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FIGURE 47. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 47. Call A of Physalaemus marmoratus. Oscillograms (A, C–F) and audiospectrograms (B, G–J). A typical call (A–B). Variant calls with different envelopes and spectral features (C–J). Note the different slopes in the FM segments (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 67.4 (G); 55.2 (H); 67.4 (I); 46 (B and J).

FIGURE 35. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 35. Call A of Physalaemus fischeri. Oscillogram (A) and audiospectrogram (B). A single call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 55.2 (B).

FIGURE 22. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 22. Call A of Physalaemus fernandezae. Oscillograms (A) and audiospectrograms (B). A single typical call (A and B). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 84.6 (B).

FIGURE 19. Calls A and B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 19. Calls A and B of Physalaemus angrensis. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, I, and K) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, H, J, and L). A single typical call A (A–B). Four groups of call A (C and F). A variant call A with a different envelope (D and G). Last six pulses of the call A (E and H). A single call B (I–J). A single call B with a different envelope (K–L). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (D, H, K, and L), 20 s (C and F), and 0.05 s (E and H); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): FFT (points): 550 (H); 750 (B, F and G); 1024 (J and L).

FIGURE 11. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 11. Call A of Physalaemus irroratus. Oscillograms (A, C, and D) and audiospectrograms (B, E, and F). A single typical call (A and B). Variant calls with different number of pulses, pulse durations and interpulse intervals (C–F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 65.8 (B); 89.9 (E–F).

FIGURE 8. Calls A and B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 8. Calls A and B of Physalaemus rupestris. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B and F). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant A calls (C and D). Note the amplitude modulation resulting in two pulses (C). A single B call (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.05 s (C–D). Filter bandwidth (Hz): 44.9 (B and F).

FIGURE 7. Calls A and B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 7. Calls A and B of Physalaemus erythros. Oscillograms (A, C, E, G, and H) and audiospectrograms (B, D, F, I, and J). A single typical call A (A and B). A variant call A (C and D). A single Call B (E and F). Two calls B with variant envelopes and spectral patterns (G–J). Horizontal scale bars have 0.02 s (C–D) and 0.1 s (G–J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (B and D); 67.4 (F, I, and J).

FIGURE 3. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 3. Call A of Physalaemus nattereri. Oscillograms (A, C, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, D, and F). Sequence of groups of call (A and B). A single typical call (C and D). A single call with a variant envelope (E and F). Horizontal scale bars have 0.2 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 92.1 (F); 67.4 (B); 92.1 (D).

FIGURE 15. Calls A and B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 15. Calls A and B of Physalaemus crombiei. Oscillograms (A, C, D, E, F, K, and M) and audiospectrograms (B, G, H, I, J, L, and N). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different number of pulses, pulse durations, and interpulse intervals (C–I). Last three pulses of the call A (F–J). Two B calls with different envelope and spectral features (K–N). Note that there is no silence intervals within call B (K–N). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s (C–E, G–I, M–N) and 0.05 s (F and J); vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 90.6 (G and J); 79.3 (B); 84.6 (I); 67.4 (L and N).

FIGURE 25. Call A in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 25. Call A of Physalaemus albonotatus. Oscillograms (A, C, D, and E) and audiospectrograms (B, F, G, and H). A single typical call with elliptic envelope (A and B). Variant calls with different envelopes (C–H). Note the calls with clear PAM and PFM (A–C, E–F, and H) and that with irregular PAM and slight PFM (D and G). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. FFT (points): 3000 (B and G); 2500 (F); 2000 (H).

FIGURE 14. Calls A and B in Review of bioacoustical traits in the genus Physalaemus Fitzinger, 1826 (Anura: Leptodactylidae: Leiuperinae)

FIGURE 14. Calls A and B of Physalaemus spiniger. Oscillograms (A, C–G, M, and O) and audiospectrograms (B, H–L, N, and P). A single typical call A (A and B). Variant calls A with different envelopes and spectral features (C–L). Calls B (M–P). Horizontal scale bars have 0.1 s; vertical scale bars have 1 kHz. Filter bandwidth (Hz): 50.7 (N and P); 61.9 (B); 110.0 (H); 97.6 (I); 74.6 (J and K); 84.6 (L).

FIGURE 4 in Rediscovery of Southern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket, Onconotus servillei Fischer von Waldheim (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Onconotini) in Serbia, with notes on species' calling song at the westernmost border of its distribution area

FIGURE 4. Oscillograms (A–D) and frequency spectrum (E) of calling song of Onconotus servillei: A, C—male fromVajuga (Serbia) 18 VII 2019, air temperature 24°C; B, D—male from Pâclele muddy volcanoes (Romania) 23 VI 2014, air temperature 25°C; E—male from from Vajuga (Serbia). Blue—one group of sylalbles (echeme); red—opening hemisyllable; green—closing hemisyllable.

FIGURE 1. A in Rediscovery of Southern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket, Onconotus servillei Fischer von Waldheim (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Onconotini) in Serbia, with notes on species' calling song at the westernmost border of its distribution area

FIGURE 1. A—Distribution of Onconotus servillei in Europe; B—Geographic distribution of O. servillei in Serbia: red circles—old literature data; green circle—new locality; red triangle—Moravica river, near Sokobanja; C—Pannonic steppe grassland where the O. servillei was found.

FIGURE 3 in Rediscovery of Southern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket, Onconotus servillei Fischer von Waldheim (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Onconotini) in Serbia, with notes on species' calling song at the westernmost border of its distribution area

FIGURE 3. SEM of Onconotus servillei male taxonomically structures of: A—Cercus (Romania); B—Titillator (Romania); C—Stridulatory file (Serbia). Scale bar 300 µm.

FIGURE 2. A in Rediscovery of Southern Barbed-wire Bush-cricket, Onconotus servillei Fischer von Waldheim (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Onconotini) in Serbia, with notes on species' calling song at the westernmost border of its distribution area

FIGURE 2. A—Habitus of Onconotus servillei (male); B—Dorsal view of pronotum; C—Lateral view of pronotum; D—Male 10th tergum. Scale bar 1 mm.

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FIGURE 2. Maximum Likelihood tree with branch lengths, inferred from a 3,649 in Tachiramantis lassoalcalai (Barrio-Amorós, Rojas-Runjaic & Barros, 2010) (Anura, Craugastoridae): a new combination revealed by molecular evidence, with a description of its advertisement call

FIGURE 2. Maximum Likelihood tree with branch lengths, inferred from a 3,649 bp fragment of the mitochondrial genes 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA, and the nuclear RAG1 and Tyr, depicting phylogenetic relationships of Tachiramantis lassoalcalai comb. nov. with Tachiramantis and some selected species of other 17 Terrarana genera. Bootstrap support values higher than 50 % are presented for each node. Values of 100 % are represented by an asterisk.

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FIGURE 1 in The advertisement call of Proceratophrys redacta (Anura, Odontophrynidae)

FIGURE 1. Advertisement call of Proceratophrys redacta from the municipality of Morro do Chapéu, state of Bahia, Brazil (adult male UFBA 15774, advertisement call SUFBA 404; air temperature=19.5°C; air humidity=89%; body mass=2.42 g; and snout-vent length=28.9 mm). A: Waveform of three calls with the zoomed call highlighted. B: Spectrogram of the highlighted call. C: Power spectrum of the highlighted call. D: Waveform of the highlighted call. E: Photograph of an adult P. redacta male collected during the fieldwork (voucher UFBA 15771).

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FIGURE 1 in The advertisement call of Leptobrachella liui Fei and Ye, 1990 (Anura: Megophryidae)

FIGURE 1. (A) Oscillogram of a 10 s long call bout of Leptobrachella liui (voucher LSULL2017001) recorded in Suichang, Zhejiang, China. Air temperature at the time of recording was 17.5 °C. (B) Detailed view of a 1 s section of the oscillogram and (C) spectrogram of the same call. (D) Power spectrum of the same advertisement call. (E) Dorsal and ventral views of a male L. liui from the same locality characterized by a gray-brown or brown dorsum, a W-shaped marking on the upper part of the shoulder, a dark triangular marking between the eyes, light brown color on upper arm and tibio-tarsal articulation, few nebulous spots on chest and belly and presence of white glands arranged in two lateral rows on belly (Fei & Ye 2016). The latter trait is not visible in dorsal or ventral view.

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FIGURE 2 in Advertisement call of two threatened red-bellied-toads Melanophryniscus cambaraensis and M. macrogranulosus (Anura: Bufonidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest, southern Brazil

FIGURE 2. Reproductive activity of Melanophryniscus cambaraensis: a male at a calling site in Flona SFP (A); and M. macrogranulosus: calling male in Garapiá (B), amplectant pair (C) and struggle (D) in Dom Pedro de Alcântara.