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3,484 results for “Plastic”
Figure 2 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 2 - Average changes in color over time (days since the start of each treatment) for adult azure sand grasshoppers kept on bluish-gray stones (blue symbols and lines) or reddish-brown soil (red symbols and lines). Color is expressed in the three independent dimensions of the CIE-L*a*b* space (see text). Lines show the predicted values for each CIE-L*a*b dimension according to a fitted model containing Time, Substrate, Sex, Time:Substrate and sqTime; we excluded the subject random effect for better visualization. Continuous lines and circles are for females while dashed lines and triangles are for males. The "Red Earth" treatment had to be restarted using grasshoppers from the same field location but captured later in time. As a result, the timing of data collection is out of phase between treatments, and L is initially slightly lower for "Red Earth" individuals (since the species gets darker with age).
Figure 4 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 4 - Change in color over time for two example individuals. From left to right: at the start of the experiment, 7 weeks later, and after freezing and cleaning at the end of the experiment. Individual a. was kept on blue-gray substrate and individual b. was kept on reddish-brown substrate. For visualization, the bars under the images show the average dorsal color as captured by the CIE-L*a*b* values measured for each individual at each point in time.
Figure 3 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 3 - Individual changes in color in the final surviving azure sand grasshoppers when kept on bluish-gray stones (blue lines, N = 2) or reddish-brown soil (red lines, N = 3). The comparison is between the same individuals at the beginning of the experiment and once frozen and cleaned at the end. Color is expressed in the three independent dimensions of the CIE-L*a*b* space (see text).
Figure 1 from: Peralta-Rincon JR, Escudero G, Edelaar P (2017) Phenotypic plasticity in color without molt in adult grasshoppers of the genus Sphingonotus (Acrididae: Oedipodinae). Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 21-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14550
Figure 1 - Example of an image taken for color measurement. The individual was held in place by the transparent plastic lid of the Petri dish to obtain a correct position. Brightness and hue were measured in the red diamond-shaped part of the thorax. The color of a small area of the background paper was also measured (red circle) as a reference gray standard to correct for lighting variation among images.
How does plastic litter accumulate in submarine canyons?
<p>The numerical simulation data of turbidity currents.</p>
Plastic additive analysis - Soil samples collected within the ESS frame
<p>Clusters of tabular data (with metadata including variable labels, code labels and definition of missing value) reporting plastic additive determination in soils collected within the frame of the European Spatial Survey. The soil samples were collected from Germany, Czech Republic, Italy, Spain, Greece, Norway & Finland. Quality assurance measures were in place during analysis including calibration curves, blank measurements and use of validated methods.</p>
Exposure of Bromus hordeaceus to petroleum and plant-based micro- and nanoplastics: Impacts and plant-plastic interactions vary depending on polymer type and growth phase
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Figure 1 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny
Figure 1. Larval and small juvenile specimens of Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz. (a) LFUG 13530, (b) LFUG 13405, (c) MMG SaP 390, (d) LFUG 13361, (e) MMG SaP 237, (f) LFUG 13343. Dark grey shading depicts deeper levels of bone. Scale equals 10 mm.
Coffee table made from recycled Plastic & Wood - a prototype
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Material length scale of strain gradient plasticity: A physical interpretation
<p>These data are related to our paper "Dabiao Liu*, and D. J. Dunstan. Material Length Scale of Strain Gradient Plasticity: A Physical Interpretation. International Journal of Plasticity, 98 (2017), 156-47." In this work,the length scales in strain gradient plasticity theories in which the plastic work density can be expressed as a function of the gradient-enhanced plastic strain are here derived from known physical quantities via critical thickness theory. A connection between the length scale and the fundamental physical quantities is elucidated. The combination of the strain and strain-gradient terms within the deformation theory of strain gradient plasticity is addressed. It is shown that, compared with the harmonic sum of the strain and strain-gradient terms in Fleck-Hutchinson theory, the linear combination gives a more reasonable value of length scale, several micrometers, which is close to that in the gradient theory of Aifantis. In contrast, the value of length scale in Nix-Gao theory is much larger, in the millimeter range. The length scales determined by critical thickness theory are in good agreement with those obtained by fitting to experimental data of wire torsion.</p>
Figure 2 in Limited thermal plasticity in high mountain tropical water bears
Figure 2. Mortality at each temperature. Three sets of fifteen tardigrades were exposed to temperatures of 20 °C, 30 °C, and 40 °C. As the temperature increases, so does the mortality.
Experimental data used in the publication :" Investigation of the Effects of Various Severe Plastic Deformation Techniques on the Microstructure of Laser Powder Bed Fusion AlSi10Mg Alloy"
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Data from: Experimentally evolved and phenotypically plastic responses to enforced monogamy in a hermaphroditic flatworm
Sexual selection is considered a potent evolutionary force in all sexually reproducing organisms, but direct tests in terms of experimental evolution of sexual traits are still lacking for simultaneously hermaphroditic animals. Here, we tested how evolution under enforced monogamy affected a suite of reproductive traits (including testis area, sex allocation, genital morphology, sperm morphology and mating behaviour) in the outcrossing hermaphroditic flatworm Macrostomum lignano, using an assay that also allowed the assessment of phenotypically plastic responses to group size. The experiment comprised 32 independent selection lines that evolved under either monogamy or polygamy for 20 generations. While we did not observe an evolutionary shift in sex allocation, we detected effects of the selection regime for two male morphological traits. Specifically, worms evolving under enforced monogamy had a distinct shape of the male copulatory organ and produced sperm with shorter appendages. Many traits that did not evolve under enforced monogamy showed phenotypic plasticity in response to group size. Notably, individuals that grew up in larger groups had a more male-biased sex allocation and produced slightly longer sperm than individuals raised in pairs. We conclude that, in this flatworm, enforced monogamy induced moderate evolutionary but substantial phenotypically plastic responses.
Data from: The genetic architecture of constitutive and induced trichome density in two new RIL populations of Arabidopsis thaliana: phenotypic plasticity, epistasis, and bidirectional leaf damage response
Background: Herbivory imposes an important selective pressure on plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana leaf trichomes provide a key defense against insect herbivory; however, trichome production incurs a fitness cost in the absence of herbivory. Previous work on A. thaliana has shown an increase in trichome density in response to leaf damage, suggesting a mechanism by which the cost associated with constitutively high trichome density might be mitigated; however, the genetic basis of trichome density induction has not been studied. Results: Here, we describe the mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for constitutive and damage induced trichome density in two new recombinant inbred line populations of A. thaliana; mapping for constitutive and induced trichome density also allowed for the investigation of damage response (plasticity) QTL. Both novel and previously identified QTL for constitutive trichome density and the first QTL for induced trichome density and response are identified. Interestingly, two of the four parental accessions and multiple RILs in each population exhibited lower trichome density following leaf damage, a response not previously described in A. thaliana. Importantly, a single QTL was mapped for the response phenotype and allelic variation at this locus appears to determine response trajectory in RILs. The data also show that epistatic interactions are a significant component of the genetic architecture of trichome density. Conclusions: Together, our results provide further insights into the genetic architecture of constitutive trichome density and new insights into induced trichome density in A. thaliana specifically and to our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of natural variation generally.
Data from: Mate preference for a phenotypically plastic trait is learned, and may facilitate preference-phenotype matching
Fixed, genetically determined, mate preferences for species whose adult phenotype varies with rearing environment may be maladaptive, as the phenotype that is most fit in the parental environment may be absent in the offspring environment. Mate preference in species with polyphenisms (environmentally dependent alternative phenotypes) should therefore either not focus on polyphenic traits, be polyphenic themselves, or learned each generation. Here we test these alternative hypotheses by first describing a female-limited seasonal polyphenism in a sexually dimorphic trait in the butterfly Bicyclus anynana, dorsal hindwing spot number (DHSN), and then testing whether male and female mate preferences for this trait exist, and whether they are seasonally polyphenic, or learned. Neither naïve males nor naive females in either seasonal form exhibited mating preferences for DHSN. However, males, but not females, noticed DHSN variation and learned mate preferences for DHSN. These results suggest that individuals may accommodate environmentally dependent variation in morphological traits via learned mate preferences in each generation, and that learned mate preference plasticity can be sexually dimorphic.
Data from: Plasticity and epistasis strongly affect bacterial fitness after losing multiple metabolic genes
Many bacterial lineages lack seemingly essential metabolic genes. Previous work suggested selective benefits could drive the loss of biosynthetic functions from bacterial genomes when the corresponding metabolites are sufficiently available in the environment. However, the factors that govern this 'genome streamlining' remain poorly understood. Here we determine the effect of plasticity and epistasis on the fitness of Escherichia coli genotypes from whose genome biosynthetic genes for one, two, or three different amino acids have been deleted. Competitive fitness experiments between auxotrophic mutants and prototrophic wild type cells in one of two carbon environments revealed that plasticity and epistasis strongly affected the mutants' fitness individually and interactively. Positive and negative epistatic interactions were prevalent, yet on average cancelled each other out. Moreover, epistasis correlated negatively with the expected effects of combined auxotrophy-causing mutations, thus producing a pattern of diminishing returns. Moreover, computationally analysing 1,432 eubacterial metabolic networks revealed that most pairs of auxotrophies co-occurred significantly more often than expected by chance, suggesting epistatic interactions and/ or environmental factors favoured these combinations. Our results demonstrate that both the genetic background and environmental conditions determine the adaptive value of a loss-of-biochemical-function mutation and that fitness gains decelerate, as more biochemical functions are lost.
Data from: Plastic changes in brain morphology in relation to learning and environmental enrichment in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)
Despite the common assumption that the brain is mainly malleable to surrounding conditions during ontogeny, plastic neural changes can occur also in adulthood. One of the driving forces responsible for alterations in brain morphology is increasing environmental complexity that may demand for enhanced cognitive abilities (e.g. attention, memory and learning). However, studies looking at the relationship between brain morphology and learning are scarce. Here, we tested the effects of both learning and environmental enrichment on neural plasticity in guppies (Poecilia reticulata), by means of either a reversal-learning test or a spatial-learning test. Given considerable evidence supporting environmentally-induced plastic alterations, two separate control groups that were not subjected to any cognitive test were included to account for potential changes induced by the experimental setup alone. We did not find any effect of learning on any of our brain measurements. However, we found strong evidence for an environmental effect, where fish given access to the spatial-learning environment had larger relative brain size and optic tectum size in relation to those exposed to the reversal-learning environment. Our results demonstrate the plasticity of the adult brain to respond adaptively mainly to environmental conditions, providing support for the environmental enhancement theory.
Data from: Strong divergence in trait means but not in plasticity across hatchery and wild populations of sea-run brown trout Salmo trutta
There is ample evidence that organisms adapt to their native environment when gene flow is restricted. However, evolution of plastic responses across discrete environments is less well examined. We studied divergence in means and plasticity across wild and hatchery populations of sea-run brown trout (Salmo trutta) in a common garden experiment with two rearing environments (hatchery and a nearly natural experimental stream). Since natural and hatchery environments differ, this arrangement provides an experiment in contemporary adaptation across the two environments. A QST-FST approach was used to investigate local adaptation in survival and growth over the first summer. We found evidence for divergent selection in survival in one year and in body length in both years and rearing environments. In general, the hatchery populations had higher survival and larger body size in both environments. QST in body size did not differ between the rearing environments and constitutive divergence in the means was in all cases stronger than divergence in the plastic responses. These results suggest that in this system constitutive changes in mean trait values are more important for local adaptation than increased plasticity. In addition, ex-situ rearing conditions induce changes in trait means that are adaptive in the hatchery, but potentially harmful in the wild, suggesting that hatchery rearing is likely to be a sub-optimal management strategy for trout populations facing selection in the stream environment.
Parasitism and host dispersal plasticity in an aquatic model system
<p>Dispersal is a central determinant of spatial dynamics in communities and ecosystems, and various ecological factors can shape the evolution of constitutive and plastic dispersal behaviours. One important driver of dispersal plasticity is the biotic environment. Parasites, for example, influence the internal condition of infected hosts and define external patch quality. Thus state-dependent dispersal may be determined by infection status and context-dependent dispersal by the abundance of infected hosts in the population. A prerequisite for such dispersal plasticity to evolve is a genetic basis on which natural selection can act. Using interconnected microcosms, we investigated dispersal in experimental populations of the freshwater protist <i>Paramecium caudatum</i> in response to the bacterial parasite <i>Holospora undulata</i>. For a collection of 20 natural host strains, we found substantial variation in constitutive dispersal, and to a lesser degree in dispersal plasticity. First, infection tended to increase or decrease dispersal relative to uninfected controls, depending on strain identity, potentially indicative of state-dependent dispersal plasticity. Infection additionally decreased host swimming speed compared to the uninfected counterparts. Second, for certain strains, there was a weak negative association between dispersal and infection prevalence, such that uninfected hosts tended to disperse less when infection was more frequent in the population, indicating context-dependent dispersal plasticity. Future experiments may test whether the observed differences in dispersal plasticity are sufficiently strong to react to natural selection. The evolution of dispersal plasticity as a strategy to mitigate parasite effects spatially may have important implications for epidemiological dynamics.</p>
Data from: Mitochondrial genotype and phenotypic plasticity of gene expression in response to cold acclimation in killifish
Adjustments of aerobic metabolic processes are critical components of organismal responses to environmental change that require tight co-ordination between the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Intraspecific differences in mitochondrial genotype can affect gene transcription in both genomes. Thus, variation in mitochondrial genotype may be associated with differences in the plasticity of gene expression when organisms are faced with changes in environmental conditions. Cold acclimation is known to result in metabolic responses involving increases in mitochondrial amount and capacity, suggesting that low temperatures may pose a particular challenge when co-ordinating the functions of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. In this study, we utilized RNA-seq to assess transcriptome-wide gene expression in the muscle of Atlantic killifish (Fundulus heteroclitus) from a population that contains segregating variation in mitochondrial genotype. We examined gene expression plasticity in response to 5°C acclimation and the effects of mitochondrial genotype on this plasticity. Cold acclimation resulted in changes in gene expression consistent with up-regulation of genes involved in many cellular functions, including spliceosomal and proteasomal processes, and with down-regulation of genes involved in extracellular matrix, muscle contraction and oxidative phosphorylation functions. There were few differences in gene expression between killifish with different mitochondrial genotypes: 14 genes demonstrated significant interactions between mitochondrial genotype and acclimation temperature and 3 genes demonstrated effects of mitochondrial genotype alone. These results indicate that variation in mitochondrial genotype has modest effects on gene expression; the majority of which are revealed as differences in plasticity as a result of environmental change.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.