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FIG. 7 in The Drosophila (Sophophora) obscura species group in the Americas (Diptera: Drosophilidae): review, revisions, and three new species

FIG. 7. Oviscapts and spermathecae (lateral views) of species in the affinis subgroup, with apical details for three species. A. D. affinis (ASG 28); B. D. athabasca (ASG 30); C. D. azteca (ASG 15); D. D. chibcha, n. sp. (ASG 17); E. D. dobzhanskii (ASG 33); F. D. narragansett (ASG 11); G. D. tolteca (ASG 24).

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FIG. 1 in The Drosophila (Sophophora) obscura species group in the Americas (Diptera: Drosophilidae): review, revisions, and three new species

FIG. 1. Distribution map of species in the affinis subgroup. Distributions derived from Miller (1958), M. Miller et al. (2017), new records provided in the present paper, and more recent published reports. For distributions of species in the pseudoobscura group, see Dobzhansky and Epling (1944) and Heed and O'Grady (2000). Distribution boundaries are approximate, especially northernmost boundaries.

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FIG. 2 in The Drosophila (Sophophora) obscura species group in the Americas (Diptera: Drosophilidae): review, revisions, and three new species

FIG. 2. Heads and thoraces (lateral view) of representative New World species of the obscura group (A–D), and a male midleg of D. cuauhtemoci (E). A. D. chibcha holotype, n. sp. (ASG 05); B. D. maya holotype. C. D. narragansett paralectotype male. D. D. seminole holotype. E. D. cuauhtemoci, male midleg (lateral view), paratype.

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Intravenous Versus Oral Transition Therapy for the Treatment of Viridans Group Streptococcal Bloodstream Infections

Background: Streptococcus are amongst the most common pathogens implicated in bloodstream infections (BSI). Within the genus, S. pneumoniae and beta-hemolytic Streptococcus are the most frequently reported organisms. Viridans Group Streptococcus (VGS) have emerged as a more common cause and are associated with more severe complications. IV antibiotics have long been considered the standard of care, but recent studies have shown similar efficacy between IV and oral antibiotics. This is important because switching to oral antibiotics is associated with benefits like a shorter length of stay, decreased patient and hospital expenses, and a lower rate of adverse events. Objective: To determine if oral (PO) transition therapy is non-inferior to intravenous (IV)-only therapy for the treatment of uncomplicated Viridians Group Streptococcus (VGS) bloodstream infections (BSI). Design: Retrospective, non-inferiority cohort study. Setting: St. Luke’s University Health Network, a non-profit, academic health network. Patients: Adult inpatients with a diagnosis of VGS BSI between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2022. Methods: Patients with VGS BSI were categorized on whether they received IV therapy for their entire treatment course or transitioned to PO therapy. The primary outcome of treatment failure was defined as a composite of all-cause mortality, hospital readmission due to infectious process, or recurrent BSI within 90 days. Secondary outcomes included the individual components of the primary outcome, adverse events, and length of stay. Non-inferiority threshold was set at 10% in the 95% CI for the difference in the proportion of patients with treatment failure between the oral transition and intravenous-only groups. Results: The primary composite outcome occurred in 20.8% of the IV group and 11.5% of the PO transition group (RR, 0.55 [95% CI 0.18 to 1.72]). Hospital length of stay was significantly longer in the IV-only group. There were no significant differences in the other outcomes. Notably, 12 of the 16 treatment-related adverse events observed in the IV-only group were associated with use of an indwelling IV catheter. Conclusions: Although the risk ratio for the composite outcome of treatment failure favors a transition to oral therapy, statistical non-inferiority could not be established.

Fig. 7 in An early Eocene pan-gekkotan from France could represent an extra squamate group that survived the K/Pg extinction

Fig. 7. SEM images of the jaw symphyseal region and details of tooth crowns in two extant gekkotans, Gonatodes albogularis (Duméril and Bibron, 1836) A) and Sphaerodactylus klauberi Grant, 1923 (B), showing a similar sulcus on the crown as present in Bauersaurus gen. nov.

Fig. 4 in An early Eocene pan-gekkotan from France could represent an extra squamate group that survived the K/Pg extinction

Fig. 4. Pan-gekkotan squamate Bauersaurus cosensis gen. et sp. nov. from Cos, France, early Eocene (MP 10–11). Tooth details of the holotype (UM- COS-1012) maxilla (A) and UM-COS-1013 dentary (B) in ventromedial (A1), ventral (A2), anteromedial (A3), dorsal (B1), anterior (B2) views (all micro-CT visualizations).

Fig. 6 in An early Eocene pan-gekkotan from France could represent an extra squamate group that survived the K/Pg extinction

Fig. 6. Maxillae of several gekkotans compared with Bauersaurus gen. nov. in lateral (left column) and medial (right column) views; 3D models of gekkotans were mirrored. Top to bottom, Sphaerodactylus grandisquamis spanius Stejneger, 1904, RT 14708 (Sphaerodactylidae), Holodactylus africanus Boettger, 1893, CAS 198932 (Eublepharidae), Paradelma orientalis (Günther, 1876) CAS 77652 (Pygopodide), Underwoodisaurus milii Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1823, CAS 74744 (Carphodactylidae), Pseudothecadactylus australis (Günther, 1877) MCZ Herp R- 35162 (Diplodactylide), Bauersaurus cosensis the holotype UM-COS-1012 (Pan-Gekkota). Bauersaurus cosensis is inferred as sister to Gekkota.

Fig. 1 in An early Eocene pan-gekkotan from France could represent an extra squamate group that survived the K/Pg extinction

Fig. 1. Pan-gekkotan squamate Bauersaurus cosensis gen. et sp. nov. from Cos, France, early Eocene (MP 10–11). Holotype (UM-COS-1012), right maxilla, in lateral (A1), medial (A2), dorsal (A3), ventral (A4), anteromedial (A5), and dorsomedioposterior (A6) views (all micro-CT visualizations).

Fig. 3 in An early Eocene pan-gekkotan from France could represent an extra squamate group that survived the K/Pg extinction

Fig. 3. Pan-gekkotan squamate Bauersaurus cosensis gen. et sp. nov. from Cos, France, early Eocene (MP 10–11). Photographs of the holotype (UM- COS-1012) maxilla (A) and UM-COS-1013 dentary (B) in lateral (A1, B1) and medial (A2, B2) views.

Fig. 5. A in An early Eocene pan-gekkotan from France could represent an extra squamate group that survived the K/Pg extinction

Fig. 5. A. Reconstruction of the complete skull of an early Eocene pan-gekkotan squamate Bauersaurus cosensis gen. et sp. nov. from Cos, France, using a D model of a living gekkotan with similar morphology and proportions of bones, Pseudothecadactylus australis (MCZ Herp R- 35162), grey silhouette; Bauersaurus, micro-CT visualizations of jaws in lateral view. B–F. Comparison of the overall shape of the facial process with other gekkotans, i.e. the Late Jurassic Eichstaettisaurus schroederi (the holotype BSPG 1937 I; modified from Simões et al. 2017), (B) the early Eocene (MP 10) Laonogekko lefevrei (the holotype MNHN PMT 5; modified from Augé 2005) (C), the middle Eocene (MP 12 and MP 13) Geiseleptes delfinoi (the holotype GMH Ce IV-4057-1933; modified from Villa et al. (2022) (D), the middle–late Eocene (MP 16–19) Cadurcogekko piveteaui (the right maxilla MNHN QU 17734; modified from Augé 2005) (E), and Cadurcogekko cf. piveteaui (mirror inverted left maxilla NHMW 2019/0052/0001 originally described by Georgalis et al. 2021) (F).

Fig. 2 in An early Eocene pan-gekkotan from France could represent an extra squamate group that survived the K/Pg extinction

Fig. 2. Pan-gekkotan squamate Bauersaurus cosensis gen. et sp. nov. from Cos, France, early Eocene (MP 10–11). UM-COS-1013, right dentary, in lateral (A1), medial (A2), dorsal (A3) views (all micro-CT visualizations).

Fig. 14 in A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae

Fig. 14. Histogram showing the distribution of the species and specimens attributed to Anhnagueridae during the Cretaceous. Each bar of the histogram represents the number of diverse species found in each labelled site, whilst the geometric figures identified the species within the three anhangerid clades: Coloborhynchinae, Anhanguerinae, and Tropeognathinae. Drawing by BH. Abbreviations: Al, Albian; Ap, Aptian; Ba, Barrenian Be, Berriasian; Ca, Campanian; Ce, Cenomanian; Co, Coniacian; Ha, Hauterivian; Ma, Maastrichtian; Sa, Santonian; Tu, Turonian; Va, Valangian.

Fig. 13 in A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae

Fig. 13. Paleogeographic maps showing distribution of Anhangueridae. A. Barremian: 1, St. LeonardsonSea, East Sussex, Hastings Group (late Berriasian/Valanginian), England; 2, Bol'shoi Kemchug, lower Ilek Formation (?Hauterivian–Barremian) Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia; 3, Las Hoyas, La Huérgina Formation (Barremian), Cuenca, Spain; 4, Isle of Wight, Wessex Formation (Barremian), England. B. Aptian: 5, Mogoito, Murtoi Formation Aptian), Buryatia, Russia; 6, Sekmenevka Formation (Aptian), Belgorod Oblast, Russia; 7, Jiufotang Formation (Aptian), Liaoning, China; 8, Elrhaz Formation (Aptian), Niger; 9, Krasnyi Yar, Khilok Formation (Aptian), Buryatia, Russia; 10, Pedra Furada, Recôncavo Basin, Marizal Formation? Aptian), Bahia, Brazil; 11, Sierra de Perijá, Apón Formation (Aptian), Zulia, Venezuela; 12, Crato Formation (late Aptian), Ceará, Brazil. C. Albian: 13, KhurenDukh, DzunBayin Formation (late Aptian–Albian), Mongolia; 14, Sheskatovo, upper Ilek Formation (late Aptian–Albian), Kemerovo Oblast, Russia; 15, Chenini Formation (early Albian), Tunisia; 16, Romualdo Formation (Albian), Ceará, Brazil; 17, Lightning Ridge, Griman Creek Formation Albian), New South Wales, Australia; 18, Tarrant County, Paw Paw Formation (Albian), Texas, USA; 19, Boulia, Toolebuc Formation (Albian), Queensland, Australia; 20, Cortes de Arenoso, Utrillas Formation (Albian), Valencia, Spain; 21, Cambridge Greensand (Cenomanian, but fossils Albian in age), England; 22, Hughenden, Mackunda Formation (late Albian), Queensland, Australia. D. Cenomanian: 23, Strelitsa Graysand with phosphorite (late Albian–Cenomanian), Voronezh Region, Russia; 24, Pavlovsk (Cenomanian), Voronezh Region, Russia; 25, Kem Kem beds, lower Ifezouane and upper Aoufous Formations (Cenomanian), Dr'a Tafilalt, Southeast Morocco; 26, Laje do Coringa, São LuísGrajaú basin, Alcântara Formation (Cenomanian), Maranhão, Brazil; 27, Saratov yellow sand with phosphorite (late Cenomanian), Saratov Region, Russia; 28, Belmont Station, Winton, Winton Formation late Cenomanian–early Turonian), Queensland, Australia. Red question marks refer those specimens tentatively considered Anhangueridae, a red question mark inside one of the above geometric figures means a specimen tentatively attributed to each clade under consideration. World maps modified from the Palaeobiology Database (https://paleobiodb.org/navigator/) under the CC BY 4.0 license. Drawing by BH.

Fig. 11. Coloborhynchinae comparative plate. A in A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae

Fig. 11. Coloborhynchinae comparative plate. A. Coloborhynchus clavirostris in anterior (A1), right lateral (A2), and palatal (A3) views. B. Aerodraco sedgwickii in anterior (B1), right lateral (B2), and palatal (B3) views. C. Uktenadactylus wadleighi in anterior (C1), right lateral (C2), and palatal (C3) views. D. Uktenadactylus rodriguesae. in anterior (D1), left lateral (mirrored, D2), and palatal (D3) views. E. Nicorhynchus capito (holotype) in anterior (E1), right lateral (E2), and palatal (E3) views. F. Nicorhynchus capito (referred specimen, originally designated as the holotype of Ornithocheirus reedi, now presumed lost from CAMSM collections) in anterior (F1) and right lateral (F2) views. G. Nicorhynchus cf. capito in anterior (G1) and left lateral (mirrored, G2). H. Nicorhynchus fluviferox (holotype) in anterior (H1), right lateral (H2), and palatal (H3) views. Dark grey represents depressions, lighter gray with lines represents bulbous projections, white represents alveoli. Scale bars 50 mm. Drawings by RVP.

Fig. 9. Tropeognathine pterosaur Tropeognathus mesembrinus Wellnhofer, 1987, BSPG 1987 I 47 in A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae

Fig. 9. Tropeognathine pterosaur Tropeognathus mesembrinus Wellnhofer, 1987, BSPG 1987 I 47, Chapada do Araripe, Ceará, Brazil, Albian. In right lateral (A1), palatal (A2), and anterior (A3) views. Photographs by RVP (A1) and BH (A2). A3 modified from Rodrigues and Kellner (2013).

Fig. 8 in A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae

Fig. 8. Tropeognathine pterosaur Siroccopteryx moroccensis Mader and Kellner, 1999, LINHM FR016, Kem Kem beds, Morocco,?Albian–lower Cenomanian. A. Photograph in anterior (A1), left lateral (A2), and dorsal (A3) views. B. Interpretation of the palatal view following Mader and Kellner (1999). Photographs courtesy of Megan L. Jacobs. Drawing by RVP based on Mader and Kellner (1999).

Fig. 6 in A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae

Fig. 6. Anhanguerid pterosaur Aerodraco sedgwickii gen. et comb. nov., CAMSM B54422, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England, Albian. In anterior (A1), left lateral (A2), palatal (A3), right lateral (A4), and dorsal (A5) views. Photographs by BH.

Fig. 1. Anhanguerid pterosaur Coloborhynchus clavirostris Owen, 1874 in A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae

Fig. 1. Anhanguerid pterosaur Coloborhynchus clavirostris Owen, 1874, NHMUK PV R1822, St. LeonardsonSea, East Sussex, England, late Berriasian–Valanginian. In anterior (A1), left lateral (A2), palatal (A3), dorsal (A4), and right lateral (A5) views. Photographs from NHMUK data portal collections (https://data.nhm.ac.uk/).

Fig. 7. Australian tropeognathine pterosaurs. A in A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae

Fig. 7. Australian tropeognathine pterosaurs. A. Ferrodraco lentoni Pentland, Poropat, Tischler, Sloan, and Elliott, 2019, AODF 876, Winton, Queensland, Australia, upper Cenomanian–lower Turonian. In anterior (A1) and left lateral (A2) views. B. Mythunga camara Molnar and Thulborn, 2008, QM F18896, Hughenden, Queensland, Australia, Albian. In left lateral view. Pictures modified from Pentland et al. (2019) under a CCBY 4.0 license.

Fig. 2 in A taxonomic and phylogenetic review of the anhanguerid pterosaur group Coloborhynchinae and the new clade Tropeognathinae

Fig. 2. Anhanguerid pterosaur Nicorhynchus capito gen. et comb. nov. (holotype), CAMSM B54625, Chesterton, Cambridgeshire, England, Albian. In anterior (A1), right lateral (A2), palatal (A3), and left lateral (A4) views. A1 and A3 modified from Rodrigues and Kellner (2013), A2 and A4 photographs by BH.