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4,669 results for “Environment;”
Data from: What kind of maternal effects can be selected for in fluctuating environments?
Just as phenotypic plasticity can evolve when developing individuals get informational cues about their future adult environment, deterministic maternal effects, where offspring trait values depend on the maternal environment, can evolve when mothers gain reliable information about the environments their offspring will face. Randomizing maternal effects (a type of diversifying bet hedging), where offspring trait values are randomized, can evolve by natural selection even when information about future environments is unavailable. We investigate selection on both randomizing and deterministic maternal effects in environments that show correlated fluctuations between two environmental states. We compare the strength of selection for deterministic and randomizing maternal effects and explicitly consider maternal fitness costs of producing offspring with different phenotypes. Only a small set of environmental parameters allow randomizing maternal effects to outcompete deterministic maternal effects; not only must there be little or no information available about future environments, but the frequency of each environment must fall within a narrow range. By contrast, deterministic maternal effects can always invade an ancestral state lacking a maternal effect even if the amount of environmental information available is low. The long-term outcome may involve offspring trait value randomization but only if trait values first evolve to cause extreme differences in environment-specific fitness. Overall, deterministic maternal effects are more likely to evolve by natural selection than randomizing maternal effects.
Data from: A quantitative test of the predicted relationship between countershading and lighting environment.
Countershading, a vertical luminance gradient from a dark back to a light belly, is perhaps the most common coloration phenotype in the animal kingdom. Why? We investigated whether countershading functions as self-shadow concealment (SSC) in ruminants. We calculated "optimal" countershading for SSC by measuring illumination falling onto a model ruminant as a function of time of day and lighting environment. Calibrated images of 114 species of ruminant were compared to the countershading model, and phylogenetic analyses were used to find the best predictors of coats' countershading characteristics. In many species, countershading was close to the model's prediction of "optimal" countershading for SSC. Stronger countershading was associated with increased use of open lighting environments, living closer to the equator, and small body size. Abrupt transitions from dark to light tones were more common in open lighting environments but unassociated with group size or antipredator behavior. Though the SSC hypothesis prediction for stronger countershading in diurnal species was not supported and noncountershaded or reverse-countershaded species were unexpectedly common, this basic pattern of associations is explained only by the SSC hypothesis. Despite extreme variation in lighting conditions, many terrestrial animals still find protection from predation by compensating for their own shadows.
Data from: Partner's age, not social environment, predicts extrapair paternity in wild great tits (Parus major)
An individual's fitness is not only influenced by its own phenotype, but by the phenotypes of interacting conspecifics. This is likely to be particularly true when considering fitness gains and losses caused by extrapair matings, as they depend directly on the social environment. While previous work has explored effects of dyadic interactions, limited understanding exists regarding how group-level characteristics of the social environment affect extrapair paternity (EPP) and cuckoldry. We use a wild population of great tits (Parus major) to examine how, in addition to the phenotypes of focal parents, two neighborhood-level traits – age and personality composition – predict EPP and cuckoldry. We used the well-studied trait "exploration behavior" as a measure of the reactive-proactive personality axis. Because breeding pairs inhabit a continuous "social landscape", we first established an ecologically relevant definition of a breeding "neighborhood" through genotyping parents and nestlings in a 51-ha patch of woodland and assessing the spatial predictors of EPP events. Using the observed decline in likelihood of EPP with increasing spatial separation between nests, we determined the relevant neighborhood boundaries, and thus the group phenotypic composition of an individual's neighborhood, by calculating the point at which the likelihood of EPP became negligible. We found no evidence that "social environment" effects (i.e. neighborhood age or personality composition) influenced EPP or cuckoldry. We did, however, find that a female's own age influenced the EPP of her social mate, with males paired to older females gaining more EPP, even when controlling for the social environment. These findings suggest that partner characteristics, rather than group phenotypic composition, influence mating activity patterns at the individual level.
Data from: Evidence for a host role in thermotolerance divergence between populations of the mustard hill coral (Porites astreoides) from different reef environments
Studying the mechanisms that enable coral populations to inhabit spatially varying thermal environments can help evaluate how they will respond in time to the effects of global climate change and elucidate the evolutionary forces that enable or constrain adaptation. Inshore reefs in the Florida Keys experience higher temperatures than offshore reefs for prolonged periods during the summer. We conducted a common garden experiment with heat stress as our selective agent to test for local thermal adaptation in corals from inshore and offshore reefs. We show that inshore corals are more tolerant of a 6-week temperature stress than offshore corals. Compared with inshore corals, offshore corals in the 31 °C treatment showed significantly elevated bleaching levels concomitant with a tendency towards reduced growth. In addition, dinoflagellate symbionts (Symbiodinium sp.) of offshore corals exhibited reduced photosynthetic efficiency. We did not detect differences in the frequencies of major (>5%) haplotypes comprising Symbiodinium communities hosted by inshore and offshore corals, nor did we observe frequency shifts ('shuffling') in response to thermal stress. Instead, coral host populations showed significant genetic divergence between inshore and offshore reefs, suggesting that in Porites astreoides, the coral host might play a prominent role in holobiont thermotolerance. Our results demonstrate that coral populations inhabiting reefs <10-km apart can exhibit substantial differences in their physiological response to thermal stress, which could impact their population dynamics under climate change.
Data from: Population of origin and environment interact to determine oomycete infections in spotted salamander populations
Spatial variation in disease risk in wild populations can depend both on environmental and genetic factors. Understanding the various contributions of each factor requires experimental manipulation of both the environment and genetic composition of populations under natural field conditions. We first examined natural patterns of oomycete composition and infection in the eggs of 13 populations of the spotted salamander Ambystoma maculatum. We then performed a fully factorial field transplant of the eggs of six populations to separate the contributions from population of origin and the environment on oomycete resistance in spotted salamanders. Among wild ponds, we found strong variation in oomycete infections in spotted salamander populations and differences in the composition of oomycete communities. In transplant experiments, salamander populations differed in their resistance to oomycete infections via a significant interaction between population of origin and environment. However, not all populations were locally adapted to local conditions. One population was significantly adapted to its home environment, and another one was significantly maladapted. These population effects could originate from differential adaptation of salamander populations to local oomycete communities or environmental conditions that mediate resistance, local adaptation and maladaptation of oomycetes to hosts, or from maternal transmission. Accounting for both environment and population of origin will often be necessary to understand disease dynamics in wild populations.
Data from: Phenotype uniformity in combined-stress environments has a different genetic architecture than in single-stress treatments
For crop production it is desirable for the mapping between genotype and phenotype to be consistent, such that an optimized genotype produces uniform sets of individual plants. Uniformity is strongly selected in breeding programs, usually automatically, as harvest equipment eliminates severely non-uniform individuals. Uniformity is genetically controlled, is known to be increased by interplant competition, and is predicted to increase upon abiotic stress. We mapped maize loci controlling genotype by environment interaction in plant height uniformity. These loci are different than the loci controlling mean plant height. Uniformity decreases upon combining two abiotic stresses, with alleles conferring greater uniformity in a single stress showing little improvement in a combined stress treatment. The maize B73 and Mo17 inbreds do not provide segregating alleles for improvement in plant height uniformity, suggesting that the genetic network specifying plant height has a past history of selection for robustness.
CT4012 - 3D Environment
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Sakura Environment Diorama
A cute Japanese environment made during class. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Environment building
Practice of indoor scene, with PBR materials and low polymesh. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Stylized Dungeon Environment
I never did handpainted or stylized art before. But I had to do it, because i love the artstyle and wanted to learn how to do such amazing things. So im kinda proud I finished this in a good quality. The original scene is made by Tobias Koepp Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Galaxy environment in the 3D-HST fields. The environment catalogue
<p>This database includes the environment catalogue presented in Fossati et al. 2016</p>
SAUCE (Semantic Annotated University Campus Environment)
<p>The dataset is composed of a set of 30 manually-annotated images with a 640x480 resolution. Frames were acquired by a Bumblebee2 stereo rig sensor, which is mounted on the forepart of the iCab research platform.</p> <p>Four different classes are used for labelling the dataset. The labelled categories correspond to the most popular instances found around the university campus and compose the minimum set required for in-campus navigation. The categories are:</p> <ul> <li>Traversable area (blue: RGB(0, 0, 255))</li> <li>Garden (green: RGB(0, 255, 0))</li> <li>Obstacles (red: RGB(255, 0, 0))</li> <li>Pedestrian (yellow: RGB(255, 246, 0))</li> </ul> <p> </p>
FIGURES 1–2. Environment. 1 in The genus Afrasura Durante, 2009 in Gabon, with description of five new species and a new species group (Erebidae: Arctiinae: Lithosiini)
FIGURES 1–2. Environment. 1. View of the forest on the Ivindo river at Ipassa. 2. View of the Research Station of Ipassa.
FIGURE 6 in New records of callianassid ghost shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) from reducing environments in Kyushu, southwestern Japan
FIGURE 6. Nihonotrypaea thermophila Lin, Komai & Chan, 2007, male (cl. 9.6 mm), JAMSTEC No. 2050025167. A, left third maxilliped, lateral view (setae omitted); B, right major cheliped, lateral view; C, tuberculate ridge on fixed finger of right major cheliped, mesial view; D, left minor cheliped, lateral view (proximal part of ischium omitted); E, distal 3 segments of left third pereopod, lateral view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIGURE 2. Cheramus cavifrons n in New records of callianassid ghost shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) from reducing environments in Kyushu, southwestern Japan
FIGURE 2. Cheramus cavifrons n. sp., holotype, ovigerous female (cl 3.7 mm), NSMT-Cr 22092. A, carapace and cephalic appendages, lateral view; B, anterior part of carapace and cephalic appendages, lateral view; C, rostrum and eyes, dorsal view; D, thoracic shield and coxae of fourth pereopods, ventral view; E, posterior part of cephalothorax and abdomen (left third pleopod removed), lateral view, showing direction of fourth pereopod; F, left first maxilliped, outer view (distal endite broken off); G, left second maxilliped; H, left third pleopod, posterior view (setae omitted); I, same, appendix interna. Scale bars: 1 mm for A–E; 0.5 mm for F–I.
FIGURE 5 in New records of callianassid ghost shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) from reducing environments in Kyushu, southwestern Japan
FIGURE 5. Nihonotrypaea thermophila Lin, Komai & Chan, 2007, male (cl. 9.6 mm), JAMSTEC No. 2050025167. A, carapace and cephalic appendages, lateral view; B, anterior part of carapace and cephalic appendages, dorsal view; C, sixth abdominal somite, dorsal view; D, telson and left uropod, dorsal view (setae omitted); E, appendix interna of left third pleopod, ventral view. Scale bars: 2 mm for A–D; 0.5 mm for E.
FIGURE 3. Cheramus cavifrons n in New records of callianassid ghost shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) from reducing environments in Kyushu, southwestern Japan
FIGURE 3. Cheramus cavifrons n. sp., holotype, ovigerous female (cl 3.7 mm), NSMT-Cr 22092. A, left major cheliped, lateral view; B, same, mesial view; C, right minor cheliped, lateral view; D, same, mesial view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 1. Cheramus cavifrons n in New records of callianassid ghost shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) from reducing environments in Kyushu, southwestern Japan
FIGURE 1. Cheramus cavifrons n. sp., holotype, ovigerous female (cl 3.7 mm), NSMT-Cr 22092. Body parts in dorsal view. A, carapace and cephalic appendages; B, first and second abdominal somites; C, third abdominal somite; D, fourth abdominal somite; E, fifth abdominal somite; F, sixth abdominal somite, telson and right uropod (setae partially omitted). Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 4. Cheramus cavifrons n in New records of callianassid ghost shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda: Axiidea) from reducing environments in Kyushu, southwestern Japan
FIGURE 4. Cheramus cavifrons n. sp., holotype, ovigerous female (cl 3.7 mm), NSMT-Cr 22092. A, left third maxilliped, lateral view; B, same mesial view; C, left second pereopod, lateral view; D, left third pereopod, lateral view; E, left fourth pereopod, outer view; F, left fifth pereopod lateral view; G, same, distal 2 segments, extensor view; H, left uropod, perpendicular dorsal view; I, posterior margin of telson. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 4–16. Ptomaphaminus Perreau from Vietnam and Laos. 4 in One new species of Ptomaphaminus Perreau, 2000 (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Cholevinae: Ptomaphagini) from a granitic subterranean environment in Vietnam
FIGURES 4–16. Ptomaphaminus Perreau from Vietnam and Laos. 4: P. granophilus n. sp., aedeagus, dorsal view. 5: P. granophilus n. sp., male urite IX. 6: P. granophilus n. sp., aedeagus, lateral view. 7: P. bihamatus (Szymczakowski), aedeagus, dorsal view (from Szymczakowski, 1972). 8: P. bihamatus (Szymczakowski), aedeagus, lateral view (from Szymczakowski, 1972). 9: P. deharvengi Perreau, aedeagus, dorsal view. 10: P. deharvengi Perreau, aedeagus lateral view. 11: P. bedosae Perreau, aedeagus, dorsal view. 12: P. bedosae Perreau, aedeagus, lateral view. 13: P. boutini (Jarrige), aedeagus, dorsal view. 14: P. boutini (Jarrige), aedeagus, lateral view. 15: P. leclerci (Perreau), aedeagus, dorsal view. 16: P. leclerci (Perreau), aedeagus, lateral view.
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.