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On following pages: 25. Golden-bellied Mangabey (Cercocebus chrysogaster); 26. Sanje River Mangabey (Cercocebus 29. Red-capped Mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus); 30. Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx); 31. Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus 34. Johnston's Mangabey (Lophocebus johnstoni); 35. Ugandan Crested Mangabey (Lophocebus ugandae); 36. Northern opdenboschi); 38. Kipunji (Rungwecebus kipunji). sanjei); 27. Sooty Mangabey (Cercocebus atys); 28. White-naped Mangabey (Cercocebus lunulatus);); 32. Gray-cheeked Mangabey (Lophocebus albigena); 33. Rusty-mantled Mangabey (Lophocebus osmani): Black Crested Mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus); 37. Southern Black Crested Mangabey (Lophocebus in Cercopithecidae

On following pages: 25. Golden-bellied Mangabey (Cercocebus chrysogaster); 26. Sanje River Mangabey (Cercocebus 29. Red-capped Mangabey (Cercocebus torquatus); 30. Mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx); 31. Drill (Mandrillus leucophaeus 34. Johnston's Mangabey (Lophocebus johnstoni); 35. Ugandan Crested Mangabey (Lophocebus ugandae); 36. Northern opdenboschi); 38. Kipunji (Rungwecebus kipunji). sanjei); 27. Sooty Mangabey (Cercocebus atys); 28. White-naped Mangabey (Cercocebus lunulatus);); 32. Gray-cheeked Mangabey (Lophocebus albigena); 33. Rusty-mantled Mangabey (Lophocebus osmani): Black Crested Mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus); 37. Southern Black Crested Mangabey (Lophocebus

On following pages: 72. Red-bellied Monkey (Cercopithecus erythrogasten; 73. Sclater's Monkey (Cercopithecus 76. Red-tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius). sclateri); 74. Red-eared Monkey (Cercopithecus erythrotis); 75. Mustached Monkey (Cercopithecus cephus); in Cercopithecidae

On following pages: 72. Red-bellied Monkey (Cercopithecus erythrogasten; 73. Sclater's Monkey (Cercopithecus 76. Red-tailed Monkey (Cercopithecus ascanius). sclateri); 74. Red-eared Monkey (Cercopithecus erythrotis); 75. Mustached Monkey (Cercopithecus cephus);

Distribution. NE DR Congo, in a very small area (c.0° 20°-0° 50' N) between the middle Semliki River Valley and the Ruwenzori Mts (where there are no red colobus) to the E. in Cercopithecidae

Distribution. NE DR Congo, in a very small area (c.0° 20°-0° 50' N) between the middle Semliki River Valley and the Ruwenzori Mts (where there are no red colobus) to the E.

Distribution. SW Saudi Arabia (up to Jeddah), W Yemen, NE Sudan (Red Sea Hills), E Eritrea, Djibouti, NE Ethiopia, and N Somalia. in Cercopithecidae

Distribution. SW Saudi Arabia (up to Jeddah), W Yemen, NE Sudan (Red Sea Hills), E Eritrea, Djibouti, NE Ethiopia, and N Somalia.

Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008). in Muridae

Nesokia is sister to Bandicota and are nested in Rattus phylogenetically, making Rat- tus paraphyletic. Tarsomys, Limnomys, and Diplothrix are also phylogenetically in Rat- tus, and the clade is in need of focused re- vision at the generic level. Nesokia bunnui was originally described as a separate ge-nus, Erythronesokia, because it is morphologically very distinctive from N. indica. Type specimen was destroyed during the Iraq War, and a neotype was recently designated to replace it. Monotypic. Distribution. Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, SE Iraq. Descriptive notes. Head—body 230-260 mm, tail 205-270 mm, ear 18-21 mm, hindfoot 49-58 mm; weight 519 g. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is larger than the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat (N. indica). Pelage is soft and woolly, interspersed with harsher coarse hair and long black hairs near mid-back. Dorsum is fawn to ocherous red, washed with purple or chestnuton darker individuals. Hairs are basally slate-gray and distally rufous, occasionally with whitish or black tips. Muzzle is drab. Sides arefawn, with gray edge toward venter. Venteris whitish, extending onto cheeks where the same pattern from gray to fawn to dorsal pelage occurs. Feet are large and robust, being light brown and well-furred dorsally. Claws are amber on forefeet and dull brown on hindfeet; pollux is extremely small. Ears are moderately long and brownish, with no hair internally. Tail is ¢.82-104% of head-body length and deep brownish drab, interspersed with visible white hair. Skull is large and robust, similarly to the Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat. Habitat. Marsh and swamp land. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Long-tailed Bandicoot Rat is terrestrial, although it isfound in swampy and marshy areas and is probably amphibious. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Longtailed Bandicoot Rat is apparently rare and is known from very few specimens. Marsh and swamp habitats in which it is found were completely destroyed during the Iraq War by draining, war damage, and agricultural expansion. In recent years, flooding from Tigris and Euphrates rivers and high snow fall and melt haveresulted in partial restoration ofits native habitat, although restoration is not a complete. Populations are now probably highly fragmented. Bibliography. Al-Ansari et al. (2012), Al-Robaae & Felten (1990), Khajuria (1981), Krystufek et al. (2017), Musser & Carleton (2005), Richardson & Hussain (2006), Stuart (2008).

Distribution. Mt Cameroon, W Cameroon, and Bioko I, Equatorial Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 100- 130 mm, tail 110-147 mm, ear 16-20 mm, hindfoot 21-25 mm; weight 27-62 g. Fur of the Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse is dark rufous-brown to blackish brown above and pale to dark gray below. Tail is very long (c.112% of head-body length) and dark. Hindfeet and forefeet are dark brown. Females have three pairs of nipples. Habitat. Montane forest and alpine grassland at elevations above 1000 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Gestation lasts 26-30 days. Litters have 2-6 young. Activity patterns. The Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse is nocturnal and terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse occurs in two disjunct areas occupying only ¢.2900 km? and the extent and quality of its forest habitat continue to decline. Bibliography. Eisentraut (1970, 1973), Happold (2013a), Missoup et al. (2012), Monadjem etal. (2015). in Muridae

Distribution. Mt Cameroon, W Cameroon, and Bioko I, Equatorial Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 100- 130 mm, tail 110-147 mm, ear 16-20 mm, hindfoot 21-25 mm; weight 27-62 g. Fur of the Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse is dark rufous-brown to blackish brown above and pale to dark gray below. Tail is very long (c.112% of head-body length) and dark. Hindfeet and forefeet are dark brown. Females have three pairs of nipples. Habitat. Montane forest and alpine grassland at elevations above 1000 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Gestation lasts 26-30 days. Litters have 2-6 young. Activity patterns. The Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse is nocturnal and terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. The Cameroon Soft-furred Mouse occurs in two disjunct areas occupying only ¢.2900 km? and the extent and quality of its forest habitat continue to decline. Bibliography. Eisentraut (1970, 1973), Happold (2013a), Missoup et al. (2012), Monadjem etal. (2015).

Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003). in Muridae

Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003).

On following pages: 347. Plains Mouse (Pseudomys australis); 348. Bolam''s Mouse (Pseudomys bolami); 349. Kakadu Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys calabyi); 350. Western Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys chapmani); 351. Desert Mouse (Pseudomys desertor); 352. Shark Bay Mouse (Pseudomys field); 353. Australian Smoky Mouse (Pseudomys fumeus); 354. Eastern Chestnut Mouse (Pseudomys gracilicaudatus); 355. Sandy Inland Mouse (Pseudomys hermannsburgensis); 356. Long-tailed Mouse (Pseudomys higginsi); 357. Central Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys johnson); 358. Western Chestnut Mouse (Pseudomys nanus); 359. New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae); 360. Western Mouse (Pseudomys occidentalis); 361. Hastings River Mouse (Pseudomys oralis); 362. Eastern Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys patrius); 363. Heath Mouse (Pseudomys shortridgel); 364. Common Australian Rock Rat (Zyzomys argurus); 365. Arnhem Land Rock Rat (Zyzomys maini); 366. Carpentarian Rock Rat (Zyzomys palatalis); 367. Central Australian Rock Rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus); 368. Kimberley Rock Rat (Zyzomys woodward); 369. Malayan Tree Rat (Pithecheir parvus); 370. Red Tree Rat (Pithecheir melanurus); 371. Bornean Tree Rat (Pithecheirops otion); 372. Cutch Rat (Cremnomys cutchicus); 373. Elvira Rat (Cremnomys elvira); 374. Crump's Rat (Diomys crumpi); 375. White-tailed Wood Rat (Madromys blanfordi); 376. Sand-colored Soft-furred Rat (Millardia gleadowi); 377. Kondana Soft-furred Rat (Millardia kondana); 378. Common Soft-furred Rat (Millardia in Muridae

On following pages: 347. Plains Mouse (Pseudomys australis); 348. Bolam''s Mouse (Pseudomys bolami); 349. Kakadu Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys calabyi); 350. Western Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys chapmani); 351. Desert Mouse (Pseudomys desertor); 352. Shark Bay Mouse (Pseudomys field); 353. Australian Smoky Mouse (Pseudomys fumeus); 354. Eastern Chestnut Mouse (Pseudomys gracilicaudatus); 355. Sandy Inland Mouse (Pseudomys hermannsburgensis); 356. Long-tailed Mouse (Pseudomys higginsi); 357. Central Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys johnson); 358. Western Chestnut Mouse (Pseudomys nanus); 359. New Holland Mouse (Pseudomys novaehollandiae); 360. Western Mouse (Pseudomys occidentalis); 361. Hastings River Mouse (Pseudomys oralis); 362. Eastern Pebble Mouse (Pseudomys patrius); 363. Heath Mouse (Pseudomys shortridgel); 364. Common Australian Rock Rat (Zyzomys argurus); 365. Arnhem Land Rock Rat (Zyzomys maini); 366. Carpentarian Rock Rat (Zyzomys palatalis); 367. Central Australian Rock Rat (Zyzomys pedunculatus); 368. Kimberley Rock Rat (Zyzomys woodward); 369. Malayan Tree Rat (Pithecheir parvus); 370. Red Tree Rat (Pithecheir melanurus); 371. Bornean Tree Rat (Pithecheirops otion); 372. Cutch Rat (Cremnomys cutchicus); 373. Elvira Rat (Cremnomys elvira); 374. Crump's Rat (Diomys crumpi); 375. White-tailed Wood Rat (Madromys blanfordi); 376. Sand-colored Soft-furred Rat (Millardia gleadowi); 377. Kondana Soft-furred Rat (Millardia kondana); 378. Common Soft-furred Rat (Millardia

On following pages: 414. Abyssinian Grass Rat (Arvicanthis abyssinicus); 415. Blick's Grass Rat (Arvicanthis blicki); 416. Neumann's Grass Rat (Arvicanthis neumanni); 417. Sudanian Grass Rat (Arvicanthis ansorgel); 418. African Grass Rat (Arvicanthis niloticus); 419. Guinean Grass Rat (Arvicanthis rufinus); 420. Nairobi Grass Rat (Arvicanthis nairobae); 421. Common Defua Rat (Dephomys defua); 422. Ivory Coast Defua Rat (Dephomys eburneae); 423. Cameroon Highland Striped Mouse (Hybomys badius); 424. Father Basilio's Striped Mouse (Hybomys basilii); 425. Liberian Forest Striped Mouse (Hybomys planifrons); 426. West African Striped Mouse (Hybomys trivirgatus); 427 Moon Mountains Striped Mouse (Hybomys lunaris); 428. Peters's Striped Mouse (Hybomys univittatus);, 429. Mount Oku Rat (Lamottemys okuensis); 430. Ethiopian Three-toed Grass Rat (Mylomys rex); 431. Dybowski's Three-toed Grass Rat (Mylomys dybowskii); 432. Hinde's Rock Rat (Aethomys hindei); 433. West African Rock Rat (Aethomys stannarius); 434. Bocage's Rock Rat (Aethomys bocagei); 435. Kaiser's Rock Rat (Aethomys kaiser); 436. Thomas's Rock Rat (Aethomys thomasi); 437. Red Rock Rat (Aethomys chrysophilus); 438. Tete Rock Rat (Aethomys ineptus); 439. Nyika Rock Rat (Aethomys nyikae); 440. Silinda Rock Rat (Aethomys silindensis). in Muridae

On following pages: 414. Abyssinian Grass Rat (Arvicanthis abyssinicus); 415. Blick's Grass Rat (Arvicanthis blicki); 416. Neumann's Grass Rat (Arvicanthis neumanni); 417. Sudanian Grass Rat (Arvicanthis ansorgel); 418. African Grass Rat (Arvicanthis niloticus); 419. Guinean Grass Rat (Arvicanthis rufinus); 420. Nairobi Grass Rat (Arvicanthis nairobae); 421. Common Defua Rat (Dephomys defua); 422. Ivory Coast Defua Rat (Dephomys eburneae); 423. Cameroon Highland Striped Mouse (Hybomys badius); 424. Father Basilio's Striped Mouse (Hybomys basilii); 425. Liberian Forest Striped Mouse (Hybomys planifrons); 426. West African Striped Mouse (Hybomys trivirgatus); 427 Moon Mountains Striped Mouse (Hybomys lunaris); 428. Peters's Striped Mouse (Hybomys univittatus);, 429. Mount Oku Rat (Lamottemys okuensis); 430. Ethiopian Three-toed Grass Rat (Mylomys rex); 431. Dybowski's Three-toed Grass Rat (Mylomys dybowskii); 432. Hinde's Rock Rat (Aethomys hindei); 433. West African Rock Rat (Aethomys stannarius); 434. Bocage's Rock Rat (Aethomys bocagei); 435. Kaiser's Rock Rat (Aethomys kaiser); 436. Thomas's Rock Rat (Aethomys thomasi); 437. Red Rock Rat (Aethomys chrysophilus); 438. Tete Rock Rat (Aethomys ineptus); 439. Nyika Rock Rat (Aethomys nyikae); 440. Silinda Rock Rat (Aethomys silindensis).

Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925). in Muridae

Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925).

The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996). in Muridae

The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996).

Lophuromys medicaudatus, L. woosnami, and L. luteogaster are in subgenus Kivumys and woosnami species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the Albertine Rift, occurring around Lake Kivu in E DR Congo and Rwanda and SW Uganda (Bwindi). Descriptive notes. Head—body 92-112 mm, tail 73-95 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 29-43 g. Similar to other species in subgenus Kivumys, the Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has unspeckled pelage, and tail ¢.85% of head-body length. Dorsum is uniform dark brown-olive, and venter is orange. Females have three pairs of mammae. Habitat. Mountain swamps and mountain forests at elevations of 1850-2500 m. Food and Feeding. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is omnivorous; diets contain 30-100% arthropods, mollusks, seeds, and fruits. Breeding. Female Western Rift Brush-furred Rats can have 1-2 embryos. Pregnant females were observed in February, April, and July. Activity patterns. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has never been found in modified secondary environment and is quite rare. Bibliography. Dieterlen (1976b, 1987 2013g), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Verheyen et al. (1996). in Muridae

Lophuromys medicaudatus, L. woosnami, and L. luteogaster are in subgenus Kivumys and woosnami species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the Albertine Rift, occurring around Lake Kivu in E DR Congo and Rwanda and SW Uganda (Bwindi). Descriptive notes. Head—body 92-112 mm, tail 73-95 mm, ear 15-19 mm, hindfoot 18-23 mm; weight 29-43 g. Similar to other species in subgenus Kivumys, the Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has unspeckled pelage, and tail ¢.85% of head-body length. Dorsum is uniform dark brown-olive, and venter is orange. Females have three pairs of mammae. Habitat. Mountain swamps and mountain forests at elevations of 1850-2500 m. Food and Feeding. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is omnivorous; diets contain 30-100% arthropods, mollusks, seeds, and fruits. Breeding. Female Western Rift Brush-furred Rats can have 1-2 embryos. Pregnant females were observed in February, April, and July. Activity patterns. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Western Rift Brush-furred Rat has never been found in modified secondary environment and is quite rare. Bibliography. Dieterlen (1976b, 1987 2013g), Kasangaki et al. (2003), Verheyen et al. (1996).

FIGURE 5. Cratomelus armatus female. A. Tegmina. B. Hind wing. C. Terminalia axial view. D. Subgenital plate. E in Studies on chevron crickets: Morphological redescription of Chilean red cricket Cratomelus armatus Blanchard, 1851 (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)

FIGURE 5. Cratomelus armatus female. A. Tegmina. B. Hind wing. C. Terminalia axial view. D. Subgenital plate. E. Terminalia lateral view. (The white arrows in figures A and B, show the wing veins modification).

FIGURE 3. Cratomelus armatus male genitalia. A. Dorsal. B. Ventral. C. Axial and D in Studies on chevron crickets: Morphological redescription of Chilean red cricket Cratomelus armatus Blanchard, 1851 (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)

FIGURE 3. Cratomelus armatus male genitalia. A. Dorsal. B. Ventral. C. Axial and D. Inside views respectively.

FIGURE 2. Cratomelus armatus male. A. Fore and B. Middle legs. C. hind femur. D and E in Studies on chevron crickets: Morphological redescription of Chilean red cricket Cratomelus armatus Blanchard, 1851 (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)

FIGURE 2. Cratomelus armatus male. A. Fore and B. Middle legs. C. hind femur. D and E. Hind tibia in lateral and dorsal view. F. Tegmina. G. Hind wing. H–K. Terminalia in dorsal, axial, lateral and ventral view respectively. L. paraproct and cerci. (The red arrows in figures F and G, show the wing veins modification. The white arrow in figure I, show the hook of the last tergite)

FIGURE 1. Cratomelus armatus male habitus. A. Lateral and B. Dorsal view. C. Frons. D in Studies on chevron crickets: Morphological redescription of Chilean red cricket Cratomelus armatus Blanchard, 1851 (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)

FIGURE 1. Cratomelus armatus male habitus. A. Lateral and B. Dorsal view. C. Frons. D. Head and thorax in dorsal view.

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Data and code from Wang et al. "An evaluation of sexual dimorphism in head size and shape in Red Salamanders (Pseudotriton ruber)"

<p>Data and code from Wang et al., "An evaluation of sexual dimorphism in head size and shape in Red Salamanders (<em>Pseudotriton ruber</em>)"</p>

Figure 7. cox1 in Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson's Rhodopsalta microdora

Figure 7. cox1 chronogram from the *BEAST multispecies coalescent analysis, showing divergence times for intraspecific haplotype clades as bars indicating the 95% highest posterior density intervals. Taxa with asterisks were missing cox1, and their positions within the species clades are determined by the EF1α gene tree.

Figure 8 in Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson's Rhodopsalta microdora

Figure 8. Lectotype of Tettigonia cruentata Fabricius, 1775, type species of genus Rhodopsalta Dugdale, 1972, with attached labels shown. Scale bars: 1 cm. Photographs by B. Price.

Figure 6 in Phylogeography of the endemic red-tailed cicadas of New Zealand (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Rhodopsalta), and molecular, morphological and bioacoustical confirmation of the existence of Hudson's Rhodopsalta microdora

Figure 6. Primary geographical subclades found for the sequenced specimens, mapped for each Rhodopsalta species.