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5,225 results for “moderation”
Data from: Transforming water: social influence moderates psychological, physiological, and functional response to a placebo product
This paper investigates how social influence can alter physiological, psychological, and functional responses to a placebo product and how such responses influence the ultimate endorsement of the product. Participants consumed a product, "AquaCharge Energy Water," falsely-labeled as containing 200 mg of caffeine but which was actually plain spring water, in one of three conditions: a no social influence condition, a disconfirming social influence condition, and a confirming social influence condition. Results demonstrated that the effect of the product labeling on physiological alertness (systolic blood pressure), psychological alertness (self-reported alertness), functional alertness (cognitive interference), and product endorsement was moderated by social influence: participants experienced more subjective, physiological and functional alertness and stronger product endorsement when they consumed the product in the confirming social influence condition than when they consumed the product in the disconfirming social influence condition. These results suggest that social influence can alter subjective, physiological, and functional responses to a faux product, in this case transforming the effects of plain water.
Data from: Gustatory cues to kinship among males moderate the productivity of females
Males of many species harm females as a by-product of intrasexual competition, but this harm can be reduced if males are less competitive in the presence of familiar relatives. We determined the cue males use to identify competitors in this context. We assessed genetic variance in a putative kin recognition trait (cuticular hydrocarbons) in male seed beetles Callosobruchus maculatus and found that five hydrocarbons had significant components of additive genetic variance and could serve as relatedness cues. Next, we tested whether hydrocarbons were the mechanism males use to distinguish the social identities of competitors when strategically adjusting their competitiveness/harmfulness. Pairs of female and male C. maculatus were mated in the presence of hydrocarbons extracted from males that differed in their relatedness and familiarity to the focal male. Females were more productive after mating in the presence of extracts from the focal male's non-relatives, if those extracts were also unfamiliar to the focal male. Relatedness had no effect on productivity when extracts were familiar to the focal male. These results may be reconciled with those of previous studies that manipulated the relatedness and familiarity of competing males if the difference between the effect of harmfulness on productivity following a single mating and the effect on lifetime reproductive fitness after multiple matings is accounted for. This study provides a novel demonstration of the mechanism of social recognition in the moderation of sexual conflict.
Data from: Local biodiversity erosion in South Brazilian grasslands under moderate levels of landscape habitat loss
1.Habitat loss is one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, exerting negative effects on the ecological viability of natural vegetation remnants. The South Brazilian grasslands belong to one of the largest temperate grassland regions in the world, but have lost 50% of their natural extent in the past 35 years. To date, there is no empirical evidence for the effects of habitat loss on these grasslands' biological diversity, undermining their conservation. 2.Using data from a large-scale biodiversity survey, we asked if local plant communities respond to levels of habitat loss representative of the entire region (≤50%). Vegetation in grassland remnants was sampled in 24 landscapes at three localities each, using 9 plots per locality. To investigate whether species losses were a consequence of stochastic or nonrandom local extinctions and whether plant communities became more homogenized, we evaluated species richness, beta-diversity components (spatial turnover and nestedness), and phylogenetic diversity, in respect to landscape change. In part of the landscapes, arthropods were sampled to investigate if loss of plant diversity had a cascading effect on other trophic levels. We evaluated generic richness of ants, an omnivore group with high levels of plant associations, in respect to a plant community's phylogenetic diversity. 3.Local plant communities in landscapes with less grassland cover had fewer species, less spatial turnover, increased nestedness and lower phylogenetic diversity. Our results suggest that the observed species loss can be linked to taxonomic homogenization and is nonrandom, decreasing evolutionary diversity within the community. Furthermore, ant richness declined by 50% in plant communities with the lowest phylogenetic diversity, suggesting that effects of habitat loss propagate to higher trophic levels. 4.Policy implications. We conclude that the biological diversity of South Brazilian grasslands, at the producer and consumer level, is at risk under the current rate of land use conversion, even at habitat losses below 50%. To avoid substantial biodiversity loss, conservation and more restrictive policies for conversion of native grasslands to different land uses in South Brazil are urgent.
Data from: Egg chemoattractants moderate intraspecific sperm competition
Interactions among eggs and sperm are often assumed to generate intraspecific variation in reproductive fitness, but the specific gamete-level mechanisms underlying competitive fertilization success remain elusive in most species. Sperm chemotaxis–the attraction of sperm by egg-derived chemicals—is a ubiquitous form of gamete signaling, occurring throughout the animal and plant kingdoms. The chemical cues released by eggs are known to act at the interspecific level (e.g., facilitating species recognition), but recent studies have suggested that they could have roles at the intraspecific level by moderating sperm competition. Here, we exploit the experimental tractability of a broadcast spawning marine invertebrate to test this putative mechanism of gamete-level sexual selection. We use a fluorescently labeled mitochondrial dye in mussels to track the real-time success of sperm as they compete to fertilize eggs, and provide the first direct evidence in any species that competitive fertilization success is moderated by differential sperm chemotaxis. Furthermore, our data are consistent with the idea that egg chemoattractants selectively attract ejaculates from genetically compatible males, based on relationships inferred from both nuclear and mitochondrial genetic markers. These findings for a species that exhibits the ancestral reproductive strategy of broadcast spawning have important implications for the numerous species that also rely on egg chemoattractants to attract sperm, including humans, and have potentially important implications for our understanding of the evolutionary cascade of sexual selection.
Data from: Differing patterns of stress and craving across the day in moderate-heavy alcohol consumers during their typical drinking routine and an imposed period of alcohol abstinence
Background: Stress is a known factor related to alcohol use. However, how the relationship between alcohol craving and stress varies across the day is not fully understood. As craving is a consistent predictor of alcohol use disorder (AUD), understanding stress and craving patterns across the day in routine, non-dependent, moderate-heavy alcohol consumers may help in understanding those who may be vulnerable to transitioning into AUD. Method: Moderate-heavy drinkers were recruited from the local community (n=32) and assessed for fluctuations in craving and stress intensity across the day via Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) during 3 consecutive days of imposed alcohol abstinence (abstained trial) and their normal drinking routine (normal trial). A multilevel modeling statistical approach assessed differences in diurnal craving and stress patterns with the Alcohol Craving Experience Questionnaire (ACE) examined as a moderator. Results: Immediately following alcohol consumption on normal trials, EMA craving levels were significantly reduced compared to pre-drinking levels. Moreover, the post-drinking craving levels were lower than on abstained trials. Higher ACE scores were associated with significantly higher EMA craving across the day and higher peaks at midday. Higher ACE scores were also associated with greater EMA stress across the day. Drinking relieved stress relative to abstained trials, but not in individuals with higher ACE scores. Higher stress was associated with greater EMA craving, which was stronger among those with higher ACE scores. Conclusion: These findings suggest that ACE scores are important to understanding patterns of stress and craving experienced across the day in routine, non-dependent, moderate-heavy drinkers and may provide new insights for vulnerability to transitioning into AUD.
Figure 1 from: Liebal K, Denzer V, Eisenhauer N, Fritsche I, Kunzmann U, Oña L, Quaas MF, Staude I, Wirth C (2024) Biodiversity, mental health and well-being: psychological mechanisms and moderators of a complex relationship (BIOWELL). Research Ideas and Outcomes 10: e116333. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.10.e116333
Figure 1 BIOWELL objectives and related work packages. We will use a mixed-method approach collecting data in controlled experimental field settings, uncontrolled field settings (marked with tree: forests, green spaces, gardens) and in the laboratory (marked with conical flask: e.g., eye-tracking experiments). WP5 will integrate the results of the single work packages and build a synthesised model at the end of the project term.
Knee Proprioception, Muscle Strength, and Stability in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Unveiling the Moderating Effects of Physical Activity – A cross-sectional study.
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Data from: Linking radial growth patterns and moderate-severity disturbance dynamics in boreal old-growth forests driven by recurrent insect outbreaks: a tale of opportunities, successes, and failures
<p>In boreal landscapes, emphasis is currently placed on close-to-nature management strategies, which aim to maintain the biodiversity and ecosystem services related to old-growth forests. The success of these strategies, however, depends on an accurate understanding of the dynamics within these forests. This study aims to reconstruct the disturbance and post-disturbance dynamics in boreal old-growth forests that are driven by recurrent moderate-severity disturbances. We studied eight old-growth forests in Québec, Canada, that has recorded recurrent and moderate to severe spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) outbreaks over the 20th century. To reconstruct the disturbance history and the post-disturbance dynamics of the study sites, we used dendrochronological data and k-means clustering to identify growth releases and growth patterns in the studied trees. We identified nine growth patterns; these patterns represented trees differing in age, size, and canopy layer, and indicated different tree histories. Spruce budworm outbreaks caused recurrent moderate-severity disturbances within the study sites. The canopy gaps created by these disturbances were filled mainly by understorey trees, which responded by single and significant increases in radial growth and height. In contrast, overstorey trees had little influence on gap filling; thus, trees were mostly from the dominant and codominant canopy layers. Our study underlines the resistance of boreal old-growth forests to recurrent and moderate-severity disturbances, as understorey trees can rapidly fill the resulting gaps. However, trees that are unable to attain the canopy following the disturbance then tend to remain in the lower canopy layers. Therefore, reaching the canopy represents a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity, where success or failure depends on a relatively short window of time. This gap-filling dynamic produces, however, a vertical structure that is often similar to the expected structure in even-aged forests. Our results highlight the efficacy of identifying tree growth patterns to reconstruct stand disturbance dynamics and contribute to developing closer to nature forest management strategies.</p>
Assessment of plasma testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in Vietnam female patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris
<p><strong>Introduction</strong>: Acne is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the pilosebaceous unit with differential pathogenesis. To elucidate the roles of hormones in acne pathogenesis, we conducted a study to evaluate the plasma testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone levels in women with acne vulgaris.</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: We conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study, and 1<span>40</span> women with acne vulgaris were examined; their plasma estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were analyzed by chemiluminescence technique and compared with the healthy control group.</p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>:</span><span> </span>Increased plasma hormone levels in women with acne vulgaris accounted for 33.57%, and hyperandrogenism accounted for 20.71% of cases. We found significant differences in testosterone levels (mean value, 56.92 ± 27.64ng/dL, 60.71± 25.85ng/dL versus 38.35 ± 10.09ng/dL, p<0.05), respectively, in the moderate to severe acne group and the control group. However, the estradiol level of the moderate and severe acne groups (325.12 ± 91.79 and 305.26 ± 83.01pmol/l) was lower than the control group (368.6 ± 58.34pmol/l), with p-value under 0.05. No statistically significant differences were found for progesterone levels. </p> <p><span><strong>Conclusion</strong>:</span><span> Our study showed that female patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris had abnormalities in plasma testosterone and estradiol levels. These abnormalities might be part roles in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris, even when the mean levels were in the normal range. Female patients suffering from premenstrual acne flares might be examined for plasma testosterone levels.</span></p>
Fig. 3 in MaNgROVIVIRga CUNICULI gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from bioturbated Red Sea mangrove sediment, and proposal of the novel family MaNgROVIVIRgaCeae fam. nov.
Fig. 3. Scanning electron microscopy image of Mangrovivirga cuniculi R1DC9T (bar, 1 µm).
Characteristics of individuals with moderate to severe asthma who better respond to aerobic training: a cluster analysis
<p>Database used in the study's statistical analysis</p>
Action Planning Makes Physical Activity More Automatic, Only If it Is Autonomously Regulated: A Moderated Mediation Analysis
<p>Dataset used for analysis. </p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Brewer E (2017) "Acting Out": Teacher-Child Attachment Bonds And Their Affect on Adolescent Disobedience Moderated by Students with Low Self-Esteem. Research Ideas and Outcomes 3: e21280. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.3.e21280
Appendix A
Investigating M-Health Acceptance by Citizens in Indonesia: Moderating Effects of E-Health Literacy
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Supplementary material 1 from: Capinha C, Essl F, Seebens H, Pereira HM, Kühn I (2018) Models of alien species richness show moderate predictive accuracy and poor transferability. NeoBiota 38: 77-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.38.23518
Table A1–A5 :
Figure 4 in Organic farming and moderate tillage change the dominance and spatial structure of soil Collembola communities but have little effects on bulk abundance and species richness
Figure 4. Spatial random effects explaining abundance, number of species and Berger-Parker index in samples in different management types. Grayscale palette shows scales (meters, 25cm-plots, 7-cm plots). Barplots show Tau parameter of the (spatial) random effects; mixed-effects models were run in each management type separately.
Figure 1 in Organic farming and moderate tillage change the dominance and spatial structure of soil Collembola communities but have little effects on bulk abundance and species richness
Figure 1. Location of the fields studied with different treatments: ODISK (Organic farming and Disking - C and D circles), OTILL (Organic farming and Tillage - A and Bsquares), and CONV (Conventional farming - E and F triangles). Coordinates of locations: A: N 54.482 E 34.928, B: N 54.496 E 34.933, C: N 54.543 E 34.880, D: N 54.555 E 34.996, E: N 54.585 E 35.0187, F: N 54.570 E 34.974. The altitude was from 175 to 234 m above sea level depending on the field.
Figure 2 in Organic farming and moderate tillage change the dominance and spatial structure of soil Collembola communities but have little effects on bulk abundance and species richness
Figure 2. Spatially nested hierarchical sampling design. In total, 486 samples were collected from 6 fields across 3 management types.
Fig. 2 in Dinophyta Characterise Nitrogen Scarcity More Strongly than Cyanobacteria in Moderately Deep Lakes
Fig. 2. PCA of lakes ordinated in relation to mean growth season composition of phytoplankton, expressed as proportion of biovolume. a – phytoplankton divisions, λ1 = 0.377, λ2 = 0.237; b – phytoplankton species, λ1 = 0.418, λ2 = 0.198, key to species shown in Table 4. Nutrient ratios are TN:TP ratios and symbols are shaded to show mean TN:TP ratios at each site.
Attribution and Behaviors Towards Particulate Matter: The Moderating Roles of Political Orientation and Transboundary Perception
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.