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Figure 9 in Evolution of South American mammalian predators (Borhyaenoidea): anatomical and palaeobiological implications

Figure 9. Scapula in lateral view showing variations in the shape of the supraspinous fossa and in the angle between the scapular spine and the vertebral border. A, Borhyaena tuberata PU 015701. B, Lycopsis longirostris UCMP 38061. C, Mayulestes ferox MHNC 1249. D, Prothylacinus patagonicus PU 015700. E, Cladosictis patagonica PU 015170. The scapular spine is broken and the acromion in unknown in all specimens except Mayulestes. Not to scale.

Figure 8 in Evolution of South American mammalian predators (Borhyaenoidea): anatomical and palaeobiological implications

Figure 8. General morphology of the pes in various borhyaenoids, showing the variable development of the first metatarsal. Abbreviations: As, astragalus; Ca, calcaneum; Cu, cuboid; Ec, ectocuneiform; En, entocuneiform; Mc, mesocuneiform; Mt I, first metatarsal; Mt III, third metatarsal; Na, navicular. A, Cladosictis patagonica PU 015046. B, Sipalocyon gracilis PU 015154. C, Prothylacinus patagonicus PU 015700. D, Lycopsis longirostris UCMP 38061. E, Thylacosmilus atrox FMNH P 14344. Not to scale.

Figure 5 in Evolution of South American mammalian predators (Borhyaenoidea): anatomical and palaeobiological implications

Figure 5. Calcaneum in dorsal (top) and anterior (bottom) views, showing the orientation of the ectal facet (arrowed). Abbreviations: CaA, calcaneoastragalar facet; CaCu, calcaneocuboid facet; CaFi, calcaneofibular facet; Su, sustentacular facet. A, Mayulestes ferox MHNC 1249. B, Lycopsis longirostris UCMP 38061. C, Sipalocyon gracilis PU 015154. D, Thylacosmilus atrox FMNH P 14344. E, Borhyaena tuberata MACN 2074–78. Not to scale.

Figure 6 in Evolution of South American mammalian predators (Borhyaenoidea): anatomical and palaeobiological implications

Figure 6. Innominate in lateral right view and proximal extremity of the femur in anterior view in various borhyaenoids, showing: (1) on the innominate, the general shape and orientation of the ilium, and the development of the anterior inferior iliac spine; (2) on the femur, the height of the greater trochanter and the orientation of the femoral head. A, E, Mayulestes ferox MHNC 1249. B, F, Cladosictis patagonica PU 015702. C, J, Lycopsis longirostris UCMP 38061. D, G, Prothylacinus patagonicus PU 015700. H, Borhyaena tuberata PU 015701. I, Thylacosmilus atrox FMNH P 14531. Not to scale.

Figure 7 in Evolution of South American mammalian predators (Borhyaenoidea): anatomical and palaeobiological implications

Figure 7. Tibia and fibula, underlining the general shape of the tibia. A, Mayulestes ferox MHNC 1249. B, Prothylacinus patagonicus PU 015700. C, Lycopsis longirostris UCMP 38061. D, Thylacosmilus atrox FMNH P 14344. Not to scale.

Figure 3 in Evolution of South American mammalian predators (Borhyaenoidea): anatomical and palaeobiological implications

Figure 3. General morphology of the manus in various borhyaenoids, focusing on the first metacarpal and associated proximal phalanx, showing the asymmetrical metacarpophalangeal joint. A, Cladosictis patagonica PU 015046 (manus as found in matrix); proximal phalanx in dorsal and proximal views, Mc I is in dorsal and ventral views. B, Sipalocyon gracilis PU 015154 (manus as found in matrix); proximal phalanx in proximal view. C, Lycopsis longirostris UCMP 38061 (association of phalanges is conjectural); proximal phalanx in dorsal, ventral and proximal views, Mc I in dorsal, ventral and distal views. D, Thylacosmilus atrox FMNH P 14531 (association of phalanges is conjectural); Mc I in dorsal, ventral and distal views. Not to scale.

Figure 2 in Evolution of South American mammalian predators (Borhyaenoidea): anatomical and palaeobiological implications

Figure 2. Humerus in proximal (top) and lateral (bottom) views, showing the variable development of the greater tubercle and deltopectoral crest. A, Mayulestes ferox MHNC 1249. B, Prothylacinus patagonicus PU 015700. C, Thylacosmilus atrox FMNH P 14531. D, Lycopsis longirostris UCMP 38061. E, borhyaenoid UCMP 39250. Not to scale.

Figure 1 in Evolution of South American mammalian predators (Borhyaenoidea): anatomical and palaeobiological implications

Figure 1. Skull and cervical vertebrae in lateral left view, showing the anteroposterior extension of the axial neural process, and the development of strong ventral triangular processes on the axis, C3, and C4 (arrowed). A, Borhyaena tuberata PU 015701 (the fourth cervical is unknown) modified from Sinclair (1906). B, Lycopsis longirostris UCMP 38061 modified from Marshall (1977a). C, Prothylacinus patagonicus PU 015700 (the sixth and seventh cervicals are unknown) modified from Sinclair (1906). D, Cladosictis patagonica PU 015046 (skull) and PU 015170 (cervicals) modified from Sinclair (1906). E, Thylacosmilus atrox FMNH P 14531 (skull, modified from Riggs, 1934), and FMNH P 14344 (cervicals). F, axis in Mayulestes ferox MHNC 1249. The natural curvature of the cervical area is preserved only in Lycopsis (B) and Cladosictis (D). Scale bars: 50 mm in A-E, 5 mm in F.

Figure 4 in Evolution of South American mammalian predators (Borhyaenoidea): anatomical and palaeobiological implications

Figure 4. Distal extremity of the humerus in anterior (top) and distal (middle) views, and ulna (bottom) in lateral view, showing: (1) the presence or absence of the entepicondylar foramen; (2) the protrusion of the medial epicondyle of the humerus; (3) the curvature of the posterior border of the ulna. A, Mayulestes ferox MHNC 1249. B, Cladosictis patagonica PU 015702. C, Prothylacinus patagonicus PU 015700. D, Borhyaena tuberata MACN 2074–78 (humerus) and PU 015701 (ulna). E, Lycopsis longirostris UCMP 38061. Not to scale.

Figure 10 in Evolution of South American mammalian predators (Borhyaenoidea): anatomical and palaeobiological implications

Figure 10. Skeletal reconstructions of various borhyaenoids. A, Mayulestes ferox, modified from Muizon (1998). B, Cladosictis patagonica. C, Lycopsis longirostris, modified from Marshall (1977a). D, Prothylacinus patagonicus. E, Borhyaena tuberata. Scale bars: 5 cm in A, 10 cm in B-E. The darkened areas represent the elements preserved. Lycopsis is drawn as found in matrix.

Figure 18 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 18. Strict consensus tree of two most-parsimonious trees resulting from a heuristic search using the computer program NONA version 2.0 (tree length = 157, consistency index = 0.42, retention index = 0.56) showing the hypothetical phylogenetic relationships of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. with other Tardigrada.

Figure 17 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 17. Drawings of the cuboid and posterior digits of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A–C, right cuboid in posterior (dorsal towards the top, lateral towards the right), lateral (dorsal towards the top, posterior towards the left), and anterior (dorsal towards the top, lateral towards the left) views, respectively. D, E, left Mt III in anterior (dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left) and posterior (dorsal towards the top, lateral towards the left) views, respectively. F, G, right Mt V in medial (anterior towards the top, plantar towards the left) and dorsal (anterior towards the top, medial towards the left) views, respectively. H, left third posterior digit in lateral view (dorsal towards the top, anterior towards the left) with from left to right P3–[P2 missing]–P1–Mt III. Astf, astragalus facet; Calf, calcaneum facet; Cubf, cuboid facet; Ectf, ectocuneiform facet; lw, lateral wing; Mt II–Vf, metatarsals 2–5 facets; plp, plantar process; P1f, first phalanx facet; Pf?, phalanx facet? Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 16 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 16. Photographs (A, C–H) and a drawing (B) of the left calcaneum in dorsal view (posterior towards the top, medial towards the left) of: A, Megatherium urbinai (MUSM 15, reversed from the original) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco, Peru (Pujos & Salas, 2004a); B, Megalonyx jeffersonii [LACM 20095, modified from Stock (1925)] from the Quaternary of North America; C, Pliometanastes protistus [UF 9437, from Hirschfeld & Webb (1968) reversed from the original] from the Early Hemphillian (Middle Pliocene) of Florida, USA; D, Acratocnus ye [UF 170269, modified from MacPhee et al. (2000b) reversed from the original] from the Late Quaternary of Haiti; E, Neocnus dousman [UF 170291, modified from MacPhee et al. (2000b) reversed from the original] from the Late Quaternary of Haiti; F, Neocnus toupiti [UF 170443, modified from MacPhee et al. (2000b) reversed from the original] from the Late Quaternary of Haiti; G, Megalocnus rodens [AMNH 16876, modified from Matthew & Paula Couto (1959)] from the Quaternary of Cuba; H, Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen) from the Lujanian (Late Pleistocene) of Piedra Escrita site, Cupisnique Desert, Peru. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 15 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 15. Left astragali in dorsal (A–G, posterior towards the top, medial towards the left), plantar (H–N, posterior towards the top, medial towards the right), and distal (O–S, dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left) views of: A, H, O, Megatherium urbinai (MUSM 15) from the Pleistocene of Sacaco, Peru (Pujos & Salas, 2004a); B, I, P, Planops martini (cast of BMNH M-9214) from the lower Miocene of Cap Fairweather, Patagonia, Argentina (Hoffstetter, 1961: 61); C, J, Q, Hapalops sp. (MNHN SCZ 168, unpublished astragalus) from the Santacrucian (Early Middle Miocene) of Río Coyle, Patagonia, Argentina; D, K, Megalocnus rodens [AMNH 49984, from Matthew & Paula Couto (1959) reversed from the original] from the Pleistocene of Cuba; E, L, Pliometanastes protistus [UF 9440, from Hirschfeld & Webb (1968)] from the Early Amphillian (Middle Pliocene) of Florida, USA; F, M, R, Xyophorus villarroeli (MNHN ACH 15, reversed from the original) from the Huayquerian (Late Miocene) of Achiri, Bolivian Altiplano (St-André, 1996: fig. 8); G, N, S, Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen) from the Lujanian (Late Pleistocene) of Piedra Escrita site, Cupisnique Desert, Peru. The arrows underline the transformation of the astragalar morphology: A–G, the angle between the principal axis of the discoid and odontoid processes and the position of the 'stud' relative to the principal axis of the discoid facet; H–N, extension(s) of the ectal facet; O–S, the angle between the surfaces of the discoid and odontoid facets. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 13 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 13. Photographs of the innominate of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen), in dorsal (A, anterior towards the top), ventral (B, anterior towards the top), and left lateral (C, anterior towards the left) views. acf, acetabular fossa; il, ilium; sa, sacrum; sv1–sv6(?), first to possible sixth sacral vertebrae; vfb; vertebral foramen of the body (passage of vertebral veins). In (C), the arrows outline the inclination of the ilium relative to the sacrum. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 14 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 14. Drawings of calcaneum and astragalus of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A–C, left calcaneum in dorsal (posterior towards the top, medial towards the left), plantar (posterior towards the top, medial towards the right), and anterior (dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left) views, respectively. D–F, left astragalus in anterior (dorsal towards the top, medial towards the left), dorsal (posterior towards the top, medial towards the left), and plantar (posterior towards the top, medial towards the right) views, respectively. ass, astragalar sulcus; asst, astragalar sustentaculum; Astf, astragalar facets; Calf, calcaneal facets; Cubf, cuboid facet; df, discoid facet; dplf, dorsoplantar foramen; ectf, ectal facet; Fibf, fibular facet; Navf, navicular facet; of, odontoid facet; stf, sustentacular facet; tc, tuber calcanei; Tibf, tibial facets (astragalar trochlea). Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 11 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 11. Drawings and photographs of the left (A, B) and right (C, D) manus in dorsal view (proximal towards the top) of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). Cun, cuneiform; Lun, lunar; Mc II–IV, metacarpals 2–4; P3-III, ungual phalanx of the third digit; Sc, scaphoid; Unc, unciform. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 9 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 9. Photograph (A) and drawing (B) of the arm (scapula, humerus, ulna, radius, and some elements of the hand) of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi, showing areas of musculature origins and insertions. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 8 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 8. Photographs of the pectoral girdle and long bones of the forelimb of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A, B, right scapula in lateral (dorsal towards the top, posterior towards the left) and anterior (anterior towards the top, lateral towards the left) views, respectively. C, proximal articular facets of the right ulna in anterodistal view, to observe the orientation of the radial notch relative to the coronoid process. D–F, right ulna in lateral, anterior, and medial views, respectively. G–I, right radius in anterior, lateral, and posterior views, respectively. ac, acromion; acr, anterior crests of the radius; ap, anconeal process; cd, capitular depression; corp, coronoid process; cp, coracoid process; csf, coracoscapular foramen; drc, distal radial contact; duc; distal ulnar contact; gap, groove for tendon of the abductor pollicis longus; gec, groove for the M. extensor carpi radialis; gf, glenoid fossa; he, head; ic, interosseous crest; isf, infraspinous fossa; Lunf, lunar facet; ne, neck; nf, nutrient foramen; ol, olecranon; psf, postscapular fossa; rn, radial notch; rt, radial tuberosity; sbsf, subscapular fossa; Scf, scaphoid facet; sn, styloid notch; sp, styloid process; ssf, supraspinous fossa; ss, scapular spine; sss, secondary scapular spine; trn, trochlear notch; Ulf, ulnar facet; Uncf?, unciform facet. Scale bar = 2 cm.

Figure 4 in A peculiar climbing Megalonychidae from the Pleistocene of Peru and its implication for sloth history

Figure 4. Photographs of the skull of Diabolotherium nordenskioldi gen. nov. (MNHN CPN 9–1, referred specimen). A, anterior portion of the skull in lateral view (anterior towards the left), B, C, posterior portion of the skull in lateral and occipital views, respectively. caf, carotidian foramen; eam, external auditory meatus; ent, entotympanic; eop, external occipital protuberance; fm, foramen magnum; foo, foramen ovale; fr, frontal; frpas, frontoparietal suture; itap, interparietal process; max, maxilla; M1a–M4a, alveolae of the anterior four upper molariform teeth; M5, fifth upper molariform tooth; oc, occipital condyle; ocr, occipital crest; pa, parietal; pasos, parietosupraoccipital suture; pmp, pars mastoidea of the periotic; pp, paroccipital process; pt, pterygoid; so; supraoccipital; sqpas, squamosoparietal suture; zpm, zygomatic process of the maxilla, zps, zygomatic process of the squamosal. Scale bar = 2 cm.