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FIG. 3. — Patonia mclaughlinae n. gen., n in A new genus and species of deep-water pontoniine shrimp (Decapoda, Caridea, Palaemonidae) from Taiwan

FIG. 3. — Patonia mclaughlinae n. gen., n. sp., holotype, ovigerous ♀ cl 4.0 mm, Taiwan (NTOUM00664), lateral view. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (c–e) of flower of Lambertiflora elegans gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 082). a) Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and overlapping elongated tepals; b) Detail of flower showing overlapping elongated tepals; note the numerous holes indicating the position of probable secretory cells; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing overlapping elongated tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (cut between orthoslices xz0510 and 0570); d) Flower in longitudinal section (comparable to c) showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle; note the prominent cavities from secretory cells scattered through the tissues (cut between orthoslice xz0560 and 0575); e) Flower in transverse section showing overlapping tepals, poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and remains of probable poorly developed carpels (cut between orthoslices xy1160 and 1180). Scale bars = 1 mm (a), 500 µm (b–e).

Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 2. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy volume renderings (a, b) and orthoslices (c–e) of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). Yellow dots – stamens, red dots – carpels. a) Flower in lateral view showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals; b) Flower in longitudinal section showing the flat to slightly concave floral receptacle with a central conical gynoecial region (cut between orthoslices yz0800 and 1220); c) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series and the stamens cut in the region of the poorly differentiated anthers; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as and transverse sections of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads) (cut at orthoslice xy0770); d) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0820); e) Flower in transverse section showing the numerous laminar tepals in several series, flattened rhomboidal stamen bases in several series, and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xy0920); f) Flower in longitudinal section showing the shallowly concave floral receptacle with laminar tepals, stamens, and a central conical gynoecial region bearing poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice yz0900); g) Flower in longitudinal section perpendicular to that in (f) showing stamens and poorly differentiated carpels (cut at orthoslice xz1630). Scale bars = 1 mm (a, b), 500 µm (c–g).

Text-fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). a) Flower in oblique lateral view showing numerous broad tepals, numerous inwardly curved stamens and the flat floral receptacle with a conical gynoecial region; b–c) Flower in two different oblique apical views showing numerous broad laminar tepals and inwardly curved stamens surrounding the carpels; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as bases of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads); d) Detail of flower showing a cluster of poorly differentiated carpels in the center surrounded by elongated stamens; note grooves in the dorsal surface of the stamens indicating the position of the pollen sacs; e) Detail of flower showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals, rhomboidal stamen bases and poorly differentiated carpels; f) Detail of flower showing inwardly arched stamens and poorly differentiated carpels. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–c), 200 µm (d–f). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of Mugideiriflora portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Catefica locality, Portugal (holotype, S174254, Catefica sample 150). a) Flower in oblique lateral view showing numerous broad tepals, numerous inwardly curved stamens and the flat floral receptacle with a conical gynoecial region; b–c) Flower in two different oblique apical views showing numerous broad laminar tepals and inwardly curved stamens surrounding the carpels; note cellular differences between outer (op) and inner (in) perianth parts, as well as bases of anthers, apparently with laterally to slightly dorsally placed pollen sacs (arrow heads); d) Detail of flower showing a cluster of poorly differentiated carpels in the center surrounded by elongated stamens; note grooves in the dorsal surface of the stamens indicating the position of the pollen sacs; e) Detail of flower showing the broad bases of the laminar tepals, rhomboidal stamen bases and poorly differentiated carpels; f) Detail of flower showing inwardly arched stamens and poorly differentiated carpels. Scale bars = 1 mm (a–c), 200 µm (d–f).

Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (d–g) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (a–c) of flowers of Atlantocarpus virginiensis gen. et sp. nov. (a–d: holotype, PP43780, Puddledock sample 156), Atlantocarpus sp. from the Early Cretaceous Buarcos locality (e, f: S105025, Buarcos sample 244) and receptacle of Atlantocarpus? from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality (g: S101300, Vale de Água sample 141). a) Flower in lateral view showing scar from a single bract (br), attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; b) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; note the irregular, possibly expanded stigmatic region (arrow heads), (orthoslice yz0340); d) Flower in lateral view showing attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels with possible grooved stigmatic regions (arrow heads); e) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; f) Detail of flower in (e) showing in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (d–g) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices (a–c) of flowers of Atlantocarpus virginiensis gen. et sp. nov. (a–d: holotype, PP43780, Puddledock sample 156), Atlantocarpus sp. from the Early Cretaceous Buarcos locality (e, f: S105025, Buarcos sample 244) and receptacle of Atlantocarpus? from the Early Cretaceous Vale de Água locality (g: S101300, Vale de Água sample 141). a) Flower in lateral view showing scar from a single bract (br), attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; b) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; c) Flower in longitudinal section showing expanded basal portion of the elongated receptacle and young carpels; note the irregular, possibly expanded stigmatic region (arrow heads), (orthoslice yz0340); d) Flower in lateral view showing attachment scars of tepals (t) and stamens (st) on the expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels with possible grooved stigmatic regions (arrow heads); e) Flower in lateral view showing expanded basal portion of elongated receptacle and young carpels; f) Detail of flower in (e) showing

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal

Text-fig. 4. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy orthoslices of flowers of Lambertiflora virginiense gen. et sp. nov. from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (holotype, PP53796, Puddledock sample 081). White dots – tepals, yellow dots – stamens or staminodes, red dot – central conical gynoecial region. a) Flower in longitudinal section showing elongated overlapping tepals, remains of probable poorly developed stamens or staminodes and probable poorly developed carpels on the central conical gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice yz0454); b) Flower in transverse section showing rhomboidal bases of 30 tepals, nine poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1160); c) Flower in transverse section at the level of the floral receptacle showing 30 tepals, nine of the poorly developed stamens or staminodes, and the central poorly differentiated gynoecial region of the receptacle (orthoslice xy1250). Scale bars = 250 µm (a–c).

Text-fig. 53. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Nicholsia brevicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a coprolite containing several kinds of pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Detail of the coprolite that yielded the tricolpate pollen in this Text-figure showing several different kinds of pollen grains; b–d) Tricolpate pollen grains in polar (b) and equatorial (c, d) views showing colpi, coarsely granular aperture membrane and foveolate tectum. Specimen, TV44-S137906-03 (holotype; a–d). Scale bars 30 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 53. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Nicholsia brevicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a coprolite containing several kinds of pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Detail of the coprolite that yielded the tricolpate pollen in this Text-figure showing several different kinds of pollen grains; b–d) Tricolpate pollen grains in polar (b) and equatorial (c, d) views showing colpi, coarsely granular aperture membrane and foveolate tectum. Specimen, TV44-S137906-03 (holotype; a–d). Scale bars 30 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d).

Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a flower and mature carpels of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; multicarpellate flower showing numerous carpels surrounded by remains of the androecium and perianth; note the bract subtending the flower (arrowhead); b, c) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to section in (f) (b, SRXTM orthoslice xz0461) and (c, SRXTM cut voltex xz0540-0580) showing receptacle, carpels and remains of the androecium and perianth; note prominent cavities formed by the oil cells, subtending bract (arrow) and bract subtending fragmentary bud (arrowhead); d, e) Apical (d) and lateral (e) views of gynoecium showing laterally flattened carpels and dorsi-ventrally flattened stamen or staminode (* in e); f) Longitudinal section (SRXTM orthoslice yz0405) of gynoecium showing conical receptacle and carpels with densely spaced oil cells; g, h) Mature carpel of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov. showing slightly curved form, rounded apex and base that tapers toward the attachment to the receptacle; i) Surface of carpel showing embedded oil cells; j) Transverse section through three carpels showing attachment of developing ovules near the ventral sutures and oil cells in the wall just below the surface (SRXTM cut voltex xy0770-0845). Specimens TV299-S136716 (holotype; a–f), TV299-S136717 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f–h), 150 Μm (e, j), 30 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a flower and mature carpels of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; multicarpellate flower showing numerous carpels surrounded by remains of the androecium and perianth; note the bract subtending the flower (arrowhead); b, c) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to section in (f) (b, SRXTM orthoslice xz0461) and (c, SRXTM cut voltex xz0540-0580) showing receptacle, carpels and remains of the androecium and perianth; note prominent cavities formed by the oil cells, subtending bract (arrow) and bract subtending fragmentary bud (arrowhead); d, e) Apical (d) and lateral (e) views of gynoecium showing laterally flattened carpels and dorsi-ventrally flattened stamen or staminode (* in e); f) Longitudinal section (SRXTM orthoslice yz0405) of gynoecium showing conical receptacle and carpels with densely spaced oil cells; g, h) Mature carpel of Reyanthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov. showing slightly curved form, rounded apex and base that tapers toward the attachment to the receptacle; i) Surface of carpel showing embedded oil cells; j) Transverse section through three carpels showing attachment of developing ovules near the ventral sutures and oil cells in the wall just below the surface (SRXTM cut voltex xy0770-0845). Specimens TV299-S136716 (holotype; a–f), TV299-S136717 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–d, f–h), 150 Μm (e, j), 30 Μm (i).

Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dinisia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Two pollen grains showing poorly defined distal aperture (arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum forming luminae of variable shapes and sizes; note especially the irregularly and incomplete reticulum in the grain on the left; c) Reticulum showing smooth, vermiform muri attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by long columellae; note that columellae often terminate segments of muri that are not closed; d, e) Pollen grains showing proximal surface (d), poorly defined distal aperture (e, arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum supported by long columellae; note dense covering of small, spherical orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall. Specimen, TV44-S148216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 3 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dinisia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Two pollen grains showing poorly defined distal aperture (arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum forming luminae of variable shapes and sizes; note especially the irregularly and incomplete reticulum in the grain on the left; c) Reticulum showing smooth, vermiform muri attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by long columellae; note that columellae often terminate segments of muri that are not closed; d, e) Pollen grains showing proximal surface (d), poorly defined distal aperture (e, arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum supported by long columellae; note dense covering of small, spherical orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall. Specimen, TV44-S148216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 3 Μm (c).

Text-fig. 43. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Kempia longicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the very long distal aperture and loosely attached reticulum; c, d) Pollen grains showing the very long, clearly defined distal aperture that extends around the ends of the grain; e) Reticulum in nonapertural region showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short columellae; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae loosened from the foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S105018 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, d), 3 Μm (e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 43. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Kempia longicolpites gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the very long distal aperture and loosely attached reticulum; c, d) Pollen grains showing the very long, clearly defined distal aperture that extends around the ends of the grain; e) Reticulum in nonapertural region showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short columellae; f) Internal view of reticulum showing the short columellae loosened from the foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S105018 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, d), 3 Μm (e, f).

Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Teebacia hughesii gen. et sp. nov. pollen from a stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure (d, e); b) Detail of detached reticulum showing inner surface of muri and scattered columellae; note the finely granular covering of the muri and columellae; c, d) Detail of reticulum showing the outer surface of muri with supratectal ornamentation of narrow ridges; note orbicules attached to the reticulum (d); e, f) Pollen grains showing loose, beaded, reticulum with long columellae; note continuous muri bordering the apertures and densely spaced minute orbicules lining the inner surface of the anther wall (e, arrowheads). Specimens, TV44-S136666 (holotype; a, d, e), TV44-S149207 (b, c, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (e, f), 3 Μm (b), 1.5 Μm (c), 1.2 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Teebacia hughesii gen. et sp. nov. pollen from a stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure (d, e); b) Detail of detached reticulum showing inner surface of muri and scattered columellae; note the finely granular covering of the muri and columellae; c, d) Detail of reticulum showing the outer surface of muri with supratectal ornamentation of narrow ridges; note orbicules attached to the reticulum (d); e, f) Pollen grains showing loose, beaded, reticulum with long columellae; note continuous muri bordering the apertures and densely spaced minute orbicules lining the inner surface of the anther wall (e, arrowheads). Specimens, TV44-S136666 (holotype; a, d, e), TV44-S149207 (b, c, f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (e, f), 3 Μm (b), 1.5 Μm (c), 1.2 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartiopsis parva gen. et sp. nov. from an anther; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; elongated anther that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–e) Pollen grains showing dense reticulate tectum supported by short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer: note dentate orbicules on inner surface of anther wall (b, arrowhead); f) Reticulate tectum showing smooth muri with small adhering orbicules (arrowhead); g) Pollen grains showing one in which the reticulum has been lost exposing the smooth surface of the foot layer; h) Fractured pollen wall showing reticulum, short columellae and thick foot layer; note granules on the inner surface of the apertural region (arrow). Specimen, TV39-S170217 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e, g), 3 Μm (f, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 40. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Eckhartiopsis parva gen. et sp. nov. from an anther; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; elongated anther that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–e) Pollen grains showing dense reticulate tectum supported by short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer: note dentate orbicules on inner surface of anther wall (b, arrowhead); f) Reticulate tectum showing smooth muri with small adhering orbicules (arrowhead); g) Pollen grains showing one in which the reticulum has been lost exposing the smooth surface of the foot layer; h) Fractured pollen wall showing reticulum, short columellae and thick foot layer; note granules on the inner surface of the apertural region (arrow). Specimen, TV39-S170217 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e, g), 3 Μm (f, h).

Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Piercipollis simplex gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–d) Pollen grains in distal (b), proximal (c) and lateral views (d) showing the very long colpus and the well-developed reticulum that is only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the large angular lumina, smooth muri and short, sparsely scattered, columellae; note also that main body of pollen grains (foot layer) does not fill out the whole space of the reticulum; e) Reticulum showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short, sparsely scattered, columellae. Specimen, TV44-S136755 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 41. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Piercipollis simplex gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b–d) Pollen grains in distal (b), proximal (c) and lateral views (d) showing the very long colpus and the well-developed reticulum that is only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; note the large angular lumina, smooth muri and short, sparsely scattered, columellae; note also that main body of pollen grains (foot layer) does not fill out the whole space of the reticulum; e) Reticulum showing the smooth muri loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by short, sparsely scattered, columellae. Specimen, TV44-S136755 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Juhaszia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragment of a pollen sac (a–e) and stamen fragment and pollen of Dictyozonia pusilla gen. et sp. nov. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; fragment of pollen sac that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b) Proximal surface of pollen grain showing reticulate sculpture in the equatorial regions grading into more a continuous foveolate tectum at the proximal pole; c) Reticulum on the proximal surface showing smooth muri delimiting large and small luminae. Muri supported by numerous short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; d) Distal surface of pollen grain showing the long colpus and reticulate sculpture with a distinctive pattern of large and small luminae; e) Pollen grain from which the reticulum has become in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Juhaszia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragment of a pollen sac (a–e) and stamen fragment and pollen of Dictyozonia pusilla gen. et sp. nov. (f–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; fragment of pollen sac that yielded the pollen in (b–e); b) Proximal surface of pollen grain showing reticulate sculpture in the equatorial regions grading into more a continuous foveolate tectum at the proximal pole; c) Reticulum on the proximal surface showing smooth muri delimiting large and small luminae. Muri supported by numerous short columellae that are only loosely attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer; d) Distal surface of pollen grain showing the long colpus and reticulate sculpture with a distinctive pattern of large and small luminae; e) Pollen grain from which the reticulum has become

Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of Vedresia elliptica gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and a multicarpellate fruit of Choffaticarpus compactus gen. et sp. nov. and associated pollen (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; small fruit showing apical stigmatic region with attached pollen; b) Group of pollen grains from the stigmatic surface of the fruit in (a) showing the long colpus and reticulate tectum; c) Pollen grains from the stigmatic surface showing the long colpus and well developed reticulum, with smooth muri and short columellae in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of Vedresia elliptica gen. et sp. nov. (a–c) and a multicarpellate fruit of Choffaticarpus compactus gen. et sp. nov. and associated pollen (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; small fruit showing apical stigmatic region with attached pollen; b) Group of pollen grains from the stigmatic surface of the fruit in (a) showing the long colpus and reticulate tectum; c) Pollen grains from the stigmatic surface showing the long colpus and well developed reticulum, with smooth muri and short columellae

Text-fig. 36. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of flower of Eckhartianthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; oblique lateral view of hypogynous flower showing perianth surrounding the stamens and protruding gynoecium; b–d) Pollen from the flower in (a) showing single distal aperture and reticulate exine with thick muri, small lumina and short, densely spaced columellae; e) Reticulum showing thick, smooth muri supported by numerous short columellae firmly attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer. Specimen, TV39-S101306 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 36. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of flower of Eckhartianthus lusitanicus gen. et sp. nov.; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; oblique lateral view of hypogynous flower showing perianth surrounding the stamens and protruding gynoecium; b–d) Pollen from the flower in (a) showing single distal aperture and reticulate exine with thick muri, small lumina and short, densely spaced columellae; e) Reticulum showing thick, smooth muri supported by numerous short columellae firmly attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer. Specimen, TV39-S101306 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e).

Text-fig. 37. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anthers and monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia brevicolumella gen. et sp. nov. from stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther partially split along the elongated sporangia; b) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther; c) Holotype; distal view of pollen grain from holotype showing the long colpus with a distinct margin and a heterobrochate reticulum; d) Distal view of pollen grain from a stamen fragment showing long colpus, colpus margin and heterobrochate reticulum; e) Inner surface of anther wall from stamen fragment showing densely spaced dentate orbicules; f) Lateral view of pollen grains from stamen showing the psilate to foveolate-microreticulate colpus margin; g) Detail of pollen grain from holotype showing the slightly rounded profile of the muri, the short, densely spaced columellae and the dentate orbicules. Specimens, TV44-S136662 (a), TV44-S149204 (b), TV44-S136760 (holotype; c, g), TV44-S148021 (d, e), TV44-S136752 (f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, d, f), 3 Μm (e, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 37. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of anthers and monocolpate pollen of Eckhartia brevicolumella gen. et sp. nov. from stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther partially split along the elongated sporangia; b) Dithecate, tetrasporangiate anther; c) Holotype; distal view of pollen grain from holotype showing the long colpus with a distinct margin and a heterobrochate reticulum; d) Distal view of pollen grain from a stamen fragment showing long colpus, colpus margin and heterobrochate reticulum; e) Inner surface of anther wall from stamen fragment showing densely spaced dentate orbicules; f) Lateral view of pollen grains from stamen showing the psilate to foveolate-microreticulate colpus margin; g) Detail of pollen grain from holotype showing the slightly rounded profile of the muri, the short, densely spaced columellae and the dentate orbicules. Specimens, TV44-S136662 (a), TV44-S149204 (b), TV44-S136760 (holotype; c, g), TV44-S148021 (d, e), TV44-S136752 (f). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b), 6 Μm (c, d, f), 3 Μm (e, g).

Text-fig. 52. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Samylinaea punctata gen. et sp. nov from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump (probable stamen fragment) that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Polar view of pollen grain showing two colpi, granular aperture membrane, and punctate tectum; c) Orbicule showing very finely granular surface; d) Pollen wall showing short columellae, well-developed punctate tectum and slightly thinner foot layer; e–h) Pollen grains showing punctate tectum and the folds associated with the irregular development of the colpi. Specimen, TV44-S174565 (holotype; a–h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, e–h), 3 Μm (c, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 52. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Samylinaea punctata gen. et sp. nov from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump (probable stamen fragment) that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Polar view of pollen grain showing two colpi, granular aperture membrane, and punctate tectum; c) Orbicule showing very finely granular surface; d) Pollen wall showing short columellae, well-developed punctate tectum and slightly thinner foot layer; e–h) Pollen grains showing punctate tectum and the folds associated with the irregular development of the colpi. Specimen, TV44-S174565 (holotype; a–h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, e–h), 3 Μm (c, d).

Text-fig. 51. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Mcdougallia irregularis gen. et sp. nov. from a stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Polar view of tricolpate pollen grain showing the continuous psilate tectum in the apocolpium and the poorly developed discontinuous foveolate-reticulate tectum in the mesocolpial areas, note irregular fold in tectum wall (arrowhead); c) Equatorial view of pollen grain showing the discontinuous tectum in the mesocolpial areas; d) Pollen grains showing variably developed tectum, colpi with a finely granular aperture membrane and the folds (arrowheads) associated with the irregular development of the colpi; e) Orbicule showing faintly striate surface; f) Pollen wall showing very short columellae, thin tectum and thin foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S148215 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 51. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of tricolpate pollen of Mcdougallia irregularis gen. et sp. nov. from a stamen fragment; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Polar view of tricolpate pollen grain showing the continuous psilate tectum in the apocolpium and the poorly developed discontinuous foveolate-reticulate tectum in the mesocolpial areas, note irregular fold in tectum wall (arrowhead); c) Equatorial view of pollen grain showing the discontinuous tectum in the mesocolpial areas; d) Pollen grains showing variably developed tectum, colpi with a finely granular aperture membrane and the folds (arrowheads) associated with the irregular development of the colpi; e) Orbicule showing faintly striate surface; f) Pollen wall showing very short columellae, thin tectum and thin foot layer. Specimen, TV44-S148215 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–d), 3 Μm (e, f).

Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Burgeria striata gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the distal colpus and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; c–e) Equatorial (c) and distal views (d, e) of pollen grains showing the long distal colpus with granular ornamentation and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; f) Detail of section through pollen wall showing thick tectum with fine striate ornamentation, perforated by punctae and supported by short stout columellae attached to the thin foot layer; g–h) Surface of tectum (g) and orbicule (h) showing fine striate ornamentation. Specimen, TV44-S149216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c–e), 1.5 Μm (f–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community

Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Burgeria striata gen. et sp. nov. from a pollen clump; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; pollen clump that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Pollen grains showing the distal colpus and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; c–e) Equatorial (c) and distal views (d, e) of pollen grains showing the long distal colpus with granular ornamentation and the undulating tectum perforated by scattered punctae; f) Detail of section through pollen wall showing thick tectum with fine striate ornamentation, perforated by punctae and supported by short stout columellae attached to the thin foot layer; g–h) Surface of tectum (g) and orbicule (h) showing fine striate ornamentation. Specimen, TV44-S149216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c–e), 1.5 Μm (f–h).