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Figure 6 from: Moreira GRP, Eltz RP, Pase RB, Silva GT, Bordignon SAL, Mey W, Gonçalves GL (2017) Cecidonius pampeanus, gen. et sp. n.: an overlooked and rare, new gall-inducing micromoth associated with Schinus in southern Brazil (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 695: 37-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.695.13320

Figure 6 - Morphology of C. pampeanus first (A, B) and last (C-L) larval instars under scanning electron microscopy. A general aspect, lateral view; B, buccal apparatus, anterior C, head, latero-dorsal D stemmata, lateral; E, left antenna, lateral F maxilla and labium, antero-lateral G labrum and clypeus, latero-dorsal H thorax, latero-ventral I meso- and metathorax in detail, with aligned setae of different lengths, antero-dorsal J second and third abdominal segments, showing tergal calli, latero-dorsal K eight abdominal segment in detail, showing aligned secondary setae (arrows) and spiracle, lateral L last abdominal segments, ventral. Scale bars: 100 µm (A, F, G); 10 µm (B); 200 µm (C); 50 µm (D, E, K); 250 µm (J); 1 mm (H, L); 0.5 mm (I).

Figure 8 from: Moreira GRP, Eltz RP, Pase RB, Silva GT, Bordignon SAL, Mey W, Gonçalves GL (2017) Cecidonius pampeanus, gen. et sp. n.: an overlooked and rare, new gall-inducing micromoth associated with Schinus in southern Brazil (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 695: 37-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.695.13320

Figure 8 - Cecidonius pampeanus pupal morphology with scanning electron microscopy. A, B head and prothorax, lateral and dorsal views, respectively C spiracle of sixth abdominal segment, dorsal D subspiracular setae from fourth to sixth abdominal segments, dorsal E tergal spines of eighth abdominal segment, lateral (arrow points to partially closed spiracle) F spines of tenth abdominal segment, posterior-dorsal. Scale bars: 0.5 mm(A); 0.25 mm (B, C, E); 0.1 mm (D, F).

Figure 7 from: Moreira GRP, Eltz RP, Pase RB, Silva GT, Bordignon SAL, Mey W, Gonçalves GL (2017) Cecidonius pampeanus, gen. et sp. n.: an overlooked and rare, new gall-inducing micromoth associated with Schinus in southern Brazil (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 695: 37-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.695.13320

Figure 7 - Cecidonius pampeanus pupa with light microscopy, under dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 5 from: Moreira GRP, Eltz RP, Pase RB, Silva GT, Bordignon SAL, Mey W, Gonçalves GL (2017) Cecidonius pampeanus, gen. et sp. n.: an overlooked and rare, new gall-inducing micromoth associated with Schinus in southern Brazil (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 695: 37-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.695.13320

Figure 5 - Cecidonius pampeanus last larval instar under light microscopy. A general schematic representation, lateral view B, C head, anterior, and lateral, respectively. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A); 0.2 mm (B, C).

Figure 4 from: Moreira GRP, Eltz RP, Pase RB, Silva GT, Bordignon SAL, Mey W, Gonçalves GL (2017) Cecidonius pampeanus, gen. et sp. n.: an overlooked and rare, new gall-inducing micromoth associated with Schinus in southern Brazil (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 695: 37-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.695.13320

Figure 4 - Cecidonius pampeanus genitalia morphology under light microscopy. A schematic representation of male genitalia, lateral view (left valve omitted) B dissected male genitalia, ventral, with detached phallus and juxta, on left and right side, respectively C female genitalia, dorsal D schematic representation of female genitalia, latero-dorsal. Roman numbers indicate abdominal segments. Oviscapt cone is represented in light gray in D. Arrows point to the end of left anterior apophysis in C, and to the apodeme of posterior apophysis in D. Asterisks indicate internal dorsal crest of oviscapt cone in C and D. Open and closed arrow heads point, respectively, to posterior apophyses and cloacal apodemes in D. Abbreviations: cb corpus bursae; cl cloaca; co common oviduct; sp spermatheca; rt rectum; vt vestibulum; ut utriculus of spermatheca. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

Figure 3 from: Moreira GRP, Eltz RP, Pase RB, Silva GT, Bordignon SAL, Mey W, Gonçalves GL (2017) Cecidonius pampeanus, gen. et sp. n.: an overlooked and rare, new gall-inducing micromoth associated with Schinus in southern Brazil (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 695: 37-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.695.13320

Figure 3 - Cecidonius pampeanus adult morphology under light microscopy. A head, anterior view B lateral cervical sclerites, anterior; C fore- and hindwing venation, dorsal D metathoracic furcasternum, posterior (closed arrow points to left furcal apophysis) E metathoracic furcasternum in detail, lateral (asterisk indicates left furcal apophysis) F fore-, median- and hindlegs, from left to right, respectively. Scale bars: 0.25 (A, D); 0.1 mm (B); 1 mm (C, F); 0.2 mm (E).

Figure 2 from: Moreira GRP, Eltz RP, Pase RB, Silva GT, Bordignon SAL, Mey W, Gonçalves GL (2017) Cecidonius pampeanus, gen. et sp. n.: an overlooked and rare, new gall-inducing micromoth associated with Schinus in southern Brazil (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 695: 37-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.695.13320

Figure 2 - Pinned-dried C. pampeanus adults, dorsal view: A male (holotype, LMCI 188-4) B female paratype (LMCI 188-6). Scale bars: 2 mm.

Figure 10 from: Moreira GRP, Eltz RP, Pase RB, Silva GT, Bordignon SAL, Mey W, Gonçalves GL (2017) Cecidonius pampeanus, gen. et sp. n.: an overlooked and rare, new gall-inducing micromoth associated with Schinus in southern Brazil (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 695: 37-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.695.13320

Figure 10 - Hymenoptera fauna associated with C. pampeanus galls. A transversally sectioned, externally developing gall, showing inside a larva of C. pampeanus (asterisk) with attached larva (arrow) of Lyrcus sp. (Pteromalidae) B transversally sectioned, dried gall, with pupa of Lyrcus (arrow), after consumption of C. pampeanus larva C dried and empty attached galls showing orifices of emergence left by adults of Lyrcus D young, erupting, free of inquiline and adjacent inquiline attacked (Allorhogas sp., Braconidae) galls, indicated respectively by open arrow and asterisk E young galls of C. pampeanus (arrows) partially involved with gall tissue induced by inquilines F variation in size among Allorhogas galls early attacked G a full-developed inquiline-attacked gall showing larvae and pupae in cameras inside H senescent Allorhogas gall showing orifices of emergence (arrows) left by adults. Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B, D, F); 5 mm (C); 0.5 mm (E, G, H).

Figure 11 from: Moreira GRP, Eltz RP, Pase RB, Silva GT, Bordignon SAL, Mey W, Gonçalves GL (2017) Cecidonius pampeanus, gen. et sp. n.: an overlooked and rare, new gall-inducing micromoth associated with Schinus in southern Brazil (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 695: 37-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.695.13320

Figure 11 - Geographic distribution and genetic variation among populations of C. pampeanus within Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil; A localities of populations studied (see Suppl. material 3 for exact geographic coordinates and elevations) B evolutionary relationships of COI haplotypes across ten populations. The circles represent haplotypes; the diameter is proportional to the frequency in 60 analyzed individuals. Small red circles indicate intermediate vectors. Transversal bars represent mutational steps. Numbers in parentheses correspond to localities in the map (A) C correlation between pairwise geographic distance and estimates of gene flow (φST) (P<0.05).

Figure 1 from: Moreira GRP, Eltz RP, Pase RB, Silva GT, Bordignon SAL, Mey W, Gonçalves GL (2017) Cecidonius pampeanus, gen. et sp. n.: an overlooked and rare, new gall-inducing micromoth associated with Schinus in southern Brazil (Lepidoptera, Cecidosidae). ZooKeys 695: 37-74. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.695.13320

Figure 1 - Molecular phylogeny of Cecidosidae. Bayesian time-calibrated consensus tree based on cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), r16S ribosomal (16S) and Wingless (Wg) genes. Prodoxidae (Greya enchrysa and Tegeticula antithetica) was used to root the tree. Colored branches indicate posterior probability support for the equivalent node following the legend. Dark gray bar indicates confidence interval for each node age estimate, presented in millions of years ago (Mya).

Figure 10 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035

Figure 10 - Anterior views of mouthparts of Ormyrus terminal-instar larvae. A Ormyrus pomaceus ex Plagiotrochus razeti (Cynipidae) B Ormyrus rufimanus C Ormyrus wachtli.

Figure 11 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035

Figure 11 - Anterior views of the right/left mandibles of Ormyrus terminal-instar larvae. A Ormyrus capsalis B Ormyrus diffinis C Ormyrus gratiosus D Ormyrus nitidulus E Ormyrus papaveris F Ormyrus pomaceus ex Trigonaspis mendesi (Cynipidae) G Ormyrus rufimanus.

Figure 12 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035

Figure 12 - A Galls of Aylax minor on Papaver spp. B detail of cells of Aylax minor on Papaver spp. C larvae of Ormyrus capsalis on of non-parasitized larvae of Aylax minor D Detail of solitarious larvae of Ormyrus capsalis inside gall cell of Aylax minor E galls of Eurytoma gallephedrae on Ephedra nebrodensis F galls of Eurytoma flaveola on Ephedra nebrodensis G larvae of Ormyrus cupreus inside the gall cell H larvae of Ormyrus cupreus inside the gall cell with debris of adult specimen of the same species I gall of Liposthenes kerneri on Nepeta hispanica J ventral view of larvae of Ormyrus diffinis inside the gall cell K lateral view of larvae of Ormyrus diffinis inside the gall cell.

Figure 15 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035

Figure 15 - A larvae of Ormyrus pomaceus and Trigonaspis brunneicornis within gall cells B gall of Plagiotrochus razeti (asexual) on Quercus C galls of Plagiotrochus quercusilicis on Quercus D larvae of Ormyrus pomaceus within cells of galls of Plagiotrochus razeti E detail of larva of Ormyrus pomaceus within cell of gall of Plagiotrochus razeti F galls of Xestophanes potentillae on subterranean rhizome of Potentilla reptans G galls of Xestophanes potentillae on air runners of Potentilla reptans H larvae of Ormyrus rufimanus on larvae of Xestophanes potentillae within gall cell I larvae of O rufimanus with debris of dead host within gall cells of Xestophanes potentillae. J galls of Neaylax verbenacus on Salvia verbenaca K larvae of Ormyrus wachtli on larvae of Neaylax verbenacus within gall cell L pupae of Ormyrus wachtli within gall of Neaylax salviae.

Figure 13 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035

Figure 13 - Fully (A) and dissected (B) galls of Isocolus scabiosae in achenes of heads of Centaurea scabiosa. C detail of larvae of Ormyrus gratiosus inside cells of Isocolus scabiosae gall D galls of Andricus hispanicus on Quercus pyrenaica E cross-section of gall of Andricus hispanicus with larvae of Ormyrus nitidulus within gall cell F detail of head and thorax in anterior view of larvae of Ormyrus nitidulus within gall cell of Andricus hispanicus G gall of Myopites limbardae on Inula viscosa H cross-section of gall of Myopites limbardae on Inula viscosa I detail of larva of Ormyrus orientalis within gall cell of Tephritidae on Microlonchus salmanticus J galls of Aylax papaveris on poppy heads K cross-section of poppy head shown cells of galls of Aylax papaveris L larvae of Ormyrus papaveris with debris of dead host within gall cells of Aylax papaveris.

Figure 3 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035

Figure 3 - Ventral views of Ormyrus terminal-instar larvae. A Ormyrus capsalis B Ormyrus cupreus C Ormyrus diffinis D Ormyrus gratiosus E Ormyrus nitidulus F Ormyrus orientalis.

Figure 2 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035

Figure 2 - Ormyrus nitidulus. A Anterior view of head illustrating terminology used for general description (see text). Abbreviations: af, antennal foramina; am, antero-medial setae on the antennal region; an, antenna; anr, antennal area; cl, clypeus; cs, clypeal seate; fr, frons; gn, genal setae; gr, genal region; hr, hypostomal region; hs, hypostomal setae; lb, labrum; lcs, lateral clypeal setae; vam, antero-medial setae of vertex; vr, vertex region B Anterior view of mouthparts. Abbreviations: clypeus (cl); clypeal setae (cs); labrum (lb); lateral flaps of sides of labrum (lfsl); lateral lobe of labrum (lll); lateral clypeal setae (lcs); labral setae (lbs); medial lobe of labrum (mll). The under-lip complex (Mpu) is formed by labium (lbi) and maxillae (mx); maxillary palps (mp); Mpu setae: maxillary setae (ms) and antero-medial labial setae (ul).

Figure 4 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035

Figure 4 - Ventral views of Ormyrus terminal-instar larvae. A Ormyrus papaveris B Ormyrus pomaceus ex Trigonaspis mendesi (Cynipidae) C Ormyrus pomaceus ex Plagiotrochus razeti (Cynipidae) D Ormyrus rufimanus E Ormyrus wachtli.

Figure 6 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035

Figure 6 - Lateral views of Ormyrus terminal-instar larvae. A Ormyrus pomaceus ex Trigonaspis mendesi (Cynipidae) B Ormyrus pomaceus ex Plagiotrochus razeti (Cynipidae) C Ormyrus rufimanus D Ormyrus wachtli.

Figure 8 from: Gómez JF, Nieves MH, Gayubo SF, Nieves-Aldrey JL (2017) Terminal-instar larval systematics and biology of west European species of Ormyridae associated with insect galls (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). ZooKeys 644: 51-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.644.10035

Figure 8 - Anterior views of head of Ormyrus terminal-instar larvae. A Ormyrus papaveris B Ormyrus pomaceus ex Trigonaspis mendesi (Cynipidae) C Ormyrus pomaceus ex Plagiotrochus razeti (Cynipidae) D Ormyrus rufimanus E Ormyrus wachtli. Character states for outstanding features are pointed.