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PLATE 3. A–K in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 3. A–K, Ledrini: dorsal aspect. A. Petalocephala bohemani Stål, #JRJ_Led1_121, ♀. B. Petalocephala conspicua Distant, #JRJ_Led1_132, ♂. C. Petalocephala raniceps Jacobi, #JRJ_Led1_128 ♂. D. Platyledra acuminata (Distant), #JRJ_Led1_142, ♀. E. Platyledra caldida Evans, #JRJ_Led1_143, ♂. F. Platyledra hirsuta Evans, #JRJ_Led1_144, ♀. G. Porcorhinus mastersi Goding, #JRJ_Led1_145, ♀. H. Thlasia brunnipennis Germar, #JRJ_Led1_174, ♂. I. Thlasia brunnipennis Germar, #JRJ_Led1_172, ♀. J. Thlasia corona Linnavuori, #JRJ_Led1_170, ♂. K. Titiella punctigera (Stål), #JRJ_Led1_197, ♀. Bars = 5 mm.

Figure 4 in Phylogeny, evolution, and historical biogeography of the grassland leafhopper tribe Chiasmini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)

Figure 4. Phylogenetic relationships of Chiasmini (31-taxa analyses) based on ∼3200 bp of 28S rDNA and histone H3 gene regions. The tree is the majority-rule consensus of post burn-in trees from the Bayesian analysis. Bayesian posterior probability (PP) values are given below branches.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny, evolution, and historical biogeography of the grassland leafhopper tribe Chiasmini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)

Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships and distributions of species and species groups of Exitianus intuitively inferred by Ross (1968).

Figure 1 in Phylogeny, evolution, and historical biogeography of the grassland leafhopper tribe Chiasmini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)

Figure 1. Distributions of the genera of Chiasmini. Each genus is listed with the number of included species given in parentheses. In cases where the distribution of the genus is different from the indicated area, more specific areas are indicated after the genus name.

Figure 5. A in Phylogeny, evolution, and historical biogeography of the grassland leafhopper tribe Chiasmini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae)

Figure 5. A summary of the relationships among genera of Chiasmini and head shape morphological diversity. The tree was drawn manually, and incorporates information from several different analyses; relative branch lengths reflect those recovered in molecular analyses. The relationships of Omaranus, Picchusteles, and Paraphrodes with the rest of Chiasmini have yet to be satisfactorily assessed because of the limited available data for these groups. Dorsal, frontal, and lateral views of the head of 13 Chiasmini are provided: A, Omaranus typicus Distant, 1918; B, Picchusteles inca Linnavuori & DeLong, 1976; C, Paraphrodes flavigerus (Evans, 1955); D, Exitianus obscurinervis (Stål, 1859); E, Protochiasmus mysticus Zahniser, 2010; F, Doraturopsis heros (Melichar, 1902); G, Zahniserius cylindricus Duan & Zhang, 2012; H, Chiasmus varicolor (Kirkaldy, 1906); I, Listrophora styx Linnavuori, 1979; J, Gurawa minorcephala Singh-Pruthi, 1930; K, Athysanella (Brachydella) abdominalis Ball & Beamer, 1940; L, Athysanella (Diphipyga) mexicana Johnson, 1979; M, Athysanella (Athysanella) parca Ball & Beamer, 1940.

PLATE 18 in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 18. Characters and states in analysis: female genitalia: valvulae II, lateral aspect. A. A. vitticollis: (1) valvulae somewhat sclerotized. B. Aphrodes bicincta (von Schrank): (1) valvulae apex split. C. B. marmorata: (1) numerous dorsal teeth (>11). D. C. mirabilis: (1) valvulae broadest medially, boat-shaped. E. C. dispar: (1) valvulae long and very slender. F. E. primitiva Evans: (1) median perpendicular keel. G. H. chilensis: (1) valvulae of intermediate breadth; (2) dorsal tooth II closer to apex than to dorsal tooth I. H. Iassus scutellaris (Fieber): (1) valvulae II blade split from tooth II to apex. I. L. discolor: (1) subapical dorsal notch. J. L. aurita: (1) dorsal tooth I closer to apex than midpoint; (2) dorsal tooth II closer to apex than to dorsal tooth I; (3) subapical dorsal notch. K. N. kongasana: (1) dorsal tooth II closer to dorsal tooth I than to apex. L. P. testacea: (1) valvulae II with a secondary curve (coded for valvulae I).

PLATE 17 in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 17. Characters and states in analysis: female genitalia: pygofer, valvulae I and III, lateral aspect. A. E. primitiva: (1) valvulae I bases acutely angled. B. E. primitiva: (1) pygofer tuberculate with (2) mottled pigmentation. C. Tartessus swezeyi Metcalf: (1) pygofer sclerotized and appearing darkened dorsally. D. A. vitticollis: (1) valvulae I texture medial chevrons; (2) apical texture perpendicular strigae. E. B. peculiaris: (1) valvulae I texture strigate. F. P. ghiliani: (1) valvulae I dorsal texture parallel longitudinal strigae; (2) apex texture strigate. G. Sichaea sp.: (1) valvulae I dorsal texture parallel longitudinal strigae; (2) medial chevrons. H. S. decorsei: (1) valvulae I texture medial chevrons. I. T. forficula: (1) valvulae I apex texture strigate. J. X. tuberculata: (1) valvulae I texture in a narrow band along dorsal margin. K. B. fulvus: (1) valvulae III apices with mottled pigmentation and (2) numerous long setae.

PLATE 19 in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 19. Characters and states in analysis: female genitalia: valvulae II, lateral aspect, cont. A. P. bohemani: (1) valvulae long and intermediately slender. B. P. raniceps: (1) valvulae long and intermediately slender. C. P. acuminata: (1) medial perpendicular keel. D. R. sanguinosa: (1) dorsal teeth <10. E. S. depressa: (1) numerous dorsal teeth (>11). F. S. decorsei: (1) valvulae long and very slender. G. T. swezeyi: (1) numerous dorsal teeth (>11), blade not sclerotized. H. T. convivus: (1) valvulae broadest medially, boat-shaped. I. T. humerosa: (1) dorsal tooth II closer to apex than to dorsal tooth I; (2) valvulae apex shape subrectangular. J. T. planata: (1) blade strongly sclerotized. K. X. tuberculata: (1) valvulae blade split from dorsal tooth II to apex. L. X. viridis: (1) valvulae long and very slender.

PLATE 16 in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 16. Characters and states in analysis: male genitalia: connective, paraphyses and aedeagus. A. Tituria forficula Linnavuori, dorsal aspect: (1) connective slender medially. B. T. forficula, lateral aspect: (1) connective a high fin medially. C. P. caldida Evans, distal aspect: (1) paraphyses articulated; (2) style with 2 apical points directed ventrad; (3) plates compressed dorsoventrally. D. P. caldida, lateral aspect: (1) paraphyses articulated. E. H. signata Linnavuori, lateral aspect: (1) aedeagus with dorsal bridge and (2) paired dorsal points; (3) styli apices recurving anterad. F. H. signata, dorsal aspect: (1) aedeagus with paired dorsal points and (2) paired dorsal bridge; (3) gonopore a groove. G. L. aurita, lateral aspect: (1) aedeagus intermediately broad throughout. H. P. conspicua, dorsal aspect: (1) aedeagus apical bulb; (2) subapical processes short and flat. I. P. ghilianii, lateral aspect: (1) dorsomedial lobe of aedeagus. J. R. informis, lateral aspect: (1) dorsomedial lobe of aedeagus hooklike. K. T. brunnipennis, lateral aspect: (1) aedeagus broad throughout. L. T. forficula, ventral aspect: (1) aedeagus apical and subapical processes. M. T. planata, distal aspect: (1) aedeagus apex with apical processes; (2) plates laterally compressed apically.

PLATE 15 in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 15. Characters and states in analysis: male genitalia. A. C. mirabilis: (1) pygofer subapical setae patch, lateral aspect. B. P. adspersipennis: (1) pygofer apical setae patch, lateral aspect. C. X. viridis: (1) pygofer apical setae patch, lateral aspect. D. T. antica: (1) pygofer subapical process not hooklike, lateral aspect. E. A. vitticollis: (1) anal tube broad, conelike, and sclerotized, ventral aspect. F. A. vitticollis: (1) anal tube incomplete ventrally, distal aspect. G. L. discolor: (1) style apex with two points directed ventrad, lateral aspect. H. L. froggatti: (1) style subapical ventral setae patch, lateral aspect. I. P. adspersipennis: (1) style flat with apex rounded and subapical ventral point, ventral aspect.

PLATE 13 in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 13. Characters and states in analysis: metathoracic femur apical macrosetae, and metathoracic tarsomere I. A–H, Metathoracic femur apical macrosetae. A. B. marmorata: numerous macrosetae. B. C. mirabilis: macrosetae formula apparently 2 + 1 + 1. C. H. chilensis: macrosetae on a long and narrowing process, formula 2 + 1. D. P. raniceps Linnavuori: macrosetae formula 2 + 1. E. R. informis: macrosetae on a long and narrowing process, formula 2 + 0. F. A. vitticollis: apex of metathoracic femur in dorsal aspect showing macrosetae long and striated. G. J. grisea: macrosetae short and not striated. H. J. grisea: apex of metathoracic femur in lateral aspect showing macrosetae mounted on an intermediately long but not narrowing base. I–L, Metathoracic tarsomere I. I. A. vitticollis: tarsomere I intermediately long, with a short well developed ridge, and microtexture all over. J. J. grisea: tarsomere I long, with short, coarse ventral setae. K. H. chilensis: tarsomere I intermediately long, short coarse ventral setae short, thick, white, and fingerlike. L. P. raniceps: tarsomere I lateral setal bases scalloped.

PLATE 11 in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 11. Characters and states in analysis: sternites and wings, ventral and lateral aspects. A. P. raniceps: (1) mesocoxal horn; (2) sternite VII emarginate. B. T. planata: (1) antennal pit inner margins well developed, parallel to frontoclypeus; (2) median triangular depression between forelegs clearly depressed posteriorly; (3) fore edge of mesocoxa abrupt and angulate; (4) metathoracic tarsomere I intermediate in length. C. Sichaea sp.: (1) hind wings highly reduced. D. X. viridis: (1) appendix broad. E. Dusuna sp. 2: (1) leading edge of forewing divided by secondary longitudinal carina.

PLATE 12 in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 12. Characters and states in analysis: meso- and metathoracic tibiae of Ledrinae. A–C, Mesotibial row 2 apical triangular setae patch. A. H. chilensis: setae brushlike, not in rows. B. B. peculiaris: setae brushlike, not in rows. C. Ledra auditura Walker: setae scalelike, in rows. D–H, Metathoracic tibia. D. X. tuberculata: (1) row II with more than nine primary setae on stout setal bases. E. X. viridis: (1) face between rows I and II a broad groove, tibia quadrate in cross-section. F. A. vitticollis: (1) face between rows I and II a broad groove, tibia quadrate in cross-section. G. H. chilensis: (1) setal bases in row II cucullate. H. L. auditura: (1) tibia foliaceous, with setal row II consisting of primary setae with cucullate bases and intercalated hairlike setae.

PLATE 10. A–F in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 10. A–F, Characters and states in analysis: face in ventral aspect, cont. A. R. informis: (1) crown margin not carinate. B. S. depressa: (1) antennal ledge appearing pinched or wrinkle-like; (2) frontoclypeus marginal sutures widely divergent and (3) crossing bar in front of antennae; (4) antennal pit inner margin a bar continuous with frontoclypeus, 45°; (5) genal rugosities. C. Titiella humerosa (Naudé): (1) suture between frontoclypeus and genae weakly developed. D. Thlasia obtusa (Walker): (1) lora/genae tumid and angulate; (2) apex of frontoclypeus flexed ventrad; (3) antennal pit inner margin somewhat well developed, approximately parallel to frontoclypeus. E. X. tuberculata: (1) frontoclypeus medially angulate, punctate; (2) antennal ledge a thin carina. F. X. viridis: (1) frontoclypeus broad throughout; (2) antennal pit inner margin a thin ridge; (3) proepisternum long and narrow. G–I, Characters and states in analysis: face in anterior aspect. G. P. raniceps: (1) crown transverse camber weakly curved. H. B. peculiaris: (1) crown transverse camber depressed adjacent to midline. I. P. acuminata: (1) crown transverse camber sharply angled.

PLATE 8 in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 8. Characters and states in analysis: crown and pronotum, lateral aspect. A. A. vitticollis: (1) crown with complete longitudinal medial carina; (2) primary and secondary marginal carinae; (3) area behind eyes narrow and carinate; (4) pronotum boxlike laterally. B. J. grisea: (1) median longitudinal carina high and lamellate; (2) posteromedial fin on longitudinal median carina; (3) pronotum median ridge a high crest. C. L. discolor: (1) ocelli raised on a protuberance. D. S. decorsei: (1) post antennal nodule; (2) metepisternum large, quadrate, even with forewing and pronotum above mesothoracic leg; (3) pro- and mesothoracic tibiae foliaceous and flat. E. X. viridis: (1) frontoclypeus visible in lateral aspect.

PLATE 6 in Phylogeny and systematics of the leafhopper subfamily Ledrinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) 2186

PLATE 6. Taxa in analysis: lateral aspect. A. C. declivata: (1) crown inclination steep but subvertical; (2) scutellum swollen. B. F. tuberculata: (1) pronotum flat anteriorly and steeply declivous posteriorly; (2) large sclerotized tubercle at first split of M vein; (3) venation reticulate. C. P. adspersipennis: (1) head inclined nearly perpendicular to substrate. D. R. informis: (1) head and pronotum flexed forward at posterior margin of pronotum (a feature not included in phylogenetic analysis); (2) venation regular. E. Sichaea sp.: (1) face flat and slightly convex; (2) pronotum flat. F. T. planata: (1) body appearing flexed forward at point posterad of scutellum.

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FIGURES 157–179 in Revision of Elginus Theron (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with the description of two new genera and comments on the grassland leafhopper fauna in South Africa

FIGURES 157–179. Elginus species, male, pygofer, dorsal view. Fig. 157, E. acutus; Fig. 158, E. cavatus; Fig. 159, E. contradens; Fig. 160, E. cultellus; Fig. 161, E. denticulatus; Fig. 162, E. dexteruncus; Fig. 163, E. eccentricus; Fig. 164, E. extrinsecus; Fig. 165, E. falcatus; Fig. 166, E. furcillatus; Fig. 167, E. latus; Fig. 168, E. levilobus; Fig. 169, malotiensis; Fig. 170, E. matarei; Fig. 171, E. minutulus; Fig. 172, E. oriens; Fig. 173, E. recavus; Fig. 174, E. semialatus, with paired process; Fig. 175, E. theroni; Fig. 176, E. tortuosus; Fig. 177, E. tubulus; Fig. 178, E. unispinus; Fig. 179, E. vulgaris.

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FIGURES 131–156 in Revision of Elginus Theron (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with the description of two new genera and comments on the grassland leafhopper fauna in South Africa

FIGURES 131–156. Elginus species, male, plate, Fig. 131, E. acutus; Fig. 132, E. bispinus; Fig. 133, E. cavatus; Fig. 134, E. contradens; Fig. 135, E. cultellus; Fig. 136, E. denticulatus; Fig. 137, E. dexteruncus; Fig. 138, E. eccentricus; Fig. 139, E. extrinsecus; Fig. 140, E. falcatus; Fig. 141, E. furcillatus; Fig. 142, E. latus; Fig. 143, E. levilobus; Fig. 144, E. malotiensis; Fig. 145, E. matarei; Fig. 146, E. minutulus; Fig. 147, E. oriens; Fig. 148, E. recavus; Fig. 149, E. saltus (Naudé); Fig. 150, E. semialatus, with paired process; Fig. 151, E. semialatus, single process; Fig. 152, E. theroni; Fig. 153, E. tortuosus; Fig. 154, E. tubulus; Fig. 155, E. unispinus; Fig. 156, E. vulgaris.

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FIGURES 233–258 in Revision of Elginus Theron (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Deltocephalinae) with the description of two new genera and comments on the grassland leafhopper fauna in South Africa

FIGURES 233–258. Elginus species, female, sternite VII. Fig. 233, E. bispinus; Fig. 234, E. cavatus; Fig. 235, E. contradens; Fig. 236, E. cultellus, associated males with curved aedeagus; Fig. 237, E. cultellus, associated males with straight aedeagus; Fig. 238, E. denticulatus; Fig. 239, E. dexteruncus variant; Fig. 240, E. dexteruncus variant; Fig. 241, E eccentricus; Fig. 242, E. extrinsecus; Fig. 243, E. falcatus; Fig. 244, E. furcillatus; Fig. 245, E. levilobus; Fig. 246, E. malotiensis; Fig. 247, E. matarei; Fig. 248, E. minutulus; Fig. 249, E. oriens; Fig. 250, E. oriens; Fig. 251, E. recavus; Fig. 252, E. saltus (Naudé); Fig. 253, E. semialatus; Fig. 254, E. theroni; Fig. 255, E. tortuosus; Fig. 256, E. tubulus; Fig. 257, E. unispinus; Fig. 258, E. vulgaris.