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Figure 8 in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms
Figure 8. Thoracica phylogenetic hypotheses. Comparison of four recent hypotheses on the phylogenetic relationships among recent Thoracica. Note the overall similarity in topology. Major discordances are highlighted by colour. Note especially the difference in the precise position of the genera Capitulum, Lithotrya and Pollicipes, but also that these taxa always appear 'close together' (highlighted in yellow) in the trees. In the analysis by Herrera et al. (2015), these genera are nested inside the Balanomorpha (dotted square). See detailed explanation in the main text.
Figure 4. Rhizocephala. A–H in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms
Figure 4. Rhizocephala. A–H, life cycle stages and larval morphology of selected Rhizocephala. A, nauplius larva of Sacculina carcini. B, male cyprid of S. carcini. C, settled male cyprid of Lernaeodiscus porcellanae in the mantle aperture of a virginal female reproductive body (externa). Box D indicates the receptacle holding the trichogon. D, male trichogon of S. carcini dissected from the mantle cavity of a virginal female externa. E, female cypris of S. carcini. F, kentrogon of S. carcini, inside the empty cuticle of the spent female cyprid, in the process of injecting the primordial parasite. G, vermigon of Loxothylacus panopaei. H, scanning electron micrograph of Peltogaster curvata, showing the reproductive sac (externa) connected to the ramified internal root system. I–P, diversity of selected Rhizocephala externae. I, Peltogasterella sulcata on its host, Pagurus cuanensis. J, Briarosaccus auratum on its host, Lithodes aequispinus. K, Parthenopea subterranea on its host, Calianassa subterranea. L, Sacculina carcini on its host, Carcinus manaeas. M, Thompsonia sp. on its host, Thyraplax truncata, courtesey of Peter Castro. N, Sylon hippolytes on its host, Spirontocaris lilljeborgi. O, Heterosaccus dollfusi on its host, Charybdis longicollis. P, Polyascus gregarius on its host, Eriocheir japonica.
Figure 11 in The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms
Figure 11. Moulting and growth in Thoracica. Moulting occurs in the cuticular zones separating shell plates. A, new cuticle is formed by infolded epidermis in a narrow growth zone between two adjacent shell plates. B, old cuticle is shed only above the growth zone. The broken-off cuticle leaves distinct growth lines on either side of the growth zone. C, the new cuticle expands by outfolding; the growth zone is not distinct during intermoults. D, a new growth zone forms for the next moult; the shell plate can now expand laterally under the cuticle; older growth lines can thereby be included on top of the plate. Constructed from descriptions by Mahmoud (1959, 1960), Bourget & Crisp (1975) and Blomsterberg et al. (2004).
Data from: Resource predictability drives inter-annual variation in migratory behaviour in a long-lived bird
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>There is a growing awareness that experience may play a major role in migratory decisions, especially in long-lived species. However, empirical support remains to date scarce. Here, we use multi-year GPS-tracking data on 28 adult Lesser Black-backed Gulls (<i>Larus fuscus</i>), a long-lived species for which migratory strategies typically consist of a series of long stopovers, to assess how experience affects interannual variation in stopover selection. We expect that food source reliability should play a pivotal role, as it both reduces the uncertainty on food availability across years, and enables for more efficient foraging during stopovers by reducing searching efforts. We found that during stopovers gulls indeed developed high fidelity to particular foraging locations, which strongly reduced the daily distance travelled for foraging. When revisiting stopovers in consecutive years, birds used over 80% of foraging locations from the previous year. Although the average fidelity to stopovers across years was a high as 85%, stopovers where birds showed high foraging site fidelity were up to 60% more likely to be revisited compared to stopover with low foraging site fidelity. Accordingly, birds using more stopovers with reliable foraging opportunities showed significantly less interannual variation in their stopover use than birds using stopovers with less reliable foraging opportunities. Our results thus highlight the need to further deepen our understanding of the role of cognitive processes in individual variation in migratory behaviour.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 4. Caudafistulus rubrinervosus n. comb. Living specimens from Santa Elena, Antioquia. A. Female and B in Studies on raspy crickets: Caudafistulus rubrinervosus (Serville, 1838) n. comb (Orthoptera: Gryllacrididae)
FIGURE 4. Caudafistulus rubrinervosus n. comb. Living specimens from Santa Elena, Antioquia. A. Female and B. Immature male. (Photos: J. D. Henao)
FIGURE 9. Living Ptosoproctus species. A, B. P in Ptosoproctus gen. nov., a new genus with two new species of Shield-back Katydid with the first record of genus Eulithoxenus Bey-Bienko, 1951 from China (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Tettigoniinae: Drymadusini)
FIGURE 9. Living Ptosoproctus species. A, B. P. lanzhouensis sp. nov.; C–F. P. baishishanicus sp. nov. G. habitat of P. baishishanicus at Baishi mountain; H. Michael Lee collecting P. baishishanicus.
Exploration speed in captivity predicts foraging tactics and diet in free-living red knots
<p>Variation in foraging tactics and diet are usually attributed to differences in morphology, experience, and prey availability. Recently, consistent individual differences in behaviour (personality) have been shown to be associated with foraging strategies. Bolder or more exploratory individuals are predicted to have a faster pace-of-life and offset the costs of moving more or in risky areas, with higher energetic gains by encountering profitable foraging opportunities and prey. However, the relationship between personality, foraging, and diet is poorly understood.</p> <p>We investigated how exploratory behaviour in red knots (<em>Calidris canutus</em><i>) </i>is associated with foraging tactics and diet by combining laboratory experiments, field observations, and stable isotope analysis. First, we developed a mobile experimental arena to measure exploration speed in controlled settings. We validated the method by repeated testing of individuals over time and contexts. This setup allowed us to measure exploratory personality at the field site, eliminating the need to bring birds into captivity for long periods of time. After releasing birds within days of their capture, we asked whether exploration speed was associated with differences in foraging tactics and diet in the wild.</p> <p>We found that tactile foraging red knots mainly caught hard-shelled prey that are buried in the sediment, whereas visual foraging knots only captured soft preys located close to or on the surface. We also found that faster explorers showed a higher percentage of visual foraging than slower explorers. By contrast, morphology (bill length and gizzard size) had no significant effect on foraging tactics. Diet analysis based on δ15N and δ13C stable isotope values of plasma and red blood cells confirmed our field observations with slower explorers mainly consumed hard-shelled prey while faster explorers consumed more soft than hard-shelled prey.</p> <p>Our results show that foraging tactics and diet are associated with a personality trait, independent of morphological differences. We discuss how consistent behaviour might develop early in life through positive feedbacks between foraging tactics, prey type, and foraging efficiency.</p>
Distribution. The species lives in Andean cloud forest above 1500 m in Colombia, Ecuador, and possibly N Peru. in Procyonidae
Distribution. The species lives in Andean cloud forest above 1500 m in Colombia, Ecuador, and possibly N Peru.
Distribution. Balabac, Ramos, and Bugsuk Is, Palawan region, Phillipines. In the late 1990s, a small stock of eight Balabac Chevrotains escaped from their enclosures on Calauit Island, a small island off the coast of Busuanga Island, north of Palawan, where the species had been maintained and bred since 1982. These animals were reported to have increased to at least 21 free-living individuals by 2006. Apparently the species was also introduced to the larger island of Palawan. No recent records confirm that it is still extant there, although unconfirmed reports suggest that it may survive in southern Palawan. in Tragulidae
Distribution. Balabac, Ramos, and Bugsuk Is, Palawan region, Phillipines. In the late 1990s, a small stock of eight Balabac Chevrotains escaped from their enclosures on Calauit Island, a small island off the coast of Busuanga Island, north of Palawan, where the species had been maintained and bred since 1982. These animals were reported to have increased to at least 21 free-living individuals by 2006. Apparently the species was also introduced to the larger island of Palawan. No recent records confirm that it is still extant there, although unconfirmed reports suggest that it may survive in southern Palawan.
Distribution. Java. Several biogeographic reviews failed to list the genus for Bali, an island directly east of Java with strong biogeographic affinities to the latter. A sighting was, however, reported from Bali Barat National Park, in a birdwatching trip report. Given the live-animal trade of this species on Java, further records are needed to confirm whether or not there is a native population of the genus on Bali. If there is, biogeographic considerations suggest it would be most closely related to the Javan population and quite probably conspecific. in Tragulidae
Distribution. Java. Several biogeographic reviews failed to list the genus for Bali, an island directly east of Java with strong biogeographic affinities to the latter. A sighting was, however, reported from Bali Barat National Park, in a birdwatching trip report. Given the live-animal trade of this species on Java, further records are needed to confirm whether or not there is a native population of the genus on Bali. If there is, biogeographic considerations suggest it would be most closely related to the Javan population and quite probably conspecific.
FIGURE 11. Adults live and habitats A. M. prattorum udima n in Solving the cryptic diversity of the genus Manerebia Staudinger in northern Peru description of new species and considerations on the biogeographical role of the Huancabamba Deflection (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Pronophilina)
FIGURE 11. Adults live and habitats A. M. prattorum udima n. ssp. female, Peru, La Florida —via La Udima. Photo P. Boyer B. M. prattorum udima n. ssp. male, Peru, La Florida —via La Udima. Photo P. Boyer C. Abra de Porculla, view towards Pacific coast, type locality of M. punku. Photo T. Pyrcz
FIGURE 67. Live insects. A in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 67. Live insects. A. ♀ of an as yet undescribed Moritasgus-species in a mossy montane forest at approximately 1620m on Gunung Balease NE of Palopo, Sulawesi Tengah (© Chien C. Lee); B. Acanthomenexenus horridus (Dohrn, 1910), ♂ (captive reared from Sangihe Island); C. Mating couple of Periphetes forcipatus (Bates, 1865).
FIGURE 66. Live insects. A in Stick insects of Sulawesi, Peleng and the Sula Islands, Indonesia- a review including checklists of species and descriptions of new taxa (Insecta: Phasmatodea)
FIGURE 66. Live insects. A. Cryptophyllium celebicum (Haan, 1842), ♂ resting on back of an orange form ♀ (captive reared F1-generation from Bungadidi); B. Cryptophyllium celebicum (Haan, 1842), green ♀ (captive reared F1-generation from Bungadidi); C. Acanthomenexenus horridus (Dohrn, 1910), ♀ (captive reared from Sangihe Island); D. ♀ of Orthomeria forstenii (Haan, 1842) at Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi Tengah (© David D. Beadle).
Figure 7 in One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA
Figure 7. Maximum likelihood tree for Belonocnema of the southern and south-eastern USA based on sampling and SNP data collected by Driscoe et al. (2019), using 1 individual sampled randomly from each of N = 58 populations. Numbers at nodes represent ultrafast bootstrap and SH-aLRT. (See Supporting Information,Table S1 for corresponding site abbreviations.)
Figure 5 in One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA
Figure 5. Geographic distribution of Belonocnema species across the geographic ranges of their host plants Quercus fusiformis (light grey), Q. virginiana (diagonal pattern) and Q. geminata (dark grey) within the southern and south-eastern United States along with a summary of host-plant associations for each Belonocnema species. The proportions of each species using each host plant are based on the 58 sites and 1219 individuals from Driscoe et al. (2019). Site symbol and inner colour denote Belonocnema species, while the outline colour indicates host-plant species sampled at each site; Qf = white; Qg = black; and Qv = no outline. Plant ranges redrawn from Cavender-Bares et al. (2015).
Figure 4. Belonocnema kinseyi. A in One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA
Figure 4. Belonocnema kinseyi. A, lateral habitus of asexual-generation female syntype, arrow pointing to areolet. B, dorsal habitus of asexual-generation female syntype. C, frontal view of asexual-generation female syntype. D, label of syntype specimen. E, lateral habitus of sexual-generation female. F, dorsal view of sexual-generation female, arrow pointing to scutellar fovea. (Photos A–D by Rachel Osborn, USNM: http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/m3098f569a-1f76-44b1-8519- c06bf912057d, Accessed 28 September 2020)
Figure 6 in One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA
Figure 6. Maximum likelihood tree for Belonocnema of the southern and south-eastern USA based on sampling of 23 populations and COI data collected by Schuler et al. (2018). Numbers at nodes represent ultrafast bootstrap and SH-aLRT. (See Supporting Information, Table S1 for corresponding site abbreviations.)
Figure 2. Belonocnema treatae. A in One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA
Figure 2. Belonocnema treatae. A, lateral habitus of sexual-generation female lectotype. B, dorsal habitus of sexualgeneration female lectotype. C, frontal view of sexual-generation female lectotype, arrow pointing to tibial spur. D, label of lectotype specimen. E. lateral habitus of asexual generation female. F, dorsal view of sexual generation female, arrow pointing to scutellar fovea. (Photos A–D by Dominique Zimmermann, NHMW.)
Figure 3. Belonocnema fossoria. A in One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA
Figure 3. Belonocnema fossoria. A, lateral habitus of asexual-generation female syntype, arrow pointing to tibial spur. B, dorsal habitus of asexual-generation female syntype. C, frontal view of asexual-generation female syntype. D, label of syntype specimen. E, lateral habitus of sexual-generation female. (Photos A–D by Rachel Osborn, USNM: http://n2t.net/ ark:/65665/36d24dd5f-fe3b-4085-aecd-0568264b43a9, Accessed 28 September 2020)
Figure 1 in One hundred and sixty years of taxonomic confusion resolved: Belonocnema (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini) gall wasps associated with live oaks in the USA
Figure 1. Belonocnema fossoria (A–D), Belonocnema kinseyi (E, F). A, sexual-generation root gall. B, adult female sexual generation. C, fully lignified asexual-generation leaf gall on Q. geminata. D, adult asexual generation. E, fully lignified asexual-generation leaf gall on Q. fusiformis. (Leaf galls produced by B. kinseyi on Q. fusiformis and Q. virginiana are indistinguishable from leaf galls produced by B. treatae on Q. virginiana.) F, adult asexual generation (by Jena Johnson).
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.