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Figure 2 in Genetic, morphological and acoustic differentiation of African trident bats (Rhinonycteridae: Triaenops)

Figure 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Rhinonycteridae. The phylogeny was inferred in IQ-TREE, and its topology was similar to the Bayesian phylogeny calculated in MRBAYES. Filled red circles on nodes denote bootstrap values ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95. Filled black circles indicate bootstrap ≥ 70% and PP <0.95. Open circles indicate bootstrap <70% and PP ≥ 0.95. Unmarked nodes indicate bootstrap <70% and PP <0.95.

Figure 5 in Genetic, morphological and acoustic differentiation of African trident bats (Rhinonycteridae: Triaenops)

Figure 5. Linear discriminant function axes (DF1 and DF2) of craniodental and mandibular variables performed for all Triaenops samples after cross-validation tests. The density plot for the first and the second linear discriminants (LD1 and LD2, respectively) are presented on the right.

Figure 1 in Genetic, morphological and acoustic differentiation of African trident bats (Rhinonycteridae: Triaenops)

Figure 1. Distribution of genetic samples used in this study: inverted triangles, Paratriaenops auritus; triangles, Paratriaenops furcula; open squares, Triaenops afer; asterisk, Triaenops afer*; black circles, Triaenops menamena; blue circles, Triaenops parvus; open stars, Triaenops persicus.

Figure 4 in Genetic, morphological and acoustic differentiation of African trident bats (Rhinonycteridae: Triaenops)

Figure 4. Bayesian phylogeny of Rhinonycteridae based on four nuclear introns. The phylogeny was inferred in MRBAYES, and its topology closely resembled the maximum likelihood phylogeny calculated in IQ-TREE. Filled red circles on nodes denote bootstrap bootstrap values ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.95. Filled black circles indicate bootstrap ≥ 70% and PP <0.95. Open circles indicate bootstrap <70% and PP ≥ 0.95. Unmarked nodes indicate bootstrap <70% and PP <0.95.

Figure 3 in Genetic, morphological and acoustic differentiation of African trident bats (Rhinonycteridae: Triaenops)

Figure 3. Substitution network plot for Cytb inferred in POPART v.1.7 for Triaenops afer, Triaenops afer*, Triaenops parvus and Triaenops persicus.

Figure 5 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo

Figure 5. Echolocation calls of the holotype of Hypsugo bemainty sp. nov. (FMNH 217884), Neoromicia malagasyensis (FMNH 222724), Neoromicia matroka (FMNH 222727), Neoromicia robertsi (FMNH 222729), Pipistrellus hesperidus (FMNH 209270), and Pipistrellus raceyi (FMNH 217886).

Figure 9 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo

Figure 9. Different views of skull and mandible of Hypsugo bemainty sp. nov. (FMNH 217884, SMG 17029), holotype from Province de Toliara, Kirindy (CNFEREF). Pictures include dorsal view of cranium (upper row, left), ventral view of cranium (upper row, right), and lateral view of cranium and mandible (lower row). (Photograph taken by J. Weinstein, Field Museum image number Z95227_d.)

Figure 4 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo

Figure 4. Principal Component Analysis plots of 11 craniodental measurements for genotyped Malagasy vesper speci- mens for A, PC1 vs. PC2, and B, PC1 vs. PC3. Information on component loadings is presented in Table 5.

Figure 1 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo

Figure 1. Map of localities mentioned in text associated with sequenced members of the genera Neoromicia, Pipistrellus, and Hypsugo captured on Madagascar. Other localities mentioned in the text and an elevational gradient are also shown.

Figure 8 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo

Figure 8. Dorsal (above) and lateral (below) views of bacula from two species of Pipistrellus. A, Pipistrellus raceyi (FMNH 217886, total length 8.90 mm) from Kirindy Forest (CNFEREF); B, Pipistrellus raceyi (FMNH 222722, total length 6.10 mm) from near Andasibe; C, Pipistrellus hesperidus (FMNH 176094, average total length of four specimens 1.9 mm) from Parc National de Kirindy Mitea (redrawn from Bates et al., 2006, Fig. 10A); D, Pipistrellus hesperidus (FMNH 209270, total length 1.90 mm) from Grotte de Sarodrano; E, Pipistrellus hesperidus (FMNH 217905, total length 1.70 mm) from Grotte de Sarodrano; F: Pipistrellus hesperidus (TM 48624, UP-840, total length 2.18 mm) from South Africa.

Figure 10 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo

Figure 10. Dorsal (above) and lateral (below) views of bacula from two species of Hypsugo. A, Hypsugo bemainty sp. nov. (FMNH 217884, holotype, 1.79 mm) from Kirindy (CNFEREF); B, Hypsugo bemainty (FMNH 213577, total length 1.50 mm) from Kirindy (CNFEREF); C, Hypsugo anchietae (TM 48489, ECJS-120/2009, total length 1.25 mm) from Botswana.

Figure 3. Majority rule 50 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo

Figure 3. Majority rule 50% consensus neighbour-joining (NJ) proportional cladogram generated from partial cytochrome b sequences (1201 bp). The NJ analysis was conducted using Kimura 2-Parameter (K2P) distance and implemented in PAUP* 4.10b for Unix (Swofford, 2003), incorporating 1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates. Numbers at nodes indicate bootstrap support. The geographical origins of the different samples per species are indicated as A = Africa and M = Madagascar. Specimens are designated by their voucher number or, where they have not yet been catalogued, by their field number (see Table S1 for definitions of different acronyms).

Figure 2 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo

Figure 2. Consensus Bayesian tree generated from partial sequences of cytochrome b (680 bp), applying the model GTR + I + G and implemented in MrBayes 3.2 (Huelsenbeck & Ronquist, 2001; Ronquist et al., 2012). The first number at each node indicates posterior probability and the second indicates bootstrap support as generated by RAxML (Stamatakis, 2006; Stamatakis et al., 2008; Stamatakis & Ott, 2008), employing the model GTR+G. An asterisk (*) indicates that support for that node is greater than 0.95 posterior probabilities in the Bayesian analysis and 95% bootstrap support in the ML analysis. The clade identity of every sequenced specimen is provided in Figure 3. The geographical origins of the different samples per species are indicated as A = Africa and M = Madagascar. Numbers in parentheses indicate the number of sequences included in the analysis for that clade as per the reduced dataset. See Monadjem et al. (2010) for the definition of Neoromicia cf. melckorum. The clade identity of every sequenced individual is provided in Figure 3.

Figure 7 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo

Figure 7. Dorsal (above) and lateral (below) views of bacula from six species of Neoromicia. A, Neoromicia matroka (FMNH 222725, total length 2.12 mm) from Mantadia; B, Neoromicia matroka (FMNH 222728, total length 2.26 mm) from Anjozorobe; C, Neoromicia malagasyensis (FMNH 222724, total length 2.25 mm) from Isalo; D, Neoromicia robertsi (FMNH 222729, total length 3.12 mm), from Anjozorobe; E, Neoromicia capensis, dorsal view (TM 48490, ECJS-112/2009, total length 2.04 mm) and lateral view (TM 48485, ECJS-03/2009, lateral view, total length 2.01 mm) from Botswana; F: Neoromicia nana (TM 48573, UP-923, total length 1.32 mm), from South Africa; G, Neoromicia cf. melckorum (NMZL ECJS-114/ 2010, total length 2.55 mm) from Zambia.

Figure 6 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo

Figure 6. Plot of principal component scores associated with the five bioacoustic variables for genotyped Malagasy vesper specimens on A, PC1 vs. PC2, B, PC1 vs. PC3 and C) PC2 vs. PC3. Information on component loadings is presented in Table 7.

Figure 11 in An integrative approach to characterize Malagasy bats of the subfamily Vespertilioninae Gray, 1821, with the description of a new species of Hypsugo

Figure 11. Photographs of Hypsugo bemainty sp. nov. holotype (FMNH 217884) from Kirindy (CNFEREF) A, ventral view and B, dorsal view (photographs by Steven M. Goodman). Note multicoloured shaggy fur and dark brown wing and tail membranes.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

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Large‐scale genome sampling reveals unique immunity and metabolic adaptations in bats

Comprising more than 1,400 species, bats possess adaptations unique among mammals including powered flight, unexpected longevity given small body size, and extraordinary immunity. Some of the molecular mechanisms underlying these unique adaptations includes DNA repair, metabolism and immunity. However, analyses have been limited to a few divergent lineages, reducing the scope of inferences on gene family evolution across the Order Chiroptera. We conducted an exhaustive comparative genomic study of 37 bat species encompassing a large number of lineages, with a particular emphasis on multi-gene family evolution across immune system and metabolic genes. Genomes were obtained from public repositories and one genome (Phyllostomus hastatus) was assembled de novo. In agreement with previous analyses, we found lineage-specific expansions of the APOBEC3 and MHC-I gene families, and loss of the proinflammatory PYHIN gene family. We inferred more than 1,000 gene losses unique to bats, including genes involved in the regulation of inflammasome pathways such as epithelial defense receptors, the natural killer gene complex and the interferon-gamma induced pathway. Gene set enrichment analyses revealed genes lost in bats are involved in defense response against pathogen-associated molecular patterns and damage-associated molecular patterns. Gene family evolution and selection analyses indicate bats have evolved fundamental functional differences compared to other mammals in both innate and adaptive immune system, with the potential to enhance anti-viral immune response while dampening inflammatory signaling. In addition, metabolic genes have experienced repeated expansions related to convergent shifts to plant-based diets. Our analyses support the hypothesis that, in tandem with flight, ancestral bats had evolved a unique set of immune adaptations whose functional implications remain to be explored.

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Seasonal variation of population and individual dietary niche in the avivorous bat, Ia io

The variation in niche breadth can affect how species respond to environmental and resource changes. However, there is still no clear understanding of how seasonal variability in food resources impacts the variation of individual dietary diversity, thereby affecting the dynamics of a population's dietary niche breadth. Optimal foraging theory (OFT) and the niche variation hypothesis (NVH) predict that when food resources are limited, the population niche breadth will widen or narrow due to increased within-individual dietary diversity and individual specialization or reduced within-individual dietary diversity, respectively. Here, we used DNA metabarcoding to examine the composition and seasonality of diets of the avivorous bat Ia io. Furthermore, we investigated how the dietary niches changed among seasons and how the population niche breadth changed when the availability of insect resources was reduced in autumn. We found that there was differentiation in dietary niches among seasons and a low degree of overlap, and the decrease of insect resource availability and the emergence of ecological opportunities of nocturnal migratory birds might drive dietary niche shifts toward birds in I. io. However, the population's dietary niche breadth did not broaden by increasing the within-individual dietary diversity or individual specialization but rather became narrower by reducing dietary diversity via predation on bird resources that served as an ecological opportunity when insect resources were scarce in autumn. Our findings were consistent with the predictions of OFT because birds as prey for bats provided extremely different resources from those of insects in size and nutritional value. Our work highlights the importance of size and quality of prey resources along with other factors (i.e., physiological, behavioral, and life-history traits) in dietary niche variation.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

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Data from: A phantom ultrasonic insect chorus repels low-flying bats, but most are undeterred

Abstract 1. The acoustic environment can serve as a niche axis, structuring animal behaviour by providing or obscuring salient information. Meadow katydid choruses occupy the ultrasonic, less studied, realm of this acoustic milieu, form dense populations in some habitats, and present a potential sensory challenge to co-occurring ultrasonic-hearing animals. Aerial-hawking insectivorous bats foraging immediately over vegetation must listen for echoes of their prey and other cues amidst the chorus din. 2. We experimentally created the cacophony of a katydid chorus in a katydid-free rice paddy using an aggregation of 100 ultrasonic speakers in a 25 x 25 m grid to test the hypothesis that aerially hawking bats are averse to this noise source. We alternated between chorus-on and chorus-off hourly, and acoustically monitored bat activity and arthropod prey abundance. 3. We found that our phantom katydid chorus reduced bat activity nearest the sound source by 39.3% (95% CI: 7.8 - 60.0%) for species whose call spectrum fully overlapped with the chorus, and elicited marginal reductions in activity in species with only partial spectral overlap. 4. Our study suggests that ultrasonic insect choruses degrade foraging habitat, potentially suppressing bats' ecosystem services as consumers of pests; and, given the global distribution of meadow katydids, may provide an underappreciated force modifying animal behaviour in other grassland habitats.

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →