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Fig. 9. Underdeveloped EIP. A in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 9. Underdeveloped EIP. A small slender muscle sitting at the dorsoradial aspect of the ulna is judged to be underdeveloped EIP muscle although its tendon attaches to the dorsal aspect of the wrist (a white block arrow).

Fig. 7 in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 7. Innervation of intrinsic muscles by the radial bundle of UABM. The radial bundle first gives off branches to the hypothenar muscles and to the lumbrical muscles of the little and ring fingers (marked with asterisks), and then to interossei (4th DI, 3rd PI and 3rd DI, 2nd PI).

Fig. 15 in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 15. The mechanism to block hyperextension of the MP joint with the function of the sagittal band. A. When the finger is flexed, the sagittal band passes over the joint axis of the metacarpal head in coordination with the distalward movement of the extensor tendon; B. When the MP joint is extended and surpasses the range of extension, the traction force of the finger extensor is blocked with the tightened sagittal band that transmits the force palmarward so that the proximal phalanx base does not move further to hyperextension.

Fig. 5 in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 5. Palmar aspect of the proximal phalanx. An osseous crest is seen along each edge of the palmar aspect of the phalanx and the groove is formed between those crests. The head of the proximal phalanx slants palmarward.

Fig. 3. Underdeveloped thumb flexor. A in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 3. Underdeveloped thumb flexor. A. The tendon of the thumb flexor is much thinner than that of FDS or FDP; B. Its muscle belly (uFPL) bifurcates from the distal portion of FDP muscle of the index finger; C. Pulling FDP index finger at its myotendinous junction with a retractor revealed that the thumb and the index finger were flexed simultaneously.

Fig. 4. Finger flexor sheath and pulley system. A in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 4. Finger flexor sheath and pulley system. A. The entire sheath of the finger flexor of the ring finger is shown with the names of individual pulleys. The very thick and wide A2′ pulley (a white thick arrow) is located between A2 and C1; B. The inner surface of the sheath showing that A2′ pulley is twice as wide as A3.

Fig. 2 in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 2. The subcutaneous structures of the palm. A. The palmar aponeurosis is absent except for its most distal parts: natatory ligaments (white arrows); B. The ligamentous fibers (white arrows) arising from the distal margin of the flexor retinaculum; C. Ligamentous septum (a white arrow) along the flexor tendon formed with those ligamentous fibers.

Fig. 10 in Anatomical Study of the Right Forearm and Hand of One Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) for Comparison with Humans with Respect to Motions of the Thumb and Fingers

Fig. 10. The insertions of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. A. The distal portion of the 1st DI muscle is voluminously muscular and passes into the tendinous portion of the interosseous hood at the level of the proximal portion of the proximal phalanx; B. The tendinous insertion to the proximal phalanx base is exposed by reflect- ing the extensor apparatus. The tendon has been divided to explore the deeper structure and then re-sutured.

Fig. 7 in Contribution to the Knowledge of the Rakantrechus Complex (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini), with Description of a New Subgenus and a New Species of the Genus Nipponaphaenops S. Uéno, 1971 from Northwestern Shikoku, Western Japan

Fig. 7. Map showing the distribution of the Rakantrechus Complex (in part) and anophthalmic species of the genus Trechiama in western Japan.—Light green square, Rakantrechus (s. str.); orange square, R. (Izushites); green circle, R. (Iyotrechus); yellow circle, R. (Pilosotrechiama); green triangle, Nipponaphaenops (s. str.); blue open triangle, N. (Tanakaphaenops) subgen. nov.; purple obtriangle, Ishikawatrechus; large purple circle, anophthalmic Trechiama species.—An, the type locality of Ishikawatrechus annulus Sugaya et Hara; Tk, the type locality of Nipponaphaenops (Tanakaphaenops) kojii sugen. et sp. nov. The course of the Hôyo River in the Last Glacial Maximum was drawn according to Kuwashiro (1959).

Fig. 6 in Contribution to the Knowledge of the Rakantrechus Complex (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini), with Description of a New Subgenus and a New Species of the Genus Nipponaphaenops S. Uéno, 1971 from Northwestern Shikoku, Western Japan

Fig. 6. Habitus.—Nipponaphaenops (Tanakaphaenops) kojii subgen et sp. nov. (holotype female). Scale: 1.0 mm.

Fig. 3 in Contribution to the Knowledge of the Rakantrechus Complex (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini), with Description of a New Subgenus and a New Species of the Genus Nipponaphaenops S. Uéno, 1971 from Northwestern Shikoku, Western Japan

Fig. 3. Basal parts of pronotum and elytra in the Trechiama Series.—a–d, f & h–i, basal parts of pronotum and elytra; e & g, basal parts of elytra (a, c & e–i, dorsal view; b & d; oblique dorsal view).—a, Ishikawatrechus septemtrionalis S. Uéno; b, Trechiama ohruii S. Uéno; c–d, Nipponaphaenops (Tanakaphaenops) kojii subgen et sp. nov. (holotype female); e, Rakantrechus (Paratrechiama) sp. (nomurai group from Shikoku); f, Nipponaphaenops (s. str.) erraticus S. Uéno; g, Yamautidius (Miyamaidius) anaulax S. Uéno; h, Rakantrechus (s. str.) kawasawai S. Uéno; i, Himiseus sp.—D1, first elytral discal seta on or near stria 3; D2, second elytral discal seta on or near stria 3; D5, first elytral discal seta on or near stria 5; ds, discal setae on pronotum; fur, basal transverse furrow; hb, prehumeral border of elytra; icl, inclined face of elytral basal peduncle; tvc, transverse carina bordering elytral disc and inclined face; ©–®, pores 1–4 of marginal umbilicate series of elytra, respectively; III, elytral stria 3; V, elytral stria 5. Scale: 0.25 mm for a, d & h; 0.5 mm for b; 0.21 mm for c & g; 0.32 mm for e, f & i.

Fig. 5 in Contribution to the Knowledge of the Rakantrechus Complex (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini), with Description of a New Subgenus and a New Species of the Genus Nipponaphaenops S. Uéno, 1971 from Northwestern Shikoku, Western Japan

Fig. 5. Basal parts of pronotum and elytra in Rakantrechus species. —a,Rakantrechus (Uozumitrechus) mukaibarai S. Uéno (holotype male); b, R. (Iyotrechus) hisamatsui (S. Uéno et Naitô) comb. nov. (non-type diminutive individual, female); c, R. (Izushites) sp. (female); d, R. (Paratrechiama) elegans S. Uéno (paratype male); e, R. (P.) pallescens S. Uéno (non-type female); f, R. (P.) gracillimus S. Uéno (paratype male)—icl, inclined face of basal peduncle of elytra; ©–®, pores 1–4 of marginal umbilicate series of elytra, respectively; V, fifth elytral stria. Scales: 0.25 mm.

Fig. 2 in Contribution to the Knowledge of the Rakantrechus Complex (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini), with Description of a New Subgenus and a New Species of the Genus Nipponaphaenops S. Uéno, 1971 from Northwestern Shikoku, Western Japan

Fig. 2. Labium (a–e), prosternum (f), and female abdominal sterna (setae on metasternum and metacoxae are omitted).—a & j, Rakantrechus (Uozumitrechus) sp.; b & h, R. (Rakantrechus) kawasawai S. Uéno; c & m, R. (Iyotrechus) hisamatsui (S. Uéno et Naitô) comb. nov.; d, R. (Paratrechiama) sp. (nomurai group from Shikoku); e & k, Nipponaphaenops (Tanakaphaenops) kojii subgen. et sp. nov; f–g, R. (Pilosotrechiama) peninsularis S. Uéno et Naitô; i, R. (Izushites) sp.; l, N. (N.) erraticus S. Uéno; n, Kusumia takahasii S. Uéno.

Fig. 1 in Contribution to the Knowledge of the Rakantrechus Complex (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini), with Description of a New Subgenus and a New Species of the Genus Nipponaphaenops S. Uéno, 1971 from Northwestern Shikoku, Western Japan

Fig. 1. Right mandible in dorsal view (a–i) and labial (right) and maxillary (left) palpi in ventral view (j–p).—a, Chaetotrechiama procerus S. Uéno; b, Rakantrechus (Paratrechiama) sp. (nomurai group from Shikoku); c & l, R. (Iyotrechus) hisamatsui (S. Uéno et Naitô) comb. nov.; d & m, R. (Uozumitrechus) sp.; e, R. (Pilosotrechiama) mirabilis S. Uéno; f & k, R. (Izushites) sp.; g & j, R. (Rakantrechus) kawasawai S. Uéno; h & o, Nipponaphaenops (N.) erraticus S. Uéno; i & n, N. (Tanakaphaenops) kojii subgen. et sp. nov.; p, Trechiama pluto S. Uéno (this species is unique in having trisetose penultimate labial palpomere in the Trechiama Series).

Fig. 4 in Contribution to the Knowledge of the Rakantrechus Complex (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini), with Description of a New Subgenus and a New Species of the Genus Nipponaphaenops S. Uéno, 1971 from Northwestern Shikoku, Western Japan

Fig. 4. Reconstructed derivation pattern of elytral discal chaetotaxy in the Rakantrechus Complex.—Except asterisked one, all the chaetotaxy presented in diagrams are exhibited by the extant species of the Rakantrechus Complex (including undescribed Kusumia species), but the asterisked one of Ishikawatrechus is only theoretically required.—Left side of arrow is ancestral state and right side is derivative one; the transposition of setae between internal and external series is not taken into consideration.

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Figs. 20–21 in On the mature larva of the western eyed click beetle Alaus melanops LeConte, 1863 with comparison to related species (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Figs. 20–21. Habitats of Alaus melanops LeConte, 1863 in Oregon, USA, forest of Ponderosa Pine Zone.

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Figs. 1 and 2. Alaus melanops LeConte, 1863. 1 in On the mature larva of the western eyed click beetle Alaus melanops LeConte, 1863 with comparison to related species (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Figs. 1 and 2. Alaus melanops LeConte, 1863. 1, Adult (habitus, dorsal); 2, larva (habitus, dorsal).

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Figs. 9–19. Alaus melanops LeConte, 1863, larva. 9 in On the mature larva of the western eyed click beetle Alaus melanops LeConte, 1863 with comparison to related species (Coleoptera: Elateridae)

Figs. 9–19. Alaus melanops LeConte, 1863, larva. 9, Antenna, dorsal; 10, antenna, ventral; 11, clypeus (= nasale), dorsal; 12, frons, dorsal; 13, mandible, dorsal; 14, hypopharyngeal complex, dorsal; 15, galea and lacinia, dorsal; 16, maxillary palp, dorsal; 17, maxillary palp, ventral; 18, labium, dorsal; 19, labium, ventral.

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Fig. 7 in Earliest Cretaceous mammals from the western United States

Fig. 7. The spalacotheriid "symmetrodont" mammal Infernolestes rougieri gen. et sp. nov. from OMNH locality V1243, Lakota Formation (Lower Cretaceous: upper Berriasian–Valanginian), South Dakota, USA. OMNH 62671 (holotype), right lower molar in occlusal (A, stereopair), lingual (B), and buccal (C) views.