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Figure 1 from: Kutschera U, Elliott J (2014) The European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis L.: Morphology and occurrence of an endangered species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 271-280. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8715
Figure 1 - Photograph of living adult specimens of the European medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis Linnaeus 1758) and the Mediterranean medicinal leech (Hirudo verbana Carena 1820). The leeches, maintained in pond water, are depicted in dorsal view, with their disk-shaped posterior sucker attached to a petri dish.
Figure 1 from: Funk V, Wood K (2014) Bidens meyeri (Asteraceae: Coreopsideae): A New Critically Endangered Species from Rapa, Austral Islands. PhytoKeys 42: 39-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.42.8408
Figure 1 - Photos of Bidens meyeri: A Close up of a flowering plant, note the gloved finger holding the plant B J-Y Meyer climbing with Bidens in his teeth, note yellow flowering plant on the cliff face just above his left hand. [Photo credits: A by J-Y Meyer; B by R Englund; both taken 16 Dec 2002].
Figure 2 from: Funk V, Wood K (2014) Bidens meyeri (Asteraceae: Coreopsideae): A New Critically Endangered Species from Rapa, Austral Islands. PhytoKeys 42: 39-47. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.42.8408
Figure 2 - Photos of Bidens type specimens: A–C Bidens meyeri holotype (PTBG): A–B Specimen before mounting A Side with the involucral bracts and (mostly) upper surface of the leaves showing B Side with the flowers and (mostly) the undersurface of leaves showing C Holotype of Bidens meyeri, housed at PTBG D Holotype of Bidens saint-johniana, housed at BISH. [Photo credits: A–C by Jesse Adams, PTBG; D sent by BISH].
Figure 3 from: Albano P, Bongiovanni B, D'Occhio P, Sabelli B (2014) Natural history museums as repositories of endangered diversity: the case of the United States Unionida in the Museo di Zoologia dell'Università di Bologna. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 105-111. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8231
Figure 3 - North-American Unionida of conservation concern in the Museo di Zoologia dell'Università di Bologna, Italy. A-B. Pleurobema clava (Lamarck, 1819), Critically Endangered (IUCN), Endangered (USFWS), Ohio River, length 50 mm; C-D. Quadrula metanevra (Rafinesque, 1820), Critically Endangered (IUCN), Ohio River, length 59 mm; E-F. Margaritifera margaritifera Linnaeus, 1758, Endangered (IUCN), small streams in Pennsylvania, length 123 mm. Scale bar 1 cm.
Figure 2 from: Albano P, Bongiovanni B, D'Occhio P, Sabelli B (2014) Natural history museums as repositories of endangered diversity: the case of the United States Unionida in the Museo di Zoologia dell'Università di Bologna. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 105-111. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8231
Figure 2 - Examples of original labels of North-American Unionida in the Museo di Zoologia dell'Università di Bologna, Italy. A. M.E. Moricand's label, in latin. B. Labels accompanying M.E. Moricand's specimens in English. C. G. Capellini's label.
Figure 1 from: Albano P, Bongiovanni B, D'Occhio P, Sabelli B (2014) Natural history museums as repositories of endangered diversity: the case of the United States Unionida in the Museo di Zoologia dell'Università di Bologna. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(2): 105-111. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.8231
Figure 1 - North-American Unionida of conservation concern in the Museo di Zoologia dell'Università di Bologna, Italy. A-B. Cyprogenia stegaria (Rafinesque, 1820), Critically Endangered (IUCN), Cumberland River, length 40 mm; C-D. Dromus dromas (Lea, 1834), Critically Endangered (IUCN), Endangered (USFWS), Cumberland River, length 64 mm; E-F. Epioblasma haysiana (Lea, 1834), Extinct (IUCN), Cumberland River, length 41 mm; G-H. Epioblasma torulosa (Rafinesque, 1820), Critically endangered (IUCN), Endangered (USFWS), Ohio River, length 56 mm; I-J. Lampsilis cariosa (Say, 1817), Endangered (IUCN), Delaware River, length 76 mm. Scale bar 1 cm.
Figure 6 from: Chakrabarty P, Prejean J, Niemiller M (2014) The Hoosier cavefish, a new and endangered species (Amblyopsidae, Amblyopsis) from the caves of southern Indiana. ZooKeys 412: 41-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.412.7245
Figure 6 - Illustration of Amblyopsis hoosieri based on the holotype, INHS 106675, 75.1 mm SL. Illustration by Nathan Coussou.
Figure 5 from: Chakrabarty P, Prejean J, Niemiller M (2014) The Hoosier cavefish, a new and endangered species (Amblyopsidae, Amblyopsis) from the caves of southern Indiana. ZooKeys 412: 41-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.412.7245
Figure 5 - Photograph of a paratype of Amblyopsis hoosieri in life, YPM ICH 25304, 60.7 mm SL. Photograph by M.L. Niemiller.
Figure 4 from: Chakrabarty P, Prejean J, Niemiller M (2014) The Hoosier cavefish, a new and endangered species (Amblyopsidae, Amblyopsis) from the caves of southern Indiana. ZooKeys 412: 41-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.412.7245
Figure 4 - Comparative image of two similarly sized individuals of both species of Amblyopisis. Amblyopsis hoosieri, holotype, INHS 106675, 75.1 mm SL, Bronson's Cave, Lawrence Co., Indiana (A); a specimen of Amblyopsis spelaea (YPM ICH 25294) of similar SL (67 mm SL) showing the more elongate and sculpted (versus plump) body, pointed fins, less prominent myomeres and more prominent papillae on the body (B).
Figure 3 from: Chakrabarty P, Prejean J, Niemiller M (2014) The Hoosier cavefish, a new and endangered species (Amblyopsidae, Amblyopsis) from the caves of southern Indiana. ZooKeys 412: 41-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.412.7245
Figure 3 - Plots illustrating the relationships between body depth, body width and standard length (SL). Circles in red represent specimens of Amblyopsis hoosieri, sp. n., from north of the Ohio River in Indiana; triangles in blue represent Amblyopsis spelaea from south of the Ohio River in Kentucky. (a) body depth versus standard length, (b) body width versus standard length, and (c) and body depth versus body width as proportions of standard length.
Figure 7 from: Chakrabarty P, Prejean J, Niemiller M (2014) The Hoosier cavefish, a new and endangered species (Amblyopsidae, Amblyopsis) from the caves of southern Indiana. ZooKeys 412: 41-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.412.7245
Figure 7 - Cleared and stained image of the head of Amblyopsis hoosieri. Note lack of eye or a clearly defined bony orbit. Specimen is a paratype from INHS 40424, 71.3 mm SL.
Figure 1 from: Chakrabarty P, Prejean J, Niemiller M (2014) The Hoosier cavefish, a new and endangered species (Amblyopsidae, Amblyopsis) from the caves of southern Indiana. ZooKeys 412: 41-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.412.7245
Figure 1 - Phylogeny of Amblyopsidae. Modified from Niemiller et al. (2013d), showing a northern lineage of Amblyopsis found north of the Ohio River in Indiana (members of the new species described herein) and a southern lineage in Kentucky (Amblyopsis spelaea sensu n.).
Figure 2 from: Chakrabarty P, Prejean J, Niemiller M (2014) The Hoosier cavefish, a new and endangered species (Amblyopsidae, Amblyopsis) from the caves of southern Indiana. ZooKeys 412: 41-57. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.412.7245
Figure 2 - Distribution of Amblyopsis spp., Amblyopsis spelaea and Amblyopsis hoosieri, in the Mitchell Plain and Crawford-Mammoth Uplands of Indiana and Kentucky.
Figure 9 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 9 - Posteroventral view of the basicranium and left bulla in a Monachus monachus b Neomonachus schauinslandi, and c Neomonachus tropicalis. The bulla of Monachus is bordered posteriorly by a ventrally expanded posterior portion of the petro-mastoid complex. The petrosal abuts the bulla's posterior wall and in ventral view forms the entire lateral and anterolateral border of the posterior lacerate foramen. In Neomonachus, the posterior part of the petrosal is visible in the posterior lacerate foramen but remains superior to the bulla. In ventral view, this gives the impression that the anterior border of the posterior lacerate foramen is formed entirely by the bulla. The posterior carotid canal opens posteroventrally in Monachus. This apparently results from a relatively complete "ring-like" opening, formed by the bulla. This form of opening is apparent in subadult and juvenile Monachus, suggesting that it is not dependent on ontogenetic development or the robusticity of the Monachus cranium relative to Neomonachus. In contrast, the posterior carotid canal of Neomonachus opens directly posteriorly, the opening being an incomplete ring and the dorsal border formed by a flattening of the bulla, perhaps resulting from the bulla's extension over the petrosal.
Figure 8 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 8 - Ventral views of crania of a Monachus monachus b Neomonachus schauinslandi, and c Neomonachus tropicalis, showing the pterygoid region. Neomonachus exhibits a well-developed, laterally flared pterygoid hamulus that is visible in dorsal view. The hamulus may be spatulate (Neomonachus schauinslandi) or hook-like (Neomonachus tropicalis). The hamular process is absent or medially flared in Monachus, and is not visible in dorsal view.
Figure 7 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 7 - Dorsal view of rostra of a Monachus monachus b Neomonachus schauinslandi, and c Neomonachus tropicalis. Monachus exhibits a well-developed antorbital process on the maxilla, immediately inferior to the fronto-maxillary suture. The process is reduced or absent in Neomonachus. The nasals of Monachus are short and triangular, tapering smoothly posteriorly to produce a point at their union. The nasals of Neomonachus are longer and do not taper smoothly.
Figure 4 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 4 - Genetic distances between currently recognized taxonomic units within Phocidae derived from logdet distances for cytb. Distances within: a Phoca b Pusa c Phoca versus Halichoerus d Pusa versus Halichoerus e Phoca versus Pusa f Histriophoca versus Pagophilus g Phocini h Phocinae i Monachus j Mirounga k Lobodontini, and l Monachini.
Figure 5 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 5 - Lateral views of crania of a Monachus monachus b Neomonachus schauinslandi, and c Neomonachus tropicalis. Arrows indicate the more developed occipital crest and zygomatic arches, and deeper snout of Monachus compared to Neomonachus species.
Figure 3 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 3 - Time-calibrated phylogeny of the seals estimated from combined nuclear and mitochondrial data. Time scale is in millions of years before present. Note that the chronogram has been pruned to show only true seals and immediate pinniped outgroups. Node bars show the 95% HPD intervals for divergence time estimates and mean ages are labeled for the two divergence times within the monk seals. Labeling at the top indicates water circulation through the Central American Seaway, the circle and associated wavy blue lines indicate a period during which water circulation periodically ceased and resumed but a shallow seaway remained open.
Figure 11 from: Slater G, Scheel D, Kolokotronis S, Potter C, Rotstein D, Tsangaras K, Greenwood A, Helgen K (2014) Biogeography and taxonomy of extinct and endangered monk seals illuminated by ancient DNA and skull morphology. ZooKeys 409: 1-33. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.409.6244
Figure 11 - Medial view of right dentaries of a Monachus monachus b Neomonachus schauinslandi, and c Neomonachus tropicalis. The mandibular foramen is situated inferior to the mandibular notch in Monachus, and opens immediately to the medial surface of the ramus. In Neomonachus, the foramen is anteriorly displaced and is set in a groove or sulcus that extends from inferior to the mandibular notch. Also note the expanded rugose area for insertion of the pterygoid muscles in Monachus. This region is poorly developed in Neomonachus.
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