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opennotspecifiedSep 2008View details →

FIGURE 1 in One century of vegetation change on Isla Persa, a nunatak in the Bernina massif in the Swiss Alps

FIGURE 1. Map of the Palaearctic region and its four subregions as used in this catalogue. EU: Europe. AF: Northern Africa. AS: Northern Asia. SA: Southwestern Asia.

opennotspecifiedSep 2008View details →

FIGURE 3 in One century of vegetation change on Isla Persa, a nunatak in the Bernina massif in the Swiss Alps

FIGURE 3. Map of China (excluding Taiwan) and its seven subunits as used in this catalogue. NW: Northwestern China. NO: Northern China. NE: Northeastern China. WP: Western Chinese Plateau. SW: Southwestern China. CE: Central China. SE: Southeastern China. Map adapted from Lelej (2002).

FIGURES 47–54 in Auxosporulation, morphology of vegetative cells and perizonium of Fallacia tenera (Hust.) D.G. Mann (Bacillariophyceae)

FIGURES 47–54: The incunabula and perizonium of Fallacia tenera. Scale bars = 2 µm, except Figs 47, 50, 51 (5 µm). Fig. 47. Paring of two auxospores with two parental cells valves in different size. Fig. 48. Perizonium investing the initial cell, note the primary transverse band (arrow). Fig. 49. "Suture" of secondary transverse perizonial bands (arrow) and closed primary band (double arrows). Fig. 50. Detial of primary transverse band (arrow) with an incunabular scale (double arrows) on the surface. Fig. 51. The longitudinal series of perizonial bands. Note the semilanceolate secondary bands (arrow) with a slightly convex outline in the center (arrowhead). Fig. 52. The detail of fig. 51. Showing the one side fimbriate margin of secondary longitudinal bands and lanceolate primary longitudinal band (double arrows). Figs 53, 54. Incunabular scales (arrow) on the terminal and on the primary transverse band.

FIGURES 4–8 in Auxosporulation, morphology of vegetative cells and perizonium of Fallacia tenera (Hust.) D.G. Mann (Bacillariophyceae)

FIGURES 4–8: Morphological variation of Fallacia tenera. Scale bar = 5 µm. Fig. 4. Initial cell with a slightly convex center (arrow). Figs 5–7. Outline of vegetative cells from naviculoid to elliptical. Fig. 8. Vegetative cell finally become to circle and probably could not have sexual reproduction.

FIGURE 46 in Auxosporulation, morphology of vegetative cells and perizonium of Fallacia tenera (Hust.) D.G. Mann (Bacillariophyceae)

FIGURE 46. The length ranges of cells in each life stages of Fallacia tenera. IN: Initial cells, VE: Vegetative cells, GA: Gametangia (paired parental cells), LG: the longer gametangium of the two paired gametangia, SG: the shorter gametangium of the two paired gametangia. The numbers on the horizontal axis are the number of observations.

FIGURES 32–45 in Auxosporulation, morphology of vegetative cells and perizonium of Fallacia tenera (Hust.) D.G. Mann (Bacillariophyceae)

FIGURES 32–45: The sexual reproduction, the auxospore development and the formation of initial cells. All scale bars = 10 µm. Fig. 32. Two paired cells in different size. Fig. 33. Two gametes (arrowheads) were formed in one gametangia. Fig. 34. The trans anisogamy? was occurred. One zygote (arrow) was formed in a theca (right) of gametangia and two unfused gametes (arrowheads). Fig. 35. Two zygotes were formed after the gametes fusing. Fig. 36. Two zygotes were released from thecae of gametangia. Fig. 37. Younger auxospores paired more or less parallel to each other. Note the slightly convex center (arrow). Fig. 38. Matured auxospores. Two chloroplasts (arrow) appressed to the wall of auxospores. The longitudinal bands also could been found (arrowhead). Figs 39–40. Formation of initial cells. A theca was present in the left auxospore (arrowhead) in fig. 39. During the formation of initial cells, the two chloroplasts show strongly contraction (arrows) Fig. 41. In new formed initial cells, two elongate chloroplasts apressed to the girdle. One chloroplast projects to another one along the hyaline connection between them (arrow). Figs 42–43. The initial cells completely formed in the two auxospores. The two chloroplasts nearly fused (arrow) in the right initial cell (fig. 42). The H-shaped chloroplast (arrow) already formed in the left initial cell (fig. 43). Fig. 44. The initial cell were escaping from the perizonium. Note the transverse perizonial bands (arrowhead), cape (=incunabular cap, arrow) and probably longitudinal band (double arrows). Fig. 45. The empty perizonium with two broken poles. Note the primary transverse perizonial band and seven to nine secondary perizonial bands on each side of it.

FIGURES 31 in Auxosporulation, morphology of vegetative cells and perizonium of Fallacia tenera (Hust.) D.G. Mann (Bacillariophyceae)

FIGURES 31. The illustration of the composition of a cingulum. An open valvocopula, a pleura with an arc shaped ligula and a pleura with an triangular ligula (bottom to top).

FIGURES 1–3 in Auxosporulation, morphology of vegetative cells and perizonium of Fallacia tenera (Hust.) D.G. Mann (Bacillariophyceae)

FIGURES 1–3: The vegetative cell and a valve of Fallacia tenera. Scale bar = 5 µm. Fig. 1. H-shaped plastid with a pyrenoid (arrow). Fig. 2. TEM image of F. tenera. Note the asymmetric longitudinal line of areolae (arrow). Fig. 3. Cleaned frustule of F. tenera. Note the distal longitudinal line of areolae (arrow).

FIGURE 55 in Auxosporulation, morphology of vegetative cells and perizonium of Fallacia tenera (Hust.) D.G. Mann (Bacillariophyceae)

FIGURE 55. Comparison of general valve patterns of Fallacia tenera (left) and Pseudofallacia occulta (right). Section view of half valve. Showing F.tenera possess longitudinal depressed sternum (arrow). The conopeum (double arrows) covers two longitudinal row of areolae in F. tenera, while in P. occulta covers one longitudinal line.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Effects of experimental warming on vegetative and reproductive characters of P. viviparaum in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

This dataset contains data from a simulated warming experiment described in the paper: "Zhang, C., Li, XT., and An, YM. Effects of experimental warming on vegetative and reproductive growth of Polygonum viviparaum in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Nordic Journal of Botany. DOI: 10.1111/njb.03157". The experiment investigated Polygonum viviparaum, a perennial herb distributed widely in arctic and alpine regions, under two different levels of experimental warming treatments to examine effects of warming on its vegetative and reproductive growth. Two types of open top chambers (OTCs), large and small, were used to generate lower and higher warming levels. The dataset consists of the vegetative and reproductive characters of P. viviparaum in control plots, large OTCs and small OTCs. The characters include plant height, leaf number, length of the longest leaf, flower diameter, bulbil length, number of flowers per spike, number of bulbils per spike, flower proportion, dry weight of stem and leaves, dry weight of flowers per spike, dry weight of bulbils per spike, reproductive allocation and bulbil germination rate. Main results of the experiment are that (1) the increased temperature promoted both vegetative and reproductive growth of P. viviparaum, but there was a significant trade-off between them. Decreased reproductive allocation under warming suggested that more available resources were devoted to vegetative growth, resulting in increased plant height, leaf number and length of the longest leaf; (2) After warming, the number and dry weight of flowers per spike decreased while the number and dry weight of bulbils per spike increased, indicating more investment to asexual reproduction over sexual reproduction in P. viviparaum; (3) The increase of warming further strengthened the above variation trends of vegetative and reproductive growth of P. viviparaum.

opennotspecifiedMay 2014View details →

FIGURE 2. Larnax macasiana. A. Vegetative branch. B in Four new species and eighteen lectotypifications of Larnax from Ecuador and Peru and a new synonym of Deprea orinocensis (Solanaceae: Solanoideae, Physalideae)

FIGURE 2. Larnax macasiana. A. Vegetative branch. B. Flower in anthesis, lateral view. C. Flower and fruit (the arrow shows the long style). From Deanna & Leiva 111 (Photo by Rocío Deanna).

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Vegetation characteristics and precipitation jointly influence grassland bird abundance beyond the effects of grazing management

Grassland birds have experienced some of the steepest population declines of any guild of birds in North America. The shortgrass steppe contains some of North America's most-intact grasslands, which makes the region particularly important for these species. Grassland birds differentially respond to variation in vegetation structure generated by spatiotemporally-varying disturbance like grazing management. However, understanding how species respond to characteristics beyond vegetation structure or grazing could better inform management for these species in the shortgrass steppe. We analyzed point count data for 5 grassland bird species breeding on the Central Plains Experimental Range in northeastern Colorado from 2013 – 2017 to examine the predictive capacity of models representing fine-scale (~3-ha) vegetation attributes (vegetation structure and cover type) and topography, combined with interannual precipitation variability (i.e. vegetation-abiotic models). We then compared these models to models based on grazing management treatments (applied to whole pastures, ~130 ha) and edaphic conditions (ecological sites), which represented information more generally available to rangeland managers. Precipitation, vegetation structure, and vegetation cover type influenced all species in a manner consistent with, but more nuanced than, vegetation structure alone. These models also explained more variation in abundance for species that responded to grazing management. Thus, while grazing management can be applied adaptively to improve habitat for these species, our more detailed vegetation-abiotic models identified species-specific habitat components that could be targeted for management. For example, not grazing pastures with extensive, homogenous stands of mid-height grasses (e.g, Hesperostipa comata) for an entire growing season during wet years could be one strategy to enhance Grasshopper Sparrow abundance and stockpile residual forage for future utilization by livestock. Our models provide a better understanding of, and reveal nuances in, the suite of environmental conditions to which grassland birds respond in shortgrass-steppe rangelands.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Data from: Climate and vegetation structure shape ant communities along elevational gradients on the Colorado Plateau

Aim: Terrestrial animal communities are largely shaped by vegetation and climate. With climate also shaping vegetation, can we attribute animal patterns solely to climate? To understand this, we compare the relative and interactive effects of climate and vegetation on an animal community. Our study observes ant community changes along climatic gradients (i.e. elevational gradients) within different habitat types (i.e. open and forest). We compare the explanatory powers and effect sizes of climate and vegetation variables on ant communities and describe what drives elevational distributions of ant species. Location: Colorado Plateau, southwestern United States Taxon: Formicidae Methods: We sampled ants and vegetation along two elevational gradients spanning 1132m with average annual temperature and precipitation differences of 5.7C° and 645 mm, respectively. Regression analysis and structural equation modeling was then used to test the relative effects of climate and vegetation variables on ant communities. Results: Climate variables had the strongest correlations and the largest effect sizes on ant communities, while vegetation composition, richness, and primary productivity were relatively small. Precipitation was the strongest predictor for most ant community metrics. Ant richness and abundance had a negative relationship with precipitation in forested habitats, and positive in open habitats. Main conclusions: Our results show strong direct climate effects on ants with little or no effects of vegetation composition or primary productivity, but contrasting patterns between vegetation type (i.e. forested vs open) with precipitation. This indicates vegetation structure can modulate climate responses of ant communities. Our study demonstrates climate-animal relationships may vary among vegetation types which can impact both findings from elevational studies and how communities will react to changes in climate.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Vegetation changes from private forestland management can increase species richness and abundance

Conservation efforts on private lands are important for biodiversity conservation. On private lands in South Carolina, forestry management practices (prescribed burning, thinning, herbicide application) are used to improve upland pine habitat for wildlife and timber harvest and are incentivized through United States Department of Agriculture Farm Bill cost-share programs. Because many forest-dependent bird species have habitat requirements created primarily through forest management, data are needed on the effectiveness of these management activities. We studied privately-owned loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) stands in the South Carolina Piedmont region. Our objective was to understand how management practices influence avian species richness and abundance at local (forest stand) and landscape levels in relatively small stands (average ~28 hectares). We surveyed 49 forest stands during two bird breeding seasons with traditional point counts and vegetation surveys. We evaluated the effects of management on pine stand characteristics, avian species richness, and abundance of state-designated bird species of concern. Repeated burning and thinning shifted stand conditions to open pine woodlands with reduced basal area and herbaceous understories. Stands with lower basal area supported greater avian species richness. Some species increased in abundance in response to active management (e.g., Brown-headed Nuthatch, Sitta pusilla, and Indigo Bunting, Passerina cyanea), but relationships varied. Some species responded positively to increases in forest quantity at a landscape scale (1–5 km, e.g., Northern Bobwhite, Colinus virginianus). We found species-rich avian communities and species of conservation concern on working timber lands, indicating that incentivized forest management on private lands can provide valuable habitat for wildlife.

Figure 2 in Grasshopper diversity and abundance in relation to elevation and vegetation from a snapshot in Mediterranean Anatolia: role of latitudinal position in altitudinal differences

Figure 2. Relationship between elevation and species diversity (solid lines with open diamonds) and specimen numbers (dashed lines with full dots) for grasshoppers and the three most speciose subfamilies (Gomphocerinae, Oedipodinae and Calliptaminae). Notes: Six altitudinal sites in the Akdaglar range are: KA, Kalkan; SU, Sütlegen; ZT, Ziyaret Tepe; ET, Eren Tepe; AS, Akdag Subasi; AI, Akdag Ikiz Göl.

Figure 1 in Grasshopper diversity and abundance in relation to elevation and vegetation from a snapshot in Mediterranean Anatolia: role of latitudinal position in altitudinal differences

Figure 1. Map showing geographical location of the study area and the sites visited to collect Caelifera specimens. Notes: Six altitudinal sites in the Akdaglar range are: KA, Kalkan; SU, Sütlegen; ZT, Ziyaret Tepe; ET, Eren Tepe; AS, Akdag Subasi; AI, Akdag Ikiz Göl.

Figure 3 in Grasshopper diversity and abundance in relation to elevation and vegetation from a snapshot in Mediterranean Anatolia: role of latitudinal position in altitudinal differences

Figure 3. Relationship between plant species diversity (histograms) and Caelifera species diversity (solid lines with open diamonds) and specimen numbers (dashed lines with full dots). Notes: Six altitudinal sites in the Akdaglar range are: KA, Kalkan; SU, Sütlegen; ZT, Ziyaret Tepe; ET, Eren Tepe; AS, Akdag Subasi; AI, Akdag Ikiz Göl.

Figure 4 in Grasshopper diversity and abundance in relation to elevation and vegetation from a snapshot in Mediterranean Anatolia: role of latitudinal position in altitudinal differences

Figure 4. Dendogram of six stations in the Akdaglar mountain range grouped according to Caeliferan species associations determined by cluster analysis based on Bray–Curtis similarity coefficient. Notes: KA, Kalkan; SU, Sütlegen; ZT, Ziyaret Tepe; ET, Eren Tepe; AS, Akdag Subasi; AI, Akdag Ikiz Göl.

opennotspecifiedJan 2009View details →

Figure 4 in Vegetation complexity and bat-plant dispersal in Calakmul, Mexico

Figure 4. Unimodal (A–G) and bimodal-brief (H–J) bat-dispersed fruiting patterns in three habitats of Calakmul, Campeche, Mexico. Each sample relates to a lunar month during May 2002 to August 2003. (A–G, I–J) Synchronous pattern; (H) asynchronous pattern.