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Fig. 10 in Earliest Cretaceous mammals from the western United States

Fig. 10. Simplified cladogram showing known North American distribution of mammalian taxa during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Grey bar indicates temporal range of deposits of the Lakota Formation (Lower Cretaceous: upper Berriasian–lower Barremian). Closed circles indicate mammalian fossils described in this study (temporal distributions given as mid-ranges for respective estimates). Dashed lines indicate stratigraphic range extensions of groups otherwise restricted to the Late Jurassic (Morrison Formation) or unrecorded until the Aptian–Cenomanian (Antlers, Arundel, Cloverly, and Cedar Mountain formations), highlighting the transitional composition of the Lakota assemblage. Cladogram modified from Luo (2007), geologic time scale modified from Gradstein et al. (2012).

Fig. 9 in Earliest Cretaceous mammals from the western United States

Fig. 9. Stem zatherian (A) and tribosphenidan (B) mammals from OMNH locality V1254, Lakota Formation (Lower Cretaceous: upper Valanginian–lower Barremian), South Dakota, USA. A. OMNH 67137, right low- er molar in occlusal (A 1, stereopair), lingual (A 2), and distal (A 3) views. B. OMNH 64193, left lower molar (trigonid only) in occlusal (B 1, stereopair), lingual (B ), mesial (B ), buccal (B ), and distal (B ) views.

Fig. 4 in Earliest Cretaceous mammals from the western United States

Fig. 4. Stage Barn Canyon Road section (measured by BS, containing OMNH location V1254), Fuson Member of the Lakota Formation.

Fig. 1 in Earliest Cretaceous mammals from the western United States

Fig. 1. Map of exposures of the Lower Cretaceous Inyan Kara Group in southwestern South Dakota and northeastern Wyoming (USA), which includes the Lakota Formation (Berriasian–Barremian). Stars indicate OMNH localities which yielded specimens described in this study. Modified from Sames (2011a), as based on Waagé (1959) and Sohn (1979).

Fig. 5 in Earliest Cretaceous mammals from the western United States

Fig. 5. "Plagiaulacidan" multituberculate mammals from OMNH locality V1243, Lakota Formation (Lower Cretaceous: upper Berriasian–Valanginian), South Dakota, USA. A. The allodontoid Passumys angelli gen. et sp. nov., OMNH 64191 (holotype), right m1 in occlusal (A 1, stereopair), buccal (A 2), and lingual (A 3) views. B. The plagiaulacoid Bolodon hydei sp. nov., OMNH 62670 (holotype), right M2 in occlusal (B 1, stereopair) and oblique lingual (B ) views.

Fig. 1 in Large theropod dinosaur footprint associations in western Gondwana: Behavioural and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Location of the large theropod trackbeds: track 1 indicates the Querulpa Chico locality while track 2 indicates the Chacarilla locality.

Fig. 5 in Large theropod dinosaur footprint associations in western Gondwana: Behavioural and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 5. Photographs of Early Cretaceous theropod footprints from the Querulpa Chico tracksite, Peru. A–I refer to the individual trackways in Fig. 4, and the number to the particular print in the trackway. Arrows point to hallux impressions. Scale bars 0.5 m.

Fig. 6. Early Cretaceous Chacarilla tracksite, Chile. A in Large theropod dinosaur footprint associations in western Gondwana: Behavioural and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 6. Early Cretaceous Chacarilla tracksite, Chile. A. Line drawing and photographs of the Chacarilla theropod tracksite, showing orientations and distribution of trackways. B. Schematic map of trackways 3 and 4, crossed perpendicularly by trackways 1, 5 and 2 (unidentified trackway). Scale bars in A 5 m.

Fig. 3 in Large theropod dinosaur footprint associations in western Gondwana: Behavioural and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 3. Measurements taken in situ on footprints and trackways. Anteroposterior track length: distance between the distal tip of digit III and the proximal boundary of the sole; mediolateral track width: distance between the distal tip of lateral digits measured perpendicular to the track axis; pace angle: angle formed by the two segments joining three consecutive tracks; pace, distance between two consecutive tracks; stride length: distance between two consecutive tracks on the same side (left or right) of the trackway.

Fig. 7 in An ailuravine rodent from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, western India, and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Fig. 7. Distribution of ailuravine rodents and possible routes of their dispersal during the early Eocene (based on Smith et al. 1994, with additional data mainly from Gaetani and Garzanti 1991; Gingerich et al. 1997). Black dots mark the position of Vastan in India and of ailuravine−yielding sites elsewhere; dashed lines indicate the possible/discussed dispersal routes, which include: Europe to Asia via the Turgai Strait and then to India via its leading edge (the favoured route); Europe to India via Africa and Madagascar; Europe to India directly through Turkey.

Fig. 6 in An ailuravine rodent from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, western India, and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Fig. 6. Ailuravine rodent Meldimys louisi (Michaux, 1964) from the lower Eocene of Paris Basin (France) (from Escarguel 1999). Isolated cheek teeth in occlusal views. A. UM2−727, left dP4 from Avenay (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: d). B. MNHN−PL−164, right P4 (reversed) from Avenay (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: e). C. MNHN−PL−186, right M1 (reversed) from Mutigny (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: a). D. MNHN−15799, right M2 (reversed) from Avenay (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: g). E. MNHN−PL−1090, left M3 from Mutigny (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: c). F. MNHN−PL−825, right m1 from Avenay (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: m). G. MNHN−5737, right m2 (type) from Avenay (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: n).

Fig. 4 in An ailuravine rodent from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, western India, and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Fig. 4. Ailuravine rodent Meldimys musak sp. nov., from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan (Gujarat, western India), isolated cheek teeth. A. GU/RSR/VAS 455, left M3 (reversed) in occlusal (A1 stereo), posterior (A2), anterior (A3), buccal (A4), and lingual (A5) views. B. GU/RSR/VAS 451, right M3, paratype, stereo pair of occlusal view. C. GU/RSR/VAS 452, right M3, stereo pair of occlusal view. D. GU/RSR/VAS 453, right M3, stereo pair of occlusal view.

Fig. 5 in An ailuravine rodent from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, western India, and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Fig. 5. Ailuravine rodent Meldimys musak sp. nov., from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan (Gujarat, western India), isolated cheek teeth. A. GU/RSR/VAS 604, right m1, paratype in lingual (A1), buccal (A2, reversed), and occlusal (A3 stereo, reversed) views. B. GU/RSR/VAS 605, left m1, stereo pair of occlusal view. C. GU/RSR/VAS 603, left m2, paratype in occlusal (C1 stereo), lingual (C2, reversed), and buccal (C3) views.

Fig. 2 in An ailuravine rodent from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, western India, and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Ailuravine rodent Meldimys musak sp. nov., GU/RSR/VAS 609 (holotype) from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan (Gujarat, western India), upper molar showing described characters in occlusal (A), postero−lateral (B), and antero−lateral (C) views. Anterior is to the right in A.

Fig. 1. A in An ailuravine rodent from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, western India, and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Fig. 1. A. Indian subcontinent with locations of ailuravine (Vastan) and other Eocene rodent sites (Ganda Kas and Barbara Banda in Pakistan, and Kalakot and Subathu in India). Squares represent major cities and black dots Eocene rodent localities. B. Lithological log of the Cambay Formation in the open cast lignite mine, Surat District, Gujarat, showing lignite seams, rodent−yielding level, other major fossiliferous levels, and the sample locations.

FIG. 34 in Allostratigraphy And Biostratigraphy Of The Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) Western Canada Foreland Basin

FIG. 34. Clioscaphites saxitonianus (McLearn, 1929), macroconchs. A. TMP2016.041.0018, above measured section, Wapiabi Formation, Ram River, Alberta, right lateral. B, C. TMP2016.041.0222, 121.0 m, Wapiabi Formation, W. Thistle Creek, Alberta. B. Right lateral; C. ventral. D, E. TMP2016.041.0279, 141.5–143.5 m, Wapiabi Formation, Cardinal River, Alberta. D. Right lateral; E. apertural.

FIG. 29 in Allostratigraphy And Biostratigraphy Of The Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) Western Canada Foreland Basin

FIG. 29. Scaphites (S.) depressus Reeside, 1927, microconch, TMP2016.041.0382, 115.8 m, Wapiabi Formation, Bighorn Dam, Alberta. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral; D. left lateral.

FIG. 25 in Allostratigraphy And Biostratigraphy Of The Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) Western Canada Foreland Basin

FIG. 25. Scaphites (S.) depressus Reeside, 1927, macroconch, TMP2016.041.0219, 114.9 m, Wapiabi Formation, W. Thistle Creek, Alberta. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral; D. left lateral.

FIG. 21 in Allostratigraphy And Biostratigraphy Of The Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) Western Canada Foreland Basin

FIG. 21. Scaphites (S.) depressus Reeside, 1927, macroconch, TMP2016.041.0069, 83.3 m, Wapiabi Formation, E. Thistle Creek, Alberta. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral; D. left lateral.

FIG. 17 in Allostratigraphy And Biostratigraphy Of The Upper Cretaceous (Coniacian-Santonian) Western Canada Foreland Basin

FIG. 17. Size-frequency histogram of Scaphites (S.) depressus Reeside, 1927, based on the samples in tables 7 and 8.