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Figure 1 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus

Figure 1. The braincase and endocast of Thecodontosaurus antiquus. A, fossil specimen YPM 2192 in left anterolateral view. (courtesy of the Division of Vertebrate Paleontology, YPM 2192, Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA; peabody.yale.edu) B, segmented three-dimensional (3D) model of the braincase in left lateral view. C, composite of the braincase (transparent) and endocast 3D models. D, segmented 3D model of the endocast in left lateral view, showing brain in blue, labyrinth in pink, nerves in yellow and arteries in red. Scale bars: 1 cm.

Figure 6 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus

Figure 6. Model of the left otoccipital of Thecodontosaurus antiquus, specimen YPM 2192, in anterior (A), posterior (B), ventral (C), dorsal (D), lateral (E) and medial (F) views. Abbreviations: boas, basioccipital articular surface; ci, crista interfenestralis; ct, crista tuberalis; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; lscp, lateral semicircular canal passage; mf, metotic foramen; oc, occipital condyle; poas, prootic articular surface; pp, paraoccipital process; psas, parabasisphenoid articular surface; pscp, posterior semicircular canal passage; pyp, pyramidal projection; soas, supraoccipital articular surface; vc, vestibular chamber; XII, hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) foramina. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 9 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus

Figure 9. Model of the labyrinths of Thecodontosaurus antiquus, specimen YPM 2192. A–D, left labyrinth in lateral (A), anterior (B), posterior (C) and dorsal (D) views. E–H, right labyrinth in lateral (E), anterior (F), posterior (G) and dorsal (H) views. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; asca, ampulla of the anterior semicircular canal; cc, crus commune; ecd, endosseous cochlear duct; fv, foramen vestibuli; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; lsca, ampulla of the lateral semicircular canal; psc, posterior semicircular canal; ve, vestibule. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 8 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus

Figure 8. Model of the endocast of Thecodontosaurus antiquus, specimen YPM 2192, in posterior (A), right lateral (B), left lateral (C), anterior (D), dorsal (E) and ventral (F) views. Abbreviations: ce, cerebellum; fl, floccular lobe; ic, internal carotid artery; laby, endosseous labyrinth; mo, medulla oblongata; pit, pituitary; V, trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V); VII, facial nerve (cranial nerve VII); XII, hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII). Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figure 2 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus

Figure 2. Model of the braincase of Thecodontosaurus antiquus, specimen YPM 2192, in dorsal (A), ventral (B), anterior (C), posterior (D), left lateral (E) and left internal (F) views. Abbreviations: BO, basioccipital; bpp, basipterygoid process; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tubera; ccp, crus commune passage; cdg, dorsal groove of cultriform process; ci, crista interfenestralis; cp, cultriform process; cpo, crista prootica; ct, crista tuberalis; dld, dorsolateral depression of prootic; flf, floccular fossa; fm, foramen magnum; fo, foramen ovale; icaf, internal carotid foramina; LS, laterosphenoid; lsas, laterosphenoid articular surface; mf, metotic foramen; mpp, musculus protactor pterygoideus attachment site; nc, nuchal crest; oc, occipital condyle; OO, otoccipital; PO, prootic; pp, paraoccipital process; PS, parabasisphenoid; SO, supraoccipital;

Figure 4 in The braincase, brain and palaeobiology of the basal sauropodomorph dinosaur Thecodontosaurus antiquus

Figure 4. Model of the parabasisphenoid of Thecodontosaurus antiquus, specimen YPM 2192, in dorsal (A), ventral (B), anterior (C), left lateral (D) and posterior (E) views. Abbreviations: boas, basioccipital articular surface; bpp, basipterygoid process; bsr, basisphenoid recess; bt, basal tubera; cdg, dorsal groove of cultriform process; cp, cultriform process; icaf, internal carotid foramina; ooas, otoccipital articular surface; poas, prootic articular surface; pp, preotic pendant; ptas, pterygoid articular surface; ssr, subsellar recess; st, sella turcica. Scale bar: 1 cm.

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Multi-proxy dentition analyses reveal niche partitioning between sympatric herbivorous dinosaurs

In this link we uploaded the raw data related to the MS entitled "Multi-proxy dentition analyses reveal niche partitioning between sympatric herbivorous dinosaurs" submitted to Scientific Reports. These files are used for 3D modelling (volumetric calculation and OPCR tooth crown complexity), CT imaging and 2D and 3D microwear files.

Extended Data Fig. 9 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 9 | Additional results of the morphological disparity analyses. Bivariate plots using: a, Whole skeleton;b, Skull;c, Rostrum; d, Forelimb; e, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium; f, Hindlimb.Sum of variances:g, Whole skeleton;h, Skull;i, Rostrum;j, Forelimb; k, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium;l, Hindlimb. In the Sum of Variances the dots are means and the 95% confidence intervals were generated using the two tails of values recovered from 9,999 bootstrap technical replicates of a dataset composed of n = 5 (Whole skeleton,Skull),n = 4 (Rostrum,Forelimb), n = 3 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 9 (Hindlimb) species of Lagerpetidae, n = 5 (Whole skeleton),n = 6 (Skull,Forelimb),n = 7 (Rostrum, Hindlimb) and n = 3 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) species of Silesauridae,n = 18 (Whole skeleton,Skull,Rostrum), n = 16 (Forelimb),n = 14 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 19 (Hindlimb) species of Dinosauria,and n = 10 (Whole skeleton,Skull,Rostrum),n = 7 (Forelimb, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 6 (Hindlimb) species of Pterosauria. The pterosauromorph silhouette has been adapted from Kellner et al.10 (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). The silesaurid silhouette has been adapted from Müller & Garcia43 (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

i, Heterodontosaurus tucKi. j, Stegosaurus stenops. k, Protoceratops andrewsi. l, Iguanodon bernissartensis. m, Limusaurus inextricabilis. n, Deinocheirus mirificus. o, ErliKosaurus andrewsi. p, Citipati osmolsKae. q, Gobipteryx minuta. r in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

i, Heterodontosaurus tucKi. j, Stegosaurus stenops. k, Protoceratops andrewsi. l, Iguanodon bernissartensis. m, Limusaurus inextricabilis. n, Deinocheirus mirificus. o, ErliKosaurus andrewsi. p, Citipati osmolsKae. q, Gobipteryx minuta. r, Gallus gallus.

Extended Data Fig. 7 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 7 | Ancestral geographic areas reconstructed by the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis model in the eucrocopodan region of the tree. Abbreviations:AR, Argentina;BR, Brazil,Uruguay,Namibia;CH, China, Thailand,Kyrgyzstan;eNA, eastern USA, Eastern Canada,Morocco and Algeria; EU, Europe, Russia and Greenland;INT, India,Tanzania, Zambia,Madagascar, Israel and Saudi Arabia; sAF, South Africa,Lesotho,Zimbabwe; wNA, western USA, British Columbia, Mexico and Venezuela. Life reconstruction of Venetoraptor gassenae gen.et sp.nov.by Caio Fantini.

Extended Data Fig. 6 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 6 | Majority rule tree recovered from the unconstrained Bayesian phylogenetic analysis depicting the position of Venetoraptor gassenae gen. et sp. nov. Numbers at nodes indicate posterior probabilities and dotted red vertical lines indicate the boundaries between the Permian and Triassic,Triassic and Jurassic,and Cretaceus and Paleogene geological periods. Life reconstruction of Venetoraptor gassenae gen.et sp.nov.by Caio Fantini.

Extended Data Fig. 10 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 10 | Evolutionary tree of archosauromorphs (above) and dinosaurs (below) depicting distinct episodes of edentulism. a, Langobadisaurus pandolfii. b, Trilophosaurus buettneri. c, Teyumbaita sulcognathus.d, Aetosauroides scagliai. e, Effigia oKeeffeae. f, Venetoraptor gassenae gen. et sp.nov. g, Seazzadactylus venieri. h, Asilisaurus Kongwe.

Extended Data Fig. 8 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 8 | Results of the morphological disparity analyses. Bivariate plots using: a, Whole skeleton;b, Skull;c, Rostrum; d, Forelimb; e, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium;f, Hindlimb.Sum of variances: g, Whole skeleton;h, Skull;i, Rostrum;j, Forelimb;k, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium;l, Hindlimb.In the Sum of Variances the dots are means and the 95% confidence intervals were generated using the two tails of values recovered from 9,999 bootstrap technical replicates of a dataset composed of n = 11 (Whole skeleton,Forelimb),n = 12 (Skull,Rostrum),n = 7 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 17 (Hindlimb) species of Ornithodiran precursors,n = 18 (Whole skeleton,Skull,Rostrum),n = 16 (Forelimb),n = 14 (Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 19 (Hindlimb) species of Dinosauria,and n = 10 (Whole skeleton,Skull,Rostrum), n = 7 (Forelimb, Anterior zeugopodium and autopodium) and n = 6 (Hindlimb) species of Pterosauria.The pterosauromorph silhouette has been adapted from Kellner et al.10 (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Extended Data Fig. 4 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 4 | Additional bone elements of Venetoraptor gassenae (CAPPA/UFSM 0356). a, Right manus in lateral view. Proximal portion of the right fibula in (b) lateral,(c) anterior,and (d) proximal views. e, Right metatarsal IV in anterior view. f, Right metatarsal III in anterior view. g, Digit III of the right pes in medial view. ef,extensor fossa;mc, metacarpal;ph, phalanx;uph, ungual phalanx.Scale bars: 1 cm.

Extended Data Fig. 5 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 5 | Reduced strict consensus tree depicting the phylogenetic position of Venetoraptor gassenae gen. et sp. nov. Absolute (left) and GC (group present/contradicted) (right) bootstrap frequencies and Bremer support values are shown above each branch.The silesaurid silhouette has been adapted from Müller & Garcia43 (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Extended Data Fig. 3 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 3 | Additional bone elements of Venetoraptor gassenae (CAPPA/UFSM 0356). a, Left orbitotemporal region of the skull in dorsal view. b, Braincase in dorsal view. c, Left manual digit III in medial view.Right femur in (d). anterior,(e) posteromedial,(f) proximal,(g) anterolateral,and (h) posterior views. 4t, fourth trochanter;alr,anterolateral ridge; at, anterior trochanter; clp,collateral ligament pit;crtf,crista tibiofibularis;ef,extensor fossa;f,frontal; fm, foramen magnum;ft,flexor tubercle;lc,lateral condyle;ltf,laterotemporal fenestra;mc, medial condyle; mc III, metacarpal III; o, orbit;p, parietal;pf, popliteal fossa;pmt, posteromedial tuber; po, postorbital;pof,postfrontal; pp, paroccipital process;prf, prefrontal;q, quadrate;so,supraoccipital; sq, squamosal;stf,supratemporal fenestra;ts,trochanteric shelf;ve,ventral emargination.Scale bars: 1 cm.

Extended Data Fig. 2 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 2 | Life and skull reconstruction of Venetoraptor gassenae gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0356). a, Skull reconstruction in left lateral view according to the preserved bones of the holotype.b, Head reconstruction in left lateral view. c, Head reconstruction in left anterolateral view.Life reconstruction by Caio Fantini.

Extended Data Fig. 1 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Extended Data Fig. 1 | Provenance of Venetoraptor gassenae gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0356). a, General view of the Buriol/Pivetta complex. b, Buriol site. The map was adapted from The Paleobiology Database (CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Fig. 1 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Fig. 1 | Skeletal anatomy of V. gassenae gen. et sp. nov. (CAPPA/UFSM 0356). a, Skull reconstruction,with preserved elements coloured orange (the presence of teeth is hypothetical;see Supplementary Information for further discussion).b,c, Left premaxilla.d, Anterior tip of right dentary (reversed). e, Left orbitotemporal region of the skull.f,g, Braincase.h, Axis.i, Cervical vertebra.j, Dorsal vertebra.k, Caudal vertebra.l, Skeletal reconstruction,with preserved elements coloured orange (the presence of teeth is hypothetical). m, Right forearm and manus. n, Proximal portion of right radius and ulna. o, Manual ungual phalanges.p, Right pubis. q,r,s, Right femur.Orientations, a,c−e,g,h,j−m,o−q, lateral;b,i,r, ventral;f, posterior;n, medial; s, anterior. Scale bars,1 cm (a,m,q), 2 mm (b–d,h–k), 5 mm (e–g,n–p,r,s) and 100 mm (l). 4t, fourth trochanter;alr,anterolateral ridge;ap,ambiens process;at,anterior trochanter;crs,crenulated surface; crtf,crista tibiofibularis;ef, extensor fossa;f,frontal;fm, foramen magnum;fo, foramen;ft,flexor tubercle; J, Jugal; lc, lateral condyle; lgr,lateral groove; ltf,laterotemporal fenestra; mc, medial condyle;mc I–V, metacarpal I–V; nfo,narial fossa;ns,neural spine; o,orbit;oc, occipital condyle;of, obturator foramen;olp,olecranon process; p, parietal; pa, parapophysis; pbs, parabasisphenoid;po, postorbital; pof,postfrontal;poz,postzygapophysis;pp,paroccipital process;prf,prefrontal; pro,prootic;prz, prezygapophysis;q, quadrate;qJ,quadratoJugal;r,radius; so,supraoccipital;sq, squamosal;stf,supratemporal fenestra;tp, transverse process;ts, trochanteric shelf;u, ulna;vk, ventral keel.

Fig. 3 in New reptile shows dinosaurs and pterosaurs evolved among diverse precursors

Fig. 3 | Morphological disparity between early ornithodirans. a,f, Gnathovorax cabreirai. b,g, Scleromochlus taylori. c, Ixalerpeton polesinensis. d,i, V.gassenae. e, j, Seazzadactylus venieri. h, D. romeri. a–e, Skull in left lateral view, reconstruction.f–j, Right forelimb in lateral view. k,l, V.gassenae gen.et sp. nov. plotted in the ornithodiran morphospace based on the whole skeleton (k) and skull (l). m,n, Sum of variances of the whole skeleton (m) and skull (n); dots are means,and 95% confidence intervals were generated using the two tails of values recovered from 9,999 bootstrap technical replicates of a dataset comprising n = 11 (whole skeleton) and n = 12 (skull) species of Ornithodiran precursors, n = 18 (whole skeleton and skull) species of Dinosauria and n = 10 (whole skeleton and skull) species of Pterosauria.pt,Pteroid.