Data for: Comparison of contributions to chloride in urban stormwater from winter brine and rock salt application

Abstract: The use of road salt to increase roadway safety during winter storms releases high concentrations of chloride into urban and suburban stormwater. This stormwater flows into nearby streams, resulting in concentrations of chloride that can exceed water quality standards intended to protect aquatic life. As chloride pollution is not readily filtered by soil or plants, mitigation will require reductions in the amount of salt used. In this study, cities in St. Louis County, Missouri, U.S., were used as a test case for brining as a best management practice (BMP) to reduce salt use relative to the standard practice of spreading solid rock salt. The practice of brining involves the dissolution of road salt in water and the application of the resulting brine solution to roadways in advance of a forecasted winter storm. During the winters of 2016-17 and 2017-18, stormwater runoff from residential areas was monitored in paired cities to determine if the availability of brining as a BMP for salt application on residential roads would result in a decrease of chloride in stormwater and, therefore, a decrease in chloride reaching urban streams. The use of brining by city governments resulted in a 45% average reduction of chloride loads conveyed to streams, demonstrating that brining is a highly viable BMP for local municipal operations. Publication DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02864">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b02864</a>

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2019View details →

Data for "How to use scale invariant properties of imperviousness in urban areas to handle missing data ?"

The data set corresponds the data presented in the data paper : “How to use scale invariant properties of imperviousness in urban areas to handle missing data ?“ which has been submitted to Water Resources Research ” (https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/19447973). It corresponds to : - the rainfall data collected on 2019-06-02 with 5 min and 30 s time steps by a disdrometer installed on the roof of Ecole des Ponts ParisTech building. - land use distribution for the Jouy-en-Josas catchment (1 = forest, 2= road, 3=Grass, 4=building, 5=Gully, 6=missing data), with pixel size of 10 m and 2 m. More details can be found in the file and in the paper.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2018View details →

Data for: Bivalve δ15N isoscapes provide a baseline for urban nitrogen footprint at the edge of a World Heritage coral reef

This dataframe presents the d15N signature of 348 long-lived benthic bivalves from 12 species. Individuals were trapped at 27 sites in 2012 around the Peninsula of Nouméa, New Caledonia. For each bivalve specimen, muscle tissues were dissected and stored frozen. Muscles were freeze-dried, ground into powder, and weighed in tin cups for isotopic analysis (about 1mg in 4 × 6 mm tin cups). Muscle samples were analyzed using a Thermo Delta Advantage mass spectrometer in continuous flow mode connected to a Costech Elemental Analyzer via a ConFlo IV at Union College (Schenectady, NY, USA). Ammonium sulfate [IAEA-N-2], caffeine [IAEA-600], and an in-house acetanilide were used as standards; measurements of δ15N are reported to atmospheric nitrogen. The uncertainty for δ15N measurements was ±0.15&permil; based on repeated analysis of an in-house acetanilide standard. The data base is made of 348 raws corresponding to specimens, and 5 columns presenting an ID, the collection site, the position within the laggon , the species and the measured D15N value.

Metal(loid)s in urban soil from historical municipal solid waste landfill: Geochemistry, source apportionment, bioaccessibility testing and human health risks - Supplementary data

This is a supplementary dataset to the paper: Hiller E., Faragó T., Kolesár M., Filová L., Mihaljevič M., Jurovič L., Demko R., Mchlica A., &Scaron;tefánek J., Vítková M. (2024): Metal(loid)s in urban soil from historical municipal solid waste landfill: Geochemistry, source apportionment, bioaccessibility and human health risks. Chemosphere 362, 142677. DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142677 This research was supported by the Johannes Amos Comenius Programme (OP JAC), project No. CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004605, Natural and anthropogenic georisks. The dataset is published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-4.0). This license allows others to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the dataset for any purpose, even commercially, as long as they give appropriate credit to the original creator(s).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Data and Models for Salt Transport in Desert, Urban, and Irrigated Landscapes

Folders contain data and models (SWAT, SWAT-MODFLOW) for analysis and modeling of salt fate and transport in urban, desert, and irrigated landscapes. Study regions include the Arkansas River Basin and the South Platte River Basin (Colorado, USA). The Education folder contains documentation of a STEM kit created at Colorado State University for guiding middle school and high school students through a 2-hour lab on salt pollution, transport, and mitigation in a mixed irrigation-desert watershed landscape.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Data for Urban Seismic Source Mapping

In this study, we explore the innovative use of existing and ubiquitous urban infrastructure--telecommunication optical fibers--to map urban seismic sources. We integrate seismic interferometry and beamforming algorithms to overcome the proximity limitations of previous urban seismology approaches.  Our method models the propagation of seismic surface waves to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of seismic source power (SSP; average seismic energy per unit of time), enabling the detection and localization of urban seismic sources occurring remotely from optical fibers. <code>Put these pickle files into '/urban_das/data/das_data/' and run the scripts at https://github.com/jingxiaoliu/urban_das</code> If you use this implementation, please cite our papers: <blockquote> [1] Liu, J., Li, H., Noh, H. Y., Santi, P., Biondi, B., & Ratti, C. (2025). Urban sensing using existing fiber-optic networks. Nature Communications, 16(1), 3091. [2] Yuan, S., Liu, J., Noh, H. Y., Clapp, R., & Biondi, B. (2024). Using vehicle‐induced DAS signals for near‐surface characterization with high spatiotemporal resolution. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 129(4), e2023JB028033. [3] Liu, J., Yuan, S., Dong, Y., Biondi, B., & Noh, H. Y. (2023). TelecomTM: A fine-grained and ubiquitous traffic monitoring system using pre-existing telecommunication fiber-optic cables as sensors. Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 7(2), 1-24. </blockquote>

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Data related to Mapping user-related comfort conditions to identify urban planning issues for improved quality of places in cities: The case of Ljubljana, Slovenia

The data consists of parameters including air temperature, noise levels, humidity, and air quality (PM 2.5), measured using a portable ICT device while cycling through the city of Ljubljana between August 1 and August 30, 2022. The data is available as raw CSV files, with each measurement session stored in a separate file. An additional QGIS Project file (qgz) is included, along with maps (in jpg format in ppt) that visually represent the results presented in the article.

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

Data from: Developing and applying a macroinvertebrate‐based multimetric index for urban rivers in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Urban pollution of riverine ecosystem is a serious concern in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. No biomonitoring tool exists for the routine monitoring of effects of urban pollution on riverine systems within the region. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and apply a macroinvertebrate-based multimetric index for assessing water quality condition of impacted urban river systems in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. Macroinvertebrate and physico-chemical samples were collected from 11 stations in eight river systems. Based on the physico-chemical variables, the stations were categorised into three impact categories namely; least impacted stations (LIS), moderately impacted stations (MIS) and heavily impacted stations (HIS). Seventy seven (77) candidate metrics were tested and only five: Hemiptera abundance, %Coleoptera+Hemiptera, %Chironomidae+Oligochaeta, Evenness index and Logarithm of relative abundance of very large body size (>40-80 mm) were retained and integrated into the final Niger Delta urban multimetric index (MINDU). The validation data set showed a correspondence of 83.3% between the index result and the physico-chemically-based classification for the LIS and a 75% correspondence for the MIS. A performance of 22.2% was recorded for the HIS. The newly developed MINDU proved useful as a biomonitoring tool in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria, and can thus be used by environmental managers and government officials for routine monitoring of rivers and streams subjected to urban pollution.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Data from: Urban street lighting differentially affects community attributes of airborne and ground-dwelling invertebrate assemblages

The introduction of artificial light at night (ALAN) into natural and urbanised landscapes is a known and highly pervasive disruptor of invertebrate communities. However, the effect of variation in intensity and spectra of ALAN on invertebrate communities inhabiting different spatial niches is little understood. Further, the remarkable ability of ALAN to continue to disrupt biodiversity even in chronically-illuminated urban landscapes is not often acknowledged. Here, we simultaneously sampled airborne and ground-dwelling invertebrate assemblages under and between urban streetlights to explore the effects on community composition and abundance of a) proximity to decadal (i.e long-illuminated) nocturnal street lighting and b) variation in the spectral output of light. The two assemblages responded differently. For airborne invertebrates, night-time abundance doubled, and night-time assemblage composition was significantly different for traps under, compared with between, streetlights. These differences in abundance were not affected by streetlight intensity, and were absent in day samples, suggesting that even weak ALAN may be causing short-term redistribution of nocturnal invertebrates. Further, the abundance (but not composition) effects of ALAN on airborne invertebrates increased when the streetlights emitted a higher proportion of short-wavelength light. In contrast, for ground-dwelling invertebrates, we found only marginal effects of proximity and spectrum of lighting on abundance and no effect on assemblage composition. However, more intense streetlighting reduced abundance and altered composition at traps both under and between lights. Synthesis and Applications: Public lighting managers must consider ALAN impacts on invertebrate communities not only when introducing ALAN to naïve environments, but also when changing lighting in areas that are highly urbanised and exposed to decades of artificial light at night. Further, lighting proposals and environmental monitoring of invertebrate communities must take into account effects on both ground-dwelling and airborne assemblages, as these may respond very differently to the presence, intensity and spectrum of ALAN.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Data for: Innate immune function and antioxidant capacity of nestlings of an African raptor co-vary with the level of urbanization around breeding territories

Urban areas provide breeding habitats for many species. However, animals raised in urban environments face challenges such as altered food availability and quality, pollution, and pathogens assemblages. These challenges can affect physiological processes like immune function and antioxidant defences which are important for fitness. Here, we explore how levels of urbanisation influence innate immune function, immune response to a mimicked bacterial infection and antioxidant capacity of nestling Black Sparrowhawks Accipiter melanoleucus in South Africa. We also explore the effect of timing of breeding and rainfall on physiology since both can influence the environmental condition under which nestlings are raised. Finally, because urbanisation can influence immune function indirectly, we use path analyses to explore direct and indirect associations between urbanisation, immune function, and oxidative stress. We obtained measures of innate immunity (haptoglobin, lysis, agglutination and bactericidal capacity), indices of antioxidant capacity (total non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity (tAOX), and total glutathione from nestlings from 2015 - 2019. In addition, in 2018 and 2019, we mimicked a bacterial infection by injecting nestlings with lipopolysaccharide and quantified their immune response. Increased urban cover was associated with an increase in lysis and a decrease in tAOX, but not with any of the other physiological parameters. Furthermore, except for agglutination, no physiological parameters were associated with the timing of breeding. Lysis and bactericidal capacity, however, varied consistently with the annual rainfall pattern. Immune response to a mimicked a bacterial infection decreased with urban cover but not with the timing of breeding nor rainfall. Our path analyses suggested indirect associations between urban cover and some immune indices via tAOX but not via the timing of breeding. Our results show that early-life development in an urban environment is associated with variation in immune and antioxidant functions. The direct association between urbanisation and antioxidant capacity and their impact on immune function is likely an important factor mediating the impact of urbanisation on urban-dwelling animals. Future studies should explore how these results are linked to fitness and whether the responses are adaptive for urban-dwelling species.