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Figure 4. Socotran early Holocene R in The first vertebrate fossil from Socotra Island (Yemen) is an early Holocene Egyptian fruit bat

Figure 4. Socotran early Holocene R. aegyptiacus skull fragments: mandible in (a) dorsal and (b) frontal view; skull in (c) dorsal and (d) ventral view.

Figure 6 in The first vertebrate fossil from Socotra Island (Yemen) is an early Holocene Egyptian fruit bat

Figure 6. Bivariate plot of the examined specimens of African and Arabian fruit bat populations of Myonycteris,Stenonycteris, Epomophorus, Eidolon and Rousettus aegyptiacus (the latter from Egypt, W Africa, S Arabia, E. Africa and the Socotra specimen; measurements in mm). (a) Greatest length of skull (LCr) against the length of upper tooth-row (CM2). (b) Condylobasal length of skull (LCb) against the neurocranium width (LaN). See Supplementary Material for details and full list of the comparative taxa.

Figure 3. Socotran early Holocene R in The first vertebrate fossil from Socotra Island (Yemen) is an early Holocene Egyptian fruit bat

Figure 3. Socotran early Holocene R. aegyptiacus remains embedded in calcite in situ. For the full names of the structures, see under Abbreviations. Photo by Dirk Van Damme.

Figure 5. Socotran early Holocene R in The first vertebrate fossil from Socotra Island (Yemen) is an early Holocene Egyptian fruit bat

Figure 5. Socotran early Holocene R. aegyptiacus, skull viewed laterally from (a) right and (b) left; and mandible in (c) left and (d) right external lateral view.

Figure 8 in The first vertebrate fossil from Socotra Island (Yemen) is an early Holocene Egyptian fruit bat

Figure 8. AMS radiocarbon dating of the Socotran R. aegyptiacus skull fragments and calibration curve.

Figure 1 in The first vertebrate fossil from Socotra Island (Yemen) is an early Holocene Egyptian fruit bat

Figure 1. Locations of (a) the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen) in the western Indian Ocean near the Horn of Africa; (b) Hoq Cave on Socotra Island; and (c) the fruit bat fossil inside Hoq Cave, closest to an alternative fossil entrance leading to the plateau above.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

dryad32/100

Long-term changes in occurrence, relative abundance, and reproductive fitness of bat species in relation to arrival of White-nose Syndrome in West Virginia, USA

<p>White-nose syndrome (WNS) is a disease caused by the fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans which has resulted in the deaths of millions of bats across eastern North America. To date, hibernacula counts have been the predominant means of tracking the spread and impact of this disease on bat populations. However, an understanding of the impacts of WNS on demographic parameters outside the winter season is critical to conservation and recovery of bat populations impacted by this disease. We used long-term monitoring data to examine WNS-related impacts to summer populations in West Virginia, where WNS has been documented since 2009. Using capture data from 290 mist-net sites surveyed from 2003–2019 on the Monongahela National Forest, we estimated temporal patterns in presence and relative abundance for each bat species. For species that exhibited a population-level response to WNS, we investigated post-WNS changes in adult female reproductive state and body mass. Myotis lucifugus (little brown bat), M. septentrionalis (northern long-eared bat), and Perimyotis subflavus (tri-colored bat) all showed significant decreases in presence and relative abundance during and following the introduction of WNS, while Eptesicus fuscus (big brown bat) and Lasiurus borealis (eastern red bat) responded positively during the WNS invasion. Probability of being reproductively active was not significantly different for any species, though a shift to earlier reproduction was estimated for E. fuscus and M. septentrionalis. For some species, body mass appeared to be influenced by the WNS invasion, but the response differed by species and reproductive state. Results suggest that continued long-term monitoring studies, additional research into impacts of this disease on the fitness of WNS survivors, and a focus on providing optimal non-wintering habitat may be valuable strategies for assessing and promoting recovery of WNS-affected bat populations.</p>

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

Figure 1 in Phyllostomid bats flying in daylight: a case from the Neotropics

Figure 1. Diurnal foraging and drinking activities in phyllostomid non-haematophagous bats in an Amazon Forest remnant, midwest Brazil. (a) Phyllostomus sp. drinking water in a temporary pond on a dirty road inside a forest remnant; (b) Phyllostomus sp. feeding on termites in flight; (c) Artibeus sp. roosting in tree foliage, in the vicinity of a pond; and (d) Dermanura sp. captured in a mist net. Photographs by the authors.

Figure 4 in Vegetation complexity and bat-plant dispersal in Calakmul, Mexico

Figure 4. Unimodal (A–G) and bimodal-brief (H–J) bat-dispersed fruiting patterns in three habitats of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Each sample relates to a lunar month during May 2002 to August 2003. (A–G, I–J) Synchronous pattern; (H) asynchronous pattern.

Figure 3 in Vegetation complexity and bat-plant dispersal in Calakmul, Mexico

Figure 3. Overall fruit density (A–C) and bat-dispersed fruit density (D–F) from May 2002 to August 2003 in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Fruit density scale is given in log10. Fruit and bat sampling was conducted in parallel following lunar cycles (indicated by calendar months).

Figure 5 in Vegetation complexity and bat-plant dispersal in Calakmul, Mexico

Figure 5. Unimodal-extended (A–D), bimodal-extended (E–H), and multimodal (I, J) batdispersed fruiting patterns in three habitats of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Each sample relates to a lunar month during May 2002 to August 2003. (A, C, D) Synchronous pattern; (B, E–J) asynchronous pattern.

Figure 2 in Vegetation complexity and bat-plant dispersal in Calakmul, Mexico

Figure 2. Seasonal overall fruit density (white bars) and bat-dispersed fruit density (dotted bars) from May 2002 to August 2003 in three habitats in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Fruit density was estimated from 20 plots per habitat and is given as mean¡1 SE. Error bars for overall fruit density are represented as continuous lines, while for bat-dispersed fruit, the densities are plotted as broken lines. MOA, modified open area; TSDF, tropical semideciduous forest; and TSHF, tropical sub-humid forest.

Figure 1 in Vegetation complexity and bat-plant dispersal in Calakmul, Mexico

Figure 1. Climate chart (A) and overall fruit density (B; solid black bars) for the study area in Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico, from May 2002 to August 2003. Precipitation is represented by hatched bars (period 2002–2003) and white bars (period 1989–2003) and temperature by a dark continuous line (period 2002–2003) and a light continuous line (period 1989–2003). Weather data were recorded at the Xbonil meteorological station and were obtained with permission from Comisión Nacional del Agua. Annual temperature and precipitation are given as mean¡1 SE, while precipitation for the period 2002 and 2003 is accumulative. Abbreviations: PP, precipitation; Temp, temperature.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Hearing, echolocation, and beam steering from Day 0 in tongue-clicking bats

<p>Dataset and MATLAB script for extraction of click parameters for the manuscript "Hearing, echolocation, and beam steering from Day 0 in tongue-clicking bats." </p>

Figure 2 in Hidden diversity in bent-winged bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) of the Western Palaearctic and adjacent regions: implications for taxonomy

Figure 2. Maximum likelihood tree demonstrating phylogeny of Miniopterus as inferred from mitochondrial ND2 (based on different haplotypes only). Numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap support or posterior probability values for maximum likelihood (ML), bayesian approach (BA), and neighbour joining (NJ) analyses. An asterisk (*) indicates full support (100 or 1.00) for a particular clade and analysis, 100* indicates full support in all analyses, – = clade not inferred in the respective analysis, // = branch length shortening in respect to outgroup. Capital letters and letters in circles represent respective clade/lineages/sublineage, as discussed in the text. Vertical bars indicate Western Palaearctic species that are the subject of this study (M. fuliginosus is represented only by sequences originating outside the Western Palaearctic retrieved from GenBank). Haplotype codes are identical to those listed in Table 1. Colours correspond to those in Figures 1B and 3.

Figure 4. A, B in Hidden diversity in bent-winged bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) of the Western Palaearctic and adjacent regions: implications for taxonomy

Figure 4. A, B. Results of discriminant function analysis based on linear morphometric data of skull dimensions – first two canonical axes. Polygons follow marginal points of particular groups, with coloured dots as centroids. A – all specimens; B – separate analysis excluding individuals from marginal areas (i.e. Eastern Afghanistan, Arabia and Ethiopia). C. Results of discriminant function analysis based on relative warp scores obtained from geometric morphometric analysis of 11 landmarks on the ventral view of the skull – first two canonical axes. Polygons and coloured dots are as in Figure 4A. D. Polygon plot of the first and second axes from factor analysis of all non-metric traits. Polygons and coloured dots are as in Figure 4A.

Figure 3 in Hidden diversity in bent-winged bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) of the Western Palaearctic and adjacent regions: implications for taxonomy

Figure 3. Graphic illustration of relationships between ND2 haplotypes of M. schreibersii s.str. (green, light blue, purple) and M. pallidus (dark blue), as inferred through the maximum parsimony network approach. Size of circles corresponds to the number of samples within a particular haplotype (1, 2, 4 or 7 samples). Small dots between haplotypes indicate hypothetical haplotypes (or number of substitutions between them). Geographic abbreviations: MO – Morocco, Agadir (coast); MA – Morocco, Atlas Mts.; ES – Spain; SI – Sicily (Italy); SK – Slovakia; RO – Romania; BG – Bulgaria; CR – Crete (Greece); CY – Cyprus; NT – northern Turkey; ST – southern Turkey; GE – Georgia; AZ – Azerbaijan; LB – Lebanon; SY – Syria; JO – Jordan; IR – Iran. Colours correspond to those in Figures 1B and 2. Haplotype codes are identical to those listed in Table 1.

Figure 1. A in Hidden diversity in bent-winged bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) of the Western Palaearctic and adjacent regions: implications for taxonomy

Figure 1. A. Map showing the origin of specimens investigated in this study and their sorting to nine groups defined for morphometric analysis. (1) Morocco = purple, (2) Western Europe = bluish green, (3) Pannonia = red, (4) Balkans = violet, (5) Crete = brown, (6) Levant = light blue, (7) Middle East = light green, (8) Eastern Afghanistan (Jalalabad) = dark blue, (9) Yemen and Ethiopia = yellow. Colours correspond to those in Figures 4A–4D, S4 and S5. Circles with any colour except white = samples used for morphometric analysis, white circles = samples used for molecular analysis, two-coloured circles = samples using both methods; grey shading delimits the distribution of Miniopterus spp.; black cross = type locality of M. schreibersii, white cross = type locality of M. pallidus. B. Geographic representation of the Western Palaearctic and Yemeni-Ethiopian lineages/sublineages, and approximate distribution of the respective species. Species and type localities (t.l.) are represented by different symbols (circles = M. schreibersii s.str.; squares = M. pallidus; triangles = M. cf. arenarius; diamond = M. cf. fuliginosus; black cross = t.l. of M. schreibersii; white cross = t.l. of M. pallidus). Coloured symbols indicate genetic, or both genetic and morphological, approaches used; white symbols represent morphological approach only used (colours of symbols correspond to different species/lineage/sublineage as indicated in Fig. 2 and to haplotypes presented in the haplotype network in Fig. 3). Coloured shading delimits the approximate distribution of species occurring in the Western Palaearctic and adjacent regions: grey = M. schreibersii s.str.; blue = M. pallidus; yellow = M. cf. arenarius; brown = M. cf. fuliginosus.

opennotspecifiedJun 2002View details →

FIGS 1-6 in A new species of Sarcofahrtiopsis Hall (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) living in roosts of Spix's disk-winged bat Thyroptera tricolor Spix (Chiroptera) in Costa Rica

FIGS 1-6. Sarcofahrtiopsis thyropteronthos, male terminalia and puparium. (1) Phallus, left view. (2) Left cercus and surstylus, lateral view. (3) Right gonopod and paramere, left lateral view. (4) Puparium, detached upper front piece, dorsal view, showing anterior larval spiracles. (5) Puparium, left view. (6) Puparium, posterior view. Scale bar: (1-3) 0.09 mm, (4-6) 0.9 mm.