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opennotspecifiedMay 2021View details →

Fig. 4 in Glucosinolate profiles and phylogeny in Barbarea compared to other tribe Cardamineae (Brassicaceae) and Reseda (Resedaceae), based on a library of ion trap HPLC-MS/MS data of reference desulfoglucosinolates

Fig. 4. HPLC-MS chromatogram of desulfoglucosinolates (dGSLs) prepared from glucosinolates (GSLs) from leaves (A) and petioles (B) of horseradish (Armoracia rusticana), focusing on trace level GSLs. The chromatograms were made by combining extracted ion chromatograms corresponding to [M+Na]+ of the indicated dGSLs, from analyses that were much overloaded with respect to the dominating dGSL d107 from Pren. In panel A, an insert shows magnification of the chromatogram from 5.2 to 5.8 min. Neither suggested BAR nor EBAR were detectable. In panel B, only extracted ion chromatograms of m/z 382 (BAR/EBAR), 352 (BZ), 366 (PE), 380 (3PP), 394 (4PB), 408 (5PP at high tR and 6mSOh at 5.4 min), 422 (7mSOh) and 436 (8mSOo) are included. Unlabeled trace peaks did not exhibit a combination of tR and m/z suitable for any of the mentioned candidates. HPLC conditions as in Olsen et al. (2016). Panel A depicts analysis of the Copenhagen garden accession; panel B from the naturalized population at Lake Fures¨o. An asterisk after a peak number indicates tentative identification.

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Fig. 2 in Glucosinolate profiles and phylogeny in Barbarea compared to other tribe Cardamineae (Brassicaceae) and Reseda (Resedaceae), based on a library of ion trap HPLC-MS/MS data of reference desulfoglucosinolates

Fig. 2. Detection of thioglucose-acylated glucosinolates (GSLs) by HPLC-MS of desulfated derivatives prepared from the indicated species. (A–C) Analysis of seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 used as reference material for characteristic GSLs. Shown are the total ion chromatogram (A) and extracted ion chromatograms for sodium adducts of desulfo 6′Bz 4BzOb (d125) (B) and desulfo 6′Bz 4mSb (d127) (C). (D–F) Analysis of seeds of Barbarea grayi for dominating GSLs. Shown are total ion chromatograms (D), and extracted ion chromatograms for sodium adducts of desulfo 6'iF BAR (d131S) (E) and desulfo 6'iF PE (d129) (F).

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Fig. 1 in Glucosinolate profiles and phylogeny in Barbarea compared to other tribe Cardamineae (Brassicaceae) and Reseda (Resedaceae), based on a library of ion trap HPLC-MS/MS data of reference desulfoglucosinolates

Fig. 1. MS2 spectra of pairs of desulfoglucosinolates with and without a side chain double bond. Four short chain desulfoglucosinolates were investigated, including Na+ adducts of all (A–D) and in addition H+ adducts of the methylthio substituted (E–F), as indicated in each spectrum. The desulfo derivative of the putative 9mSn ([89]), poorly characterized in the literature, was also investigated (G).

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Fig. 2 in Terpenoid and lipid profiles vary in different Phytophthora cactorum - strawberry interactions

Fig. 2. Heatmap visualization of tentatively identified metabolites differentially accumulated between treatments. Relative accumulation levels of individual samples are shown. Lowest: Blue. Highest: Red. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opennotspecifiedSep 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in Terpenoid and lipid profiles vary in different Phytophthora cactorum - strawberry interactions

Fig. 1. Principal component analysis of the metabolite profiles of the analysed samples. The two components explaining the largest proportion of the variance (28.2% for component 1 and 13.7% for component 2) in the data are shown. QC = quality control samples pooled from the experimental samples.

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Fig. 4 in Terpenoid and lipid profiles vary in different Phytophthora cactorum - strawberry interactions

Fig. 4. The profiles of three differentially accumulated lysophospholipids in F. vesca and F. × ananassa samples. The peak intensities of three most highly accumulated lysophospholipids are shown.

Fig. 7 in Metabolite profiling reveals a role for intercellular dihydrocamalexic acid in the response of mature Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae

Fig. 7. Exogenous infiltration of dihydrocamalexic acid (DHCA) and bacterial quantification of Pseudomonas syringae in rosette leaves of 7-week old Col-0 and cyp71a12/cyp71a13. DHCA (0.07 μg/mL or 0.25 μg/mL) was applied via pressure infiltration to 7-week-old plants at 24 h postinoculation with P. syringae or mock solution (0.06% DMSO in 10 mM MgCl2). Bacterial levels were quantified at 3 days postinoculation with Pst. Values represent the mean ± standard deviation of three sample replicates (n = 3) consisting of 8 plants each. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (ANOVA, Tukey's honestly significant difference [HSD], P <0.05).

Fig. 6 in Metabolite profiling reveals a role for intercellular dihydrocamalexic acid in the response of mature Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae

Fig. 6. Effect of dihydrocamalexic acid (DHCA) and salicylic acid (SA) on biofilm formation of Pseudomonas syringae (Pst) in vitro. Dose-dependent effect of (A) SA and (B) DHCA on Pst biofilm formation in Hrp-inducing minimal medium as measured by crystal violet staining of surface-adherent cells and de-staining with acetic acid (OD570) after stationary incubation for 24, 32, 48, or 60 h. Each data point is the mean ± SD of five wells per concentration from a 96-well non-tissueculture-treated plate. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (one-way ANOVA, Tukey's honestly significant difference [HSD], P <0.05). Ns indicates not significant. Bars (from left to right) within each timepoint are: 18 μg/mL, 4.5 μg/mL, 1.2 μg/mL, 0.3 μg/mL, and 0 μg/mL. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Metabolite profiling reveals a role for intercellular dihydrocamalexic acid in the response of mature Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae

Fig. 5. Growth of Pseudomonas syringae (Pst) in the presence of dihydrocamalexic acid (DHCA), camalexin, or DHCA analogs in vitro. Dose-dependent effect of (S)-dihydrocamalexic acid (A), camalexin (B), (1) (R)-2-(phenyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid (C), (2) (S)-2-(phenyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid (D), (3) (R)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid (E), and (4) (S)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-dihydrothiazole-4-carboxylic acid (F) on the growth of Pst in Hrp-inducing minimal medium as measured by turbidity (OD) after incubation for 68 h at room temperature (approximately 25 ◦ C). Each data 600 point is the mean ± SD of three wells per concentration from a 96-well non-tissue-culture-treated plate.

Fig. 4 in Metabolite profiling reveals a role for intercellular dihydrocamalexic acid in the response of mature Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae

Fig. 4. Quantification of dihydrocamalexic acid (DHCA) (m/z 247.0541, [C12H10N2O2S þ H]) in intercellular washing fluids (IWFs). DHCA levels measured in IWFs from Col-0, cyp71a12/cyp71a13, and cyp71b15 (all 7-weeks post-germination) 24 h after inoculation with P. syringae (Pst) or 10 mM MgCl2 (mock-inoculation) measured by UPLC-MS electrospray ionization in positive mode (ESI+). Values represent the mean ± standard deviation of three sample replicates (n = 3). Different letters indicate statistically significant differences (one-way ANOVA, Tukey's honestly significant difference [HSD], P <0.05). Standard curves were prepared using synthetic DHCA (2 pg–6 μg on column).

Fig. 3 in Metabolite profiling reveals a role for intercellular dihydrocamalexic acid in the response of mature Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae

Fig. 3. Identification of dihydrocamalexic acid (DHCA) in intercellular washing fluids. Extracted ion chromatograms and mass spectra for DHCA (m/z 247.0541, [C12H10N2O2S + H] in intercellular washing fluids from Pseudomonas syringae-inoculated leaves compared to a synthetic standard. (A) Extracted ion chromatograms and (B) MSMS (25 eV). n. d. Indicates compound not detected. Samples were run in positive electrospray ionization mode.

Fig. 1 in Metabolite profiling reveals a role for intercellular dihydrocamalexic acid in the response of mature Arabidopsis thaliana to Pseudomonas syringae

Fig. 1. Biosynthesis pathway of tryptophan-derived specialised metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana (simplified). Dashed arrows indicate potential nonenzymatic reactions. Multiple arrows indicate multiple reaction steps simplified for presentation. IAOx: indole-3-acetaldoxime, I3M: indole-3- methylglucosinolate, IAN: indole-3-acetonitrile, ICHO: indole-3-carbaldehyde, ICOOH: indole-3-carboxylic acid, ICN: indole-3-carbonyl nitrile, 4-OH-ICN: 4- hydroxyindole-3-carbonyl nitrile, NSP: nitrile-specifier protein, FOX1: flavin-dependent oxidoreductase, AAO1: Arabidopsis aldehyde oxidase I, GGP: gammaglutamyl peptidase, GGT: gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase DHCA: dihydrocamalexic acid. Modified from Rajniak et al. (2015); Müller et al. (2019).

Fig. 5 in Determination of phenolic profiles of Herniaria polygama and Herniaria incana fractions and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Fig. 5. Antioxidant activity of the examined fractions isolated from Herniaria incana (HIhfr) and Herniaria polygama (HPfr) in blood plasma under the ONOO - induced oxidative stress in vitro. Protective effects of the examined Herniaria fractions were evaluated based on measurements of protein thiol groups (panel A), 3- nitrotyrosine (panel B), and the ferric reducing ability of plasma (panel C); n = 7, 8, and 9 for –SH groups, 3-nitrotyrosine, and FRAP assay, respectively.

Fig. 4 in Determination of phenolic profiles of Herniaria polygama and Herniaria incana fractions and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Fig. 4. UHPLC – diode array detector (DAD) and charged aerosol detector (CAD) profiles of the Herniaria incana herb phenolic fraction.

Fig. 3 in Determination of phenolic profiles of Herniaria polygama and Herniaria incana fractions and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Fig. 3. The chemical structures of isolated compounds (46, 52, 54, 55, and 56) from Herniaria incanaherb.

Fig. 2 in Determination of phenolic profiles of Herniaria polygama and Herniaria incana fractions and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Fig. 2. UHPLC – diode array detector (DAD) and charged aerosol detector (CAD) profiles of the Herniaria polygama phenolic fraction.

Fig. 6 in Determination of phenolic profiles of Herniaria polygama and Herniaria incana fractions and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Fig. 6. Evaluation of protective effects of fractions isolated from Herniaria incana (HIhfr) and Herniaria polygama (HPfr) on the oxidative stress-induced modification of human fibrinogen structure. The figure contains an electrophoretic pattern of fibrinogen samples separated on gradient SDS-PAGE gel (4–20%) under the reducing conditions. Exposure of fibrinogen to ONOO resulted in the formation of high molecular weight protein aggregates (HMW), mainly derived from its Aα-chain and detectable over the fibrinogen pattern. The Herniaria fractions partly reduced these oxidative modifications to fibrinogen molecule; n = 3.

Fig. 7 in Determination of phenolic profiles of Herniaria polygama and Herniaria incana fractions and their in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects

Fig. 7. Anti-inflammatory actions of the examined fractions isolated from Herniaria incana (HIhfr) and Herniaria polygama (HPfr) in the concanavalin A-stimulated PBMCs. Effects of the examined plant fractions were evaluated based on measurements of IL-2 (panel A) and TNF-α (panel B) secretion into the cell culture medium. The samples were assayed using the ELISA kits; *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001; n = 4.

Fig. 4 in Phytochemical profiling of several Hypericum species identified using genetic markers

Fig. 4. PCA (A) and HCA (B) analyses of 13 metabolites quantified in the extracts of shoots of ex vitro grown Hypericum plants. The PCA biplot (A) shows grouping of the species (points), and the contribution (loadings) of the variables (metabolites, indicated by the arrows) to the grouping. Each species is represented by three biological replicates (three points per species). The points are colored according to their quality of representation on the factor map, expressed by squared cosine (cos2). The direction and length of the loading vectors show how each metabolite contributes to clustering. An ellipse is drawn around each cluster. The species are clustered according to the branches as depicted at HCA dendrogram (B). Each square in the heatmap dendrogram represents the relative content of a metabolite. The red and blue color represent an increase and a decrease of relative metabolite content, respectively. Different color of metabolites (PCA) or lines under the heatmap (HCA) indicate the metabolite contents in leaves (green) and stems (brown). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Phytochemical profiling of several Hypericum species identified using genetic markers

Fig. 3. PCA (A) and HCA (B) analyses of 13 metabolites quantified in the extracts of shoots of in vitro-grown Hypericum plants. The PCA biplot (A) shows grouping of the species (points), and the contribution (loadings) of the variables (metabolites, indicated by the arrows) to the grouping. Each species is represented by three biological replicates (three points per species). The points are colored according to their quality of representation on the factor map, expressed by squared cosine (cos2). The direction and length of the loading vectors show how each metabolite contributes to clustering. An ellipse is drawn around each cluster. The species are clustered according to the branches as depicted at HCA dendrogram (B). Each square in the heatmap dendrogram represents the relative content of a metabolite. The red and blue color represent an increase and a decrease of relative metabolite content, respectively. Different color of metabolites (PCA) or lines under the heatmap (HCA) indicate the metabolite contents in leaves (green) and stems (brown). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)