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FIGURE. Phylogenetic tree of specimens on Poaceae and related host plants constructed by MP method based on ITS+28S regions of rDNA. Bootstrap values of MP and ML are followed by the Bayesian posterior probabilities (Bpp) on the nodes in the topology. Asterisk (*) represents bootstrap values or Bpp less than 50% in the topology. Sample data are shown with voucher specimen number or GenBank accession number, and host plant. Sequence data determined in this study are shown in color. Teliospore shapes are shown in each clade detected, and new species are shown by asterisk (*) on clades. 0, I: Spermogonial and aecial host genus. Asterisk (*) on host plants: Spermogonial and aecial host plants. in Phylogenetic approach for identification and life cycles of Puccinia (Pucciniaceae) species on Poaceae from northeastern China
FIGURE. Phylogenetic tree of specimens on Poaceae and related host plants constructed by MP method based on ITS+28S regions of rDNA. Bootstrap values of MP and ML are followed by the Bayesian posterior probabilities (Bpp) on the nodes in the topology. Asterisk (*) represents bootstrap values or Bpp less than 50% in the topology. Sample data are shown with voucher specimen number or GenBank accession number, and host plant. Sequence data determined in this study are shown in color. Teliospore shapes are shown in each clade detected, and new species are shown by asterisk (*) on clades. 0, I: Spermogonial and aecial host genus. Asterisk (*) on host plants: Spermogonial and aecial host plants.
Counting the bodies: estimating the numbers and spatial variation of Australian reptiles, birds and mammals killed by two invasive mesopredators
<p>Aim: Introduced predators negatively impact biodiversity globally, with insular fauna often most severely affected. Here, we assess spatial variation in the number of terrestrial vertebrates (excluding amphibians) killed by two mammalian mesopredators introduced to Australia, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and feral cat (Felis catus). We aim to identify prey groups that suffer especially high rates of predation, and regions where losses to foxes and/or cats are most substantial. Location: Australia Methods: We draw information on the spatial variation in tallies of reptiles, birds and mammals killed by cats in Australia from published studies. We derive tallies for fox predation by (i) modelling continental-scale spatial variation in fox density, (ii) modelling spatial variation in the frequency of occurrence of prey groups in fox diet, (iii) analysing the number of prey individuals within dietary samples, and (iv) discounting animals taken as carrion. We derive point estimates of the numbers of individuals killed annually by foxes and by cats, and map spatial variation in these tallies. Results: Foxes kill more reptiles, birds and mammals (peaking at 1,071 km-2 yr-1) than cats (55 km-2 yr-1) across most of the unmodified temperate and forested areas of mainland Australia, reflecting the generally higher density of foxes than cats in these environments. However, across most of the continent – mainly the arid central and tropical northern regions (and on most Australian islands) – cats kill more animals than foxes. We estimate that foxes and cats together kill 697 million reptiles annually in Australia, 510 million birds and 1435 million mammals. Main conclusions: This continental-scale analysis demonstrates that predation by two introduced species takes a substantial and ongoing toll on Australian reptiles, birds and mammals. Continuing population declines and potential extinctions of some of these species threatens to further compound Australia's poor contemporary conservation record.</p>
How to trigger and keep stable directional Space–Number Associations (SNAs)
<p>Humans are prone to mentally organise the ascending series of integers according to reading habits so that in western cultures small numbers are positioned to the left of larger ones on a mental number line. Despite 140 years since seminal observations by Sir Francis Galton (Galton, 1880a, b), the functional mechanisms that give rise to directional Space–Number Associations (SNAs) remain elusive. Here, we contrasted three different experimental conditions, each including a different version of a Go/No-Go task with intermixed numerical and arrow-targets (Shaki and Fischer, 2018; Pinto et al., 2019a). We show that directional SNAs are not “all or none” phenomena. We demonstrate that SNAs get progressively less noisy and more stable the more contrasting small/large magnitude-codes and contrasting left/right spatial-codes are explicitly and fully combined in the task set. The analyses of the time–course of space-number congruency effects showed that both the absence and presence of the SNA were independent of the speed of reaction times. In agreement with our original proposal (Aiello et al., 2012), these findings show that conceptualising the ascending series of integers in spatial terms depends on the use of spatial codes in the numerical task at hand rather than on the presence of an inherent spatial dimension in the semantic representation of numbers. This evidence suggests that directional SNAs, like the SNARC effect, are secondary to the primary transfer of spatial response codes to number stimuli, rather than deriving from a primary congruency or incongruence between independent spatial-response and spatial-number codes. </p>
Number space is made by response space: Evidence from left spatial neglect
<p>Whether the semantic representation of numbers is endowed with an intrinsic spatial component, so that smaller numbers are inherently represented to the left of larger ones on a Mental Number Line (MNL), is a central matter of debate in numerical cognition. To gain an insight into this issue, we investigated the performance of right brain damaged patients with left spatial neglect (N+) in a bimanual Magnitude Comparison SNARC task and in a uni-manual Magnitude Comparison Go/No-Go task (i.e. “is the number smaller or larger than 5?“). While the first task requires the use of contrasting left/right spatial codes for response selection, the second task does not require the use of these codes. In line with previous evidence, in the SNARC task N+ patients displayed a significant asymmetry in Reaction Times (RTs), with slower RTs to number “4”, that was immediately precedent to the numerical reference “5”, with respect to the number “6”, that immediately followed the same reference. This RTs asymmetry was correlated with lesion of white matter tracts, i.e. Fronto-Occipital-Fasciculus, that allows prefrontal Ba 8 and 46 to regulate the distribution of attention on sensory and memory traces in posterior occipital, temporal and parietal areas. In contrast, no similar RTs asymmetry was found in the Go/No-Go task. These findings suggest that while in the SNARC task numbers get mentally organised from left-to-right as a function of their increasing magnitude, so that N+ patients display a delay in the processing of number-magnitudes that are immediately smaller than a given numerical reference, in the Go/No-Go task no left-to-right organization is activated. These results support the idea that it is the use of contrasting left/right spatial codes, whether motor or conceptual, that triggers the generation of a spatially left-to-right organised MNL and that the representation of number magnitude is not endowed with an inherent spatial component. </p>
Distribution. Sub-Saharan Africa; virtually eradicated from W Africa, and greatly reduced in C and NE Africa. The largest populations exist in Botswana, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, which account for approximately half of the estimated number of African Wild Dogs remaining in the wild. Other populations occur in Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, and Zambia. Potential small populations (less than 100 individuals) may exist in Cameroon, Chad, Senegal, and Somalia. in Canidae
Distribution. Sub-Saharan Africa; virtually eradicated from W Africa, and greatly reduced in C and NE Africa. The largest populations exist in Botswana, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, which account for approximately half of the estimated number of African Wild Dogs remaining in the wild. Other populations occur in Central African Republic, Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, and Zambia. Potential small populations (less than 100 individuals) may exist in Cameroon, Chad, Senegal, and Somalia.
Mathematical difficulties in ADHD do not originate from the visual number sense
<p>All the details are described in the excel file.</p>
Computational validation of clonal and subclonal copy number alterations from bulk tumour sequencing
<p>Somatic variant identification from WGS data is a crucial step in the analysis of cancer genomes. Several tools are available to perform mutations calling, however, the noisiness of data requires appropriate quality control assessment. In the preprint work available at https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.13.429885 we present CNAqc, an R package devised to assess the quality of allele-specific Copy Number Alterations (CNA), somatic mutations, and tumor purity estimates. In order to test the model, we ran CNAqc on 2778 single-sample PCAWG whole-genomes and 48 TCGA whole-exomes. We uploaded the results of our analysis using the release of the tool available at https://github.com/caravagnalab/CNAqc/releases/tag/rr_22_0.1 in the form of .rds files. All the necessary details for the reproduction of our results are reported in the Supplementary Materials of the above-mentioned manuscript.</p>
Distribution. Found only in Australia, with known populations in disjunct areas of N Westem Australia, N Northern Territory, and NE Queensland; also on a number of offshore including Koolan, Milingimbi, Elcho, Groote Eylandt, and Pellew. in Megadermatidae
Distribution. Found only in Australia, with known populations in disjunct areas of N Westem Australia, N Northern Territory, and NE Queensland; also on a number of offshore including Koolan, Milingimbi, Elcho, Groote Eylandt, and Pellew.
Dataset for: Numbers, neighbours and hungry predators: what makes chemically defended aposematic prey susceptible to predation?
<p>Many chemically defended aposematic species are characterised by relatively low toxin levels, which enables predators to include them in their diets under certain circumstances. Knowledge of the conditions governing the survival of such prey animals – especially in the context of the co-occurrence of similar but undefended prey, which may result in mimicry-like interactions – is crucial for understanding the initial evolution of aposematism.</p> <p>In a one-month outdoor experiment using fish (the common carp<em> Cyprinus carpio</em>) as predators, we examined the survival of moderately defended aposematic tadpole prey (the European common toad <em>Bufo bufo</em>) with varying absolute densities in single-species prey systems or varying relative densities in two-species prey systems containing morphologically similar but undefended prey (the European common frog <em>Rana temporaria</em>). The density effects were investigated in conjunction with the hunger levels of the predator, which were manipulated by means of the addition of alternative (non-tadpole) food.</p> <p>The survival of the <em>B. bufo</em> tadpoles was promoted by increasing their absolute density in the single-species prey systems, increasing their relative density in the two-species prey systems, and providing ample alternative food for the predator. Hungry predators eliminated all <em>R. temporaria </em>individuals regardless of their proportion in the prey community; in treatments with ample alternative food, high relative <em>B. bufo</em> density supported <em>R. temporaria</em> survival.</p> <p>The results demonstrated that moderately defended prey did benefit from high population densities (both absolute and relative), even under long-term predation pressure. However, the physiological state of the predator was a crucial factor in the survival of moderately defended prey. While the availability of alternative prey in general should promote the spread and maintenance of aposematism, the results indicated that the resemblance between the co-occurring defended and undefended prey may impose mortality costs on the defended model species, even in the absence of actual mimicry.</p>
Distribution. The Chiru is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau in the Chinese provinces of Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Xizang; it also occurs in very small numbers in the Ladakh district of NW India, mainly during summer. in Bovidae
Distribution. The Chiru is endemic to the Tibetan Plateau in the Chinese provinces of Xinjiang, Qinghai, and Xizang; it also occurs in very small numbers in the Ladakh district of NW India, mainly during summer.
FIGURE 3. The Number 12 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 3. The Number 12 Swamp locality (Franklin Creek in Grand Bay, AL: Mobile), showing another view of the characteristic blackwater stream/cypress swamp habitat.
Number of public photos uploaded to Flickr
<p>This dataset reports the number of photos uploaded to <a href="https://www.flickr.com/">Flickr</a> every day, hour by hour (CET) from 2004 to 2021. Only public photos are considered, private photos as well as other type of material (e.g. videos) are not accounted for.</p> <p>The count is necessarily a sub-approximation of the real count. Indeed, data acquisition started in 2017, such that photos uploaded earlier and deleted by their users are not included in the total count. We assume that this should happen very rarely, meaning that the vast majority of photos ever posted to Flickr should still be available and therefore included in the reported data.</p> <p>The data was acquired using the <a href="https://github.com/frmichel/flickr-statistics">flickr-statistics</a> project. A visualization is available from https://www.flickr.com/photos/franckmichel/49788632377/.</p>
FIGURE 13. Two specimens numbered Z.C in Thalictrum fusiforme (Ranunculaceae), described from southeastern Xizang (Tibet), China, is merged with T. rostellatum, a Sino-Himalayan species
FIGURE 13. Two specimens numbered Z.C. Ni et al. 837 and agreeing with the holotype of Thalictrum fusiforme (= T. rostellatum) in the collection records, but actually belonging to T. nepalense and not cited in the protologue of T. fusiforme (= T. rostellatum), and thus not belonging to the type gathering of T. fusiforme (= T. rostellatum). A. PE, barcode PE00471108; inset: aggregate fruit, showing glabrous achenes. B. XZ, barcode XZ0001699.
Wind turbines without curtailment produce large numbers of bat fatalities throughout their lifetime: A call against ignorance and neglect
<p>Bats are protected by national and international legislation in European countries, yet many species, particularly migratory aerial insectivores, collide with wind turbines which counteracts conservation efforts. Within the European Union it is legally required<br> to curtail the operation of wind turbines at periods of high bat activity, yet this is not practiced at old wind turbines. Based on data from the national carcass repository in Germany and from our own carcass searches at a wind park with three turbines west<br> of Berlin, we evaluated the magnitude of bat casualties at old, potentially mal-sited wind turbines operating without curtailment. We report 88 documented bat carcasses collected by various searchers over the 20-year operation period of this wind park from<br> 2001 to 2021. Common noctule bats ( Nyctalus noctula ) and common pipistrelles (Pipistrellus pipistrellus ) were most often found dead at these turbines. Our search campaign in August and September 2021 yielded a total of 18 carcasses. We estimated that at least 209 bats were likely killed during our field survey, yielding more than 70 casualties/wind turbine or 39 casualties/MW in two months. Since our campaign covered only part of the migration season, we consider this value as an underestimate. The 20-year period of the wind park emphasises the substantial impact old turbines may have on bat individuals and populations when operating without curtailments. We call for reconsidering the operation procedures of old wind turbines to stop the continuous loss of bats in Germany and other countries where turbine curtailments are even less practiced than in Germany.</p>
number of times keyword "Bayesian" appears in NASA/ADS entries
<p>number of times keyword "Bayesian" appears in NASA/ADS entries</p>
FIGURE. Umbellules within four populations of Sanicula orthacantha, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. China, Hubei, Xuan'en, Qizimei Mountain, H.M. Li, Y.M. Yi & Y.S. Zhang 1077 (NAS). B. China, Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Lushan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & Y. Xu 1109 (NAS). C. China, Chongqing, Nanchuan, Jinfo Shan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & X. Zhang 1141 (NAS). D. China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1157 (NAS). All same scale. in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Umbellules within four populations of Sanicula orthacantha, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. China, Hubei, Xuan'en, Qizimei Mountain, H.M. Li, Y.M. Yi & Y.S. Zhang 1077 (NAS). B. China, Jiangxi, Jiujiang, Lushan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & Y. Xu 1109 (NAS). C. China, Chongqing, Nanchuan, Jinfo Shan, H.M. Li, Y.S. Zhang & X. Zhang 1141 (NAS). D. China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1157 (NAS). All same scale.
FIGURE. Umbellules within two populations of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS). in Taxonomic studies on the genus Sanicula (Apiaceae) from China ( ): The clarification of some morphological distinction between S. orthacantha var. orthacantha and S. orthacantha var. brevispina, with the reduction of S. petagnioides to the synonymy of the former, and S. orthacantha var. stolonifera to
FIGURE. Umbellules within two populations of Sanicula orthacantha var. brevispina from China, Sichuan, Emei Shan, showing the fruits characters and the variation in numbers of staminate flowers (each line represents a plant individual). The ratio of staminate flowers number/ umbellule number is given for each individual. A. C.H. Li 1122 (NAS). B. H.M. Li & Y.S. Zhang 1151 (NAS).
Addiitional Files: The diagrams of population structure, highly divergent regions, GC content and Nanopore reads depth, SNP number and Nanopore reads depth, and analyses of co-linearity against Nipponbare reference genome in 251 accessions.
<p>Additional Files for " <strong>A Super Pan-Genomic Landscape of Rice".</strong></p> <p>Addtional File1: Supplementary File1.Population structure of 251 rice accessions inferred by ADMIXTURE from K=6 to K=15.</p> <p>Additional File2: Supplementary File2.The diagram of co-linearity for assembled genome against Nipponbare refercne genome in 251 rice accessions.</p> <p>Additional File3: Supplementary File3. Highly divergent regions based on SV.</p> <p>Additional File4: Supplementary File4. The diagram of SNP number and Nanopore reads depth per 100kb windows in 251 rice accessions.</p> <p>Additonal File5:Supplementary File5. The diagram of GC content and the Nanopore reads depth per 10kb windows in 251 rice accessions.</p> <p> </p>
Distribution. Warmer waters ofthe Pacific and Indian oceans in an area ranging from E Africa, S India and Sri Lanka to Galapagos Is, and possibly as far as Central and South America. Exact distribution remains unclear due to the small number of known strandings, and the taxonomic confusion between the Deraniyagala's Beaked Whale and the Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale (M. ginkgodens). in Ziphiidae
Distribution. Warmer waters ofthe Pacific and Indian oceans in an area ranging from E Africa, S India and Sri Lanka to Galapagos Is, and possibly as far as Central and South America. Exact distribution remains unclear due to the small number of known strandings, and the taxonomic confusion between the Deraniyagala's Beaked Whale and the Ginkgo-toothed Beaked Whale (M. ginkgodens).
Distribution. Most records come from either New Zealand or the Atlantic coast of South America, but also recorded in Tasmania, Western Australia, and South Africa; distribution remains unclear due to the small number of confirmed strandings. There are no records of this species between New Zealand and the Pacific coast of South America, but it is unclear whether this represents a break in distribution or a lack of research activity in this region. Earlier records from the Pacific coast of USA have since been reclassified as Perrin's Beaked Whale (M. perrini). in Ziphiidae
Distribution. Most records come from either New Zealand or the Atlantic coast of South America, but also recorded in Tasmania, Western Australia, and South Africa; distribution remains unclear due to the small number of confirmed strandings. There are no records of this species between New Zealand and the Pacific coast of South America, but it is unclear whether this represents a break in distribution or a lack of research activity in this region. Earlier records from the Pacific coast of USA have since been reclassified as Perrin's Beaked Whale (M. perrini).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.