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No evidence for female kin association, indications for extragroup paternity, and sex‐biased dispersal patterns in wild western gorillas
Characterizing animal dispersal patterns and the rational behind individuals' transfer choices is a long-standing question of interest in evolutionary biology. In wild western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla), a one-male polygynous species, previous genetic findings suggested that, when dispersing, females might favor groups with female kin to promote cooperation, resulting in higher-than-expected within-group female relatedness. The extent of male dispersal remains unclear with studies showing conflicting results. To investigate male and female dispersal patterns and extra-group paternity, we analyzed long-term field observations, including female spatial proximity data, together with genetic data (10 autosomal microsatellites) on individuals from a unique set of four habituated western gorilla groups, and four additional extra-group males (49 individuals in total). The majority of offspring (25 of 27) were sired by the group male. For two offspring, evidence for extra-group paternity was found. Contrarily to previous findings, adult females were not significantly more related within groups than across groups. Consistently, adult female relatedness within groups did not correlate with their spatial proximity inferred from behavioral data. Adult females were similarly related to adult males from their group than from other groups. Using RST statistics, we found significant genetic structure and a pattern of isolation by distance, indicating limited dispersal in this species. Comparing relatedness among females and among males revealed that males disperse farer than females, as expected in a polygamous species. Our study on habituated western gorillas shed light on the dispersal dynamics and reproductive behavior of this polygynous species and challenge some of the previous results based on unhabituated groups.
Global Fire Weather Indices - supporting data for Jain et al. 2021, Nature Climate Change
<p>Daily fire weather indices (FWI and ISI, outputs of the Canadian Fire Weather Index System) from 1979-2020 at 0.25 deg resolution. This data supports the analysis in "Observed increases in extreme fire weather driven by atmospheric humidity and temperature", Jain et al. 2021, accepted for publication in Nature Climate Change.<br> <br> Variables were processed using inputs from the ERA5 Reanalysis (hourly surface data from 1979–2020, available from <a href="https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview">https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview</a>). FWI System indices were calculated using the CFFDRS R package using the overwintering procedure outlined in McElhinny et al. 2020. </p> <p>References</p> <p>McElhinny, M., Beckers, J. F., Hanes, C., Flannigan, M., and Jain, P.: A high-resolution reanalysis of global fire weather from 1979 to 2018 – overwintering the Drought Code, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 1823–1833, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1823-2020, 2020.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
FIGURE. Phylogram of Panus generated from Maximum likelihood analysis of ITS sequence data. Lentinus crinitus (MK408650) was selected as the outgroup taxon. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values greater than 60% are indicated above the nodes. The new record Panus similis (HKAS 121668) is in black bold. in Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: a mycological hotspot
FIGURE. Phylogram of Panus generated from Maximum likelihood analysis of ITS sequence data. Lentinus crinitus (MK408650) was selected as the outgroup taxon. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values greater than 60% are indicated above the nodes. The new record Panus similis (HKAS 121668) is in black bold.
CSET Private-Sector AI Indicators
<p>The Private-Sector AI Indicators dataset includes a diverse range of indicators of AI-related activity for hundreds of companies worldwide, from startups to multinationals. The dataset uses original metadata, models, and methods developed by ETO and CSET to transform information from a wide variety of data sources into AI-related research, patenting, and hiring metrics for every company covered in <a href="https://parat.eto.tech/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">PARAT</a>. For more information, see our <a href="https://eto.tech/dataset-docs/private-sector-ai-indicators/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">documentation</a>.</p> <p>Research subject classifications are based on work supported in part by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation under Grant No. G-2023-22358.</p>
Comparative glosses of Chinese and Indic Buddhist vocabulary
<p>Comparative glosses of Chinese and Indic Buddhist vocabulary</p>
FIGURE. Distribution of Thalictrum hengduanshanense and T. longistipitatum. Arrow indicates the type locality of both T. hengduanshanense and T. longistipitatum, i.e. Dêqên in Yunnan, China. in Thalictrum hengduanshanense and T. longistipitatum (Ranunculaceae), two new species from southeastern Xizang and northwestern Yunnan, China
FIGURE. Distribution of Thalictrum hengduanshanense and T. longistipitatum. Arrow indicates the type locality of both T. hengduanshanense and T. longistipitatum, i.e. Dêqên in Yunnan, China.
Monitoring small mammal abundance using NEON data: Are calibrated indices useful?
<p>Small mammals are important to the functioning of ecological communities with changes to their abundances used to track impacts of environmental change. While capture-recapture estimates of absolute abundance are preferred, indices of abundance continue to be used in cases of limited sampling, rare species with little data, or unmarked individuals. Improvement to indices can be achieved by calibrating them to absolute abundance but their reliability across years, sites, or species is unclear. To evaluate this, we used the US National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) capture-recapture data for 63 small mammal species over 46 sites from 2013–2019. We generated 17,155 absolute abundance estimates using capture-recapture analyses and compared these to two standard abundance indices, and three types of calibrated indices. We found that neither raw abundance indices nor index calibrations were reliable approximations of absolute abundance, with raw indices less correlated with absolute abundance than index calibrations (raw indices overall R<sup>2</sup> < 0.5, index calibration overall R<sup>2</sup> > 0.6). Performance of indices and index calibrations varied by species, with those having higher and less variable capture probabilities performing best. We conclude that indices and index calibration methods should be used with caution with a count of individuals being the best index to use, especially if it can be calibrated with capture probability. None of the indices we tested should be used for comparing different species due to high variation in capture probabilities. Hierarchical models that allow for sharing of capture probabilities over species or plots (i.e., joint likelihood models) may offer a better solution to mitigate the cost and effort of large-scale small mammal sampling while still providing robust estimates of abundance.</p>
FIGURE 1 in Wing coloration patterns in the Early Jurassic dragonflies as potential indicator of increasing predation pressure from insectivorous reptiles
FIGURE 1. Heterophlebia buckmani (Brodie, 1849), form 'A', specimen HT 88/58, forewing. A, Photograph. B, Reconstruction. Scale bars = 5 mm.
FIGURE 5 in Wing coloration patterns in the Early Jurassic dragonflies as potential indicator of increasing predation pressure from insectivorous reptiles
FIGURE 5. Evolution patterns of pterosaurs vs. wing coloration in Odonata. A, Heterophlebia spp. wing coloration patterns. B, Percentage of aeschnidiid species with colored wing throughout time (?, uncertainties for Triassic period). C, Simplified phylogeny of Pterosauria, showing diversity of insectivorous families during Early Jurassic, period of first known Odonata with colored wings (cladogram after Zhou et al., 2017) (silhouettes from http://phylopic.org/).
FIGURE 4 in Wing coloration patterns in the Early Jurassic dragonflies as potential indicator of increasing predation pressure from insectivorous reptiles
FIGURE 4. Heterophlebia spp. Different patterns of forewing coloration. A, Form 'A'. B and C, Form 'B'. D, Form 'D' (specimen SMNS 62736). E, Form 'E'. Scale bars = 5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Wing coloration patterns in the Early Jurassic dragonflies as potential indicator of increasing predation pressure from insectivorous reptiles
FIGURE 2. Heterophlebia buckmani (Brodie, 1849), form 'B', specimen HT 88/57, forewing: A, Photograph. B, Reconstruction. Scale bars = 5 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Wing coloration patterns in the Early Jurassic dragonflies as potential indicator of increasing predation pressure from insectivorous reptiles
FIGURE 3. Heterophlebia buckmani (Brodie, 1849), form 'B', specimen MNHN.F- A71358, forewing. A, Photograph of imprint. B, Nodus. C, Pterostigma. D, Wing base. E, Counterimprint. F, Reconstruction. Scale bars = 2 mm (A, E, F), 1 mm (B–D).
Key Performance Indicators - Costa Brava case study
<p>Monitored key performance indicators of the NextGen solution implemented in Costa Brava case study.</p>
antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of MDR indicator bacteria
<table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p>Sixteen antimicrobial agents were tested in the Sensititre™ panel to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of <em>Salmonella</em> Gallinarum CNHJ001, <em>Salmonella</em> Enteritidis 190610_1, <em>Escherichia coli</em> ROH_0034,<em> Staphylococcus aureus</em> ROH_0029. <em>Escherichia coli</em> ATCC25922 was also tested as a susceptible control. The antimicrobial agents used in these experiments were; ciprofloxacin (<strong>CIP</strong>), nalidixic acid (<strong>NAL</strong>), imipenem (<strong>IMI</strong>), colistin (<strong>COL</strong>), ampicillin (<strong>AMP</strong>), tetracycline (<strong>TET</strong>), chloramphenicol (<strong>CHL</strong>), azithromycin (<strong>AZI</strong>), gentamicin (<strong>GEN</strong>), streptomycin (<strong>STR</strong>), amikacin (<strong>AMI</strong>), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (<strong>SXT</strong>), cefotaxime (<strong>FOT</strong>), ceftriaxone (<strong>AXO</strong>), cefoxitin (<strong>FOX</strong>), ceftazidime (<strong>TAZ</strong>).<br> <em>a. </em>R=resistant<em> b. </em>S=susceptible<em> c. </em>I=intermediate.</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p> </p>
Data from: Titmice are a better indicator of bird density in Northern European than in Western European forests
<p>Population sizes of many birds are declining alarmingly and methods for estimating fluctuations in species' abundances at a large spatial scale are needed. The possibility to derive indicators from the tendency of specific species to co-occur with others has been overlooked. Here we tested whether the abundance of resident titmice can act as a general ecological indicator of forest bird density in European forests. Titmice species are easily identifiable and have a wide distribution, which makes them potentially useful ecological indicators. Migratory birds often use information on the density of resident birds, such as titmice, as a cue for habitat selection. Thus, the density of residents may potentially affect community dynamics. We examined spatio-temporal variation in titmouse abundance and total bird abundance, each measured as biomass, by using long-term citizen science data on breeding forest birds in Finland and France. We analyzed the variation in observed forest bird density (excluding titmice) in relation to titmouse abundance. In Finland, forest bird density linearly increased with titmouse abundance. In France, forest bird density non-linearly increased with titmouse abundance, the association weakening towards high titmouse abundance. We then analyzed whether the abundance (measured as biomass) of random species sets could predict forest bird density better than titmouse abundance. Random species sets outperformed titmice as an indicator of forest bird density only in 4.4% and 24.2% of the random draws, in Finland and France, respectively. Overall, the results suggest that titmice could act as an indicator of bird density in Northern European forest bird communities, encouraging the use of titmice observations by even less-experienced observers in citizen science monitoring of general forest bird density.</p>
Habitat use and foraging parameters of breeding Skylarks indicate no seasonal decrease in food availability in heterogeneous farmland
<p>Reduced food availability during chick raising is a major driver of farmland bird declines. For the Eurasian Skylark (<i>Alauda arvensis</i>), food availability is determined by various factors (i.e., arthropod abundance/diversity, accessibility of the vegetation, distance to foraging sites). In modern farmland, it is supposed to decrease over the breeding season due to less penetrable vegetation. We explored foraging habitat selection by chick-raising Skylarks with a focus on the seasonal dynamics of habitat use and food availability. We investigated i) habitat selection concerning prey biomass/diversity, vegetation cover, and distance to foraging sites, ii) the overall and seasonal habitat use, and iii) seasonal developments of foraging parameters (e.g., the feeding frequency) as indicators of food availability. We collected data on foraging habitats and foraging parameters of chick-raising Skylark pairs at 51 nests from a Central European population in 2018 and 2019. Prey biomass/diversity and vegetation cover were measured for all habitats around 42 of these nests. As revealed by multivariate and compositional analyses, Skylarks mainly selected foraging habitats based on the proximity to nests. The most frequent habitats within home ranges could not be ranked according to an overall importance for foraging and their use partially changed over time. The feeding frequency increased throughout the breeding season, while other foraging parameters did not show significant changes. In contrast to our expectations, our data indicated therefore an increase, not a decrease in food availability in the late breeding season. This also implies that the habitat use was constantly suitable to raise offspring. We interpret this to be a consequence of the heterogeneous farmland composition of the study area that enabled Skylarks to establish a diverse home range and to benefit from synergetic effects of neighboring habitat types. Thus, our findings provide support for the high importance of crop diversity in Skylark conservation.</p>
Data from: Microclimate-based species distribution models in complex terrain indicate widespread cryptic refugia under climate change
<p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Aim: </i>Species' climatic niches may be poorly predicted by regional climate estimates used in species distribution models (SDMs) due to microclimatic buffering of local conditions. Here, we compare SDMs generated using a locally validated below-canopy microclimate model to those based on interpolated weather station data at two spatial scales to determine the effects of scale, topography, and forest cover on potential future ground-level warming and species distributions.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Location:</i> Great Smoky Mountains National Park (2090 km<sup>2</sup>; NC, TN, USA)</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Time period: </i>1970 – 2006</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Major taxa:</i> Vascular plant species of the Southern Appalachians</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Methods:</i> We compared the fit and predictions of SDMs generated using a database of plant occurrences and three climate models: macroclimate (1 km, WorldClim), fine-scale (30 m) interpolation of macroclimate with elevation, and fine-scale below-canopy microclimate from a ground-level sensor network.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Results: </i>We found that, although SDM fit was similar across models, microclimate-derived SDMs predicted substantially greater species persistence with 4 °C of regional warming, with a difference of 50% of the species pool in some areas. Microclimate SDMs predicted higher stability of mid-elevation species, particularly in thermally buffered areas near streams, and critically, less change in species composition at high elevation. In contrast, predictions of macroclimate and interpolation models were similar despite improved resolution.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"><i>Main conclusions:</i> Our results demonstrate that careful selection of climate drivers, including local near-ground validation rather than interpolation, is critical for projecting distributions. They also suggest that some species at risk from climate change might persist, even with 4 °C of macroclimate warming, in cryptic refugia buffered by microclimate, pointing to the roles of forest cover and topography in explaining slower-than-expected changes in understory communities. However, certain species, such as those currently occurring on low-elevation ridges that are sensitive to atmospheric changes, may be at more risk than macroclimate or interpolated SDMs suggest.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacing"> </p>
CP_OdU (Climate Projections for Odesa, Ukraine): Climate indices and daily meteorological variables for Odesa (Ukraine) in 2021-2050 by different RCM simulations from Euro-CORDEX
<ol> <li>ODS-UA_RCM_outputs_day_20210101-20501231.zip file contains outputs from Euro-CORDEX RCM’s simulation for a land-located point closest to the Odesa meteorological site (46.44N, 30.77E).</li> <li>The RCM grids define the coordinates for this point (the gridpoint is mostly located in the city center (Kateryninska^Troitska) or near the 7-km market.</li> <li>The nomenclature of files and variables in these files are defined in http://is-enes-data.github.io/cordex_archive_specifications.pdf.</li> <li>Other files contain the so-called climate indices as described in <a href="https://knmi-ecad-assets-prd.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/atbd.pdf">https://knmi-ecad-assets-prd.s3.amazonaws.com/documents/atbd.pdf</a> and table in 0readme.pdf.</li> </ol>
Emergency-line calls as an indicator to assess human-wildlife interaction in urban areas
<p><span>Human-wildlife interactions (HWI) are increasingly common as human disturbance and development continue to remove wildlife habitats. Documenting HWIs is critical for management agencies to develop strategies and management decisions that meet the needs of both people and wildlife. However, evaluating the frequency and types of HWI at broad spatial scales (e.g., national or regional level) can be costly and difficult to implement by managers. In this study, we apply a novel method for evaluating the patterns of HWI in urban areas using publicly available data from emergency calls placed by inhabitants of Romania's >300 urban areas. We used information from 4,601 emergency calls (Romanian National Emergency Call System 112), consisting of (1) wildlife species, (2) spatial location, (3) date and time, and (4) a short description of the emergency. Out of the 318 analyzed cities, 300 cities documented emergency calls on HWI between 2015–20120, with roe deer and brown bear as the most frequent species. There was an increasing trend in HWI-related emergency calls in 73% of the urban areas. We mapped the large-scale distribution of HWI by species and type of interactions, capturing variations at the national level, and further, we analyze social and biophysical factors influencing the occurrence and frequency of HWI. The results showed that social factors have the same positive or negative effect on all species, while the effect of the biophysical factors varied between species. Particularly, the presence of large natural habitats, represented by forests, influenced the number of calls only for brown bears. Seminatural landscapes with agricultural land have a different influence in terms of effect and significance for the considered species. Our results suggest that publicly available data from emergency calls can be used for the rapid assessment of HWI and for evaluating trends and predictors of HWI at broad spatial scales.</span></p>
An ArcGIS Pro workflow to extract vegetation indices from aerial imagery of small‐plot turfgrass research
<p>Collection of multispectral imagery from an aerial sensor is a means to obtain plot-level vegetation index (VI) values; however, post-capture image processing and analysis remain a challenge for small-plot researchers. An ArcGIS Pro workflow of two task items was developed with established routines and commands to extract plot-level VI values (Normalized Difference VI, Ratio VI, and Chlorophyll Index-Red Edge) from multispectral aerial imagery of small-plot turfgrass experiments. Users can access and download task item(s) from the ArcGIS Online platform for use in ArcGIS Pro. The workflow standardizes the processing of aerial imagery to ensure repeatability between sampling dates and across site locations. A guided workflow saves time with assigned commands, ultimately allowing users to obtain a table with plot descriptions and index values within a .csv file for statistical analysis. The workflow was used to analyze aerial imagery from a small-plot turfgrass research study evaluating herbicide effects on St. Augustinegrass [<em>Stenotaphrum secundatum</em> (Walt.) Kuntze] grow-in. To compare methods, index values were extracted from the same aerial imagery by TurfScout, LLC and were obtained by handheld sensor. Index values from the three methods were correlated with visual percentage cover to determine the sensitivity (i.e., the ability to detect differences) of the different methodologies.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.