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4,157 results for “Survival.”
Data from: Elevated salinity blocks pathogen transmission and improves host survival for a globally pandemic disease: implications for amphibian translocations
1. Emerging infectious diseases are one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. Chytridiomycosis in amphibians is perhaps the most extreme example of this phenomenon known to science. Translocations are increasingly used to fight disease-induced extinctions. However, many programs fail because disease is still present or subsequently establishes in the translocation environment. There is a need for studies in real-world scenarios to test whether environmental manipulation could improve survival in populations by generating unfavourable environmental conditions for pathogens. Reintroductions of amphibians impacted by chytridiomycosis into environments where the disease persists provide a scenario where this paradigm can be tested. 2. We tested the hypothesis that manipulating environmental salinity in outdoor mesocosms under near identical environmental conditions applying in a nearby translocation program for an endangered amphibian, would improve survival and determine the mechanisms involved. 160 infected and 288 uninfected, captive-bred, juvenile frogs were released into 16 outdoor mesocosms in which salinity was controlled (high or low salinity treatment). The experiment was run for 25 weeks from the mid-austral winter to the mid-austral summer of 2013 in a temperate coastal environment, Australia. 3. Increasing salinity from ca. 0.5 ppt to 3.5 - 4.5 ppt reduced pathogen transmission between infected and uninfected animals, resulting in significantly reduced mortality in elevated salt mesocosms (0.13, high salt versus 0.23, low salt survival at 23 weeks). Increasing water temperature associated with season (from mean 13oC to 25oC) eventually cleared all surviving animals of the pathogen. 4. Synthesis and applications. We identified a mechanism by which environmental salinity can protect amphibian hosts from chytridomycosis by reducing disease transmission rates and conclude that manipulating environmental salinity in landscapes where chytrid-affected amphibians are currently translocated could improve the probability of population persistence for hundreds of species. More broadly, we provide support for the paradigm that environmental manipulation can be used to mitigate the impact of emerging infectious diseases.18-Sep-2017
Figures 2-4 from: Yang Y-G, Shang G-Z, Wu X-Q, Chen H-Q, Wu Y, Cao Y-F, Bian J-H (2021) Effects of parasites and predators on nociception: decreases analgesia reduces overwinter survival in root voles (Rodentia: Cricetidae). Zoologia 38: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.38.e67845
Figures 2-4 Monthly apparent survival probability (2), population change rate (3) and population size (4) of root voles during the live-trapping sessions under two different groups. H signifies that root voles with high thermal responses latency; L signifies that root voles with low thermal responses latency. n = 48 and 48 for H and L groups. Data were expressed as the mean ± SE.
Figure 1 from: Yang Y-G, Shang G-Z, Wu X-Q, Chen H-Q, Wu Y, Cao Y-F, Bian J-H (2021) Effects of parasites and predators on nociception: decreases analgesia reduces overwinter survival in root voles (Rodentia: Cricetidae). Zoologia 38: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.38.e67845
Figure 1 Vole nociceptive latencies among the four treatments. N=10, 10, 10 and 10 for the PR+PA+, PR+PA-, PR-PA+ and PR-PA- groups, respectively. Different letters represent significant difference between four treatments (p < 0.05). Data were expressed as the mean ± SE.
Trade-off between fecundity and survival generates stabilizing selection on gall size
<p>Complex interactions within multi-trophic communities are fundamental to the evolution of individual species that reside within them. One common outcome of species interactions are fitness trade-offs, where traits adaptive in some circumstances are maladaptive in others. Here, we identify a fitness trade-off between fecundity and survival in the cynipid wasp <i>Callirhytis quercusbatatoides</i> that induces multi-chambered galls on the stem of its host plant <i>Quercus virginiana</i>. We first quantified this trade-off in natural populations by documenting two relationships: a positive association between the trait gall size and fecundity, as larger galls contain more offspring, and a negative association between gall size and survival, as larger galls are attacked by birds at a higher rate. Next, we performed a field-based experimental evolution study where birds were excluded from the entire canopy of 11 large host trees for five years. As a result of the five-year release from avian predators, we observed a significant shift to larger galls per tree. Overall, our study demonstrates how two opposing forces of selection can generate stabilizing selection on a critical phenotypic trait in wild populations, and how traits can evolve rapidly in the predicted direction when conditions change.</p>
Dynamics of glucose metabolism after liver transplantation: Prediabetes as a window of opportunity for patient survival and long‐term kidney function
<p>Posttransplantation diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a relevant complication following liver transplantation with profound impact on morbidity and mortality. To date, little is known about the evolution and dynamics of glucose metabolism and the impact of prediabetes in long-term follow-up. To address this issue, all consecutive adult liver transplant recipients (n=429) from a European university hospital transplant center between 2007 and 2017 were analyzed retrospectively. In patients without pre-existing diabetes (n=327), we conducted a longitudinal characterization of glucose metabolism. Median follow-up was 37 [9-64, IQR] months. Median prevalence of prediabetes was 39 [37-39]% and of PTDM 21 [17-22]%. Throughout follow-up, intra-individual glucose regulation of patients was highly variable, continuously fluctuating between different states of glucose metabolism (normal glucose tolerance, prediabetes, PTDM). Whereas overall survival and long-term kidney function of patients with PTDM were significantly lower than that of patients with normal glucose metabolism, prediabetes was not associated with adverse outcome. This study provides new insight into the dynamics and impact of glucose metabolism after liver transplantation. Unlike PTDM, prediabetes is not associated with adverse outcome, providing a window of opportunity for targeted intervention. The results underline the need for constant screening and intervention in post-transplant care of liver allograft recipients.</p>
Can evolutionary theories of dispersal and senescence predict postrelease survival, dispersal, and body condition of a reintroduced threatened mammal?
<ol> <li>Theories of dispersal and senescence (or ageing) predict that dispersal, and ongoing survival and body condition, are influenced by evolutionary drivers, along with intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Such theories are relevant to translocations of animals where high mortality, loss of body condition, and dispersal beyond the area of release are commonly reported. However, these theories have rarely been tested using data from translocations.</li> <li>We explore whether theories of dispersal and senescence, together with biological knowledge and management interventions, can predict rates of post-release dispersal, survival and change in body condition of a translocated endangered meso-predator, the eastern quoll <i>Dasyurus viverrinus</i>.</li> <li>Captive-bred quolls (n = 60) from three sanctuaries were translocated to an unfenced, predator-managed reserve (Booderee National Park) over 2 years (2018, 2019). Survival, dispersal and body mass were monitored via GPS / VHF tracking and targeted trapping for 45 days post-release.</li> <li>We found support for the 'social subordinate' hypothesis, with smaller quolls dispersing further. Consistent with theories of senescence and the biology of our species, survival was marginally greater for females, and females regained losses in body mass in both years following release. In contrast, males recovered body condition in the first but not the second release as this coincided with breeding. Quolls that originated from the mainland sanctuary were on average heavier at release and, after accounting for weight, dispersed further.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and applications</i>. Using theory to test outcomes of wildlife translocations can provide insights into patterns across taxa and under different conditions, enabling useful improvements to future fauna translocations. This allows for better predictions to be made about the likelihood of success from proposed translocations, changes to planning to improve outcomes (e.g. modifying sex ratios, individual selection and release cohort), and improved animal welfare as fewer animals are subjected to trials.</li> </ol>
Data from: In situ glacial survival maintains high genetic diversity of Mussaenda kwangtungensis on continental islands in subtropical China
<p>Generally, island populations are predicted to have less genetic variation than their mainland relatives. However, there has been exceptions, indicating that the relationships were impacted by several factors, e.g historical processes. In the present study, we chose a group of subtropical islands located in South China as the study system, which are quite younger and much closer to the mainland than most of the previous studied island systems, to test the hypothesis that<i> in situ</i> glacial survival contributes to high levels of genetic diversity in island populations. We conducted a comparison of genetic variation between 12 island and 11 nearby mainland populations of <i>Mussaenda kwangtungensis</i> using eleven nuclear microsatellite and three chloroplast markers, evaluated effects of the island area and distance to mainland on genetic diversity of island populations, and simulated the potential distribution over the past by ecological niche modelling, together with the genetic data to detect the role of islands during the glacial periods. The island populations displayed comparable levels of genetic diversity and differentiation with mainland populations, overall high levels of unique polymorphisms, and the greatest values of specific within-population genetic diversity. No significant correlation was detected between genetic diversity of island populations and distance to mainland, as well as area of islands, except that allelic richness was significantly positively correlated with the area of islands. Nuclear microsatellites revealed two main clusters, largely corresponding to islands and inland populations, which divergence dated to a time of island formation by ABC analysis. Ecological Niche Modelling predicted a highly climatic suitability on islands during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Our results suggest that the islands have acted as refugia during the LGM and highlight the role of <i>in situ</i> glacial survival in maintaining high levels of genetic diversity of <i>M. kwangtungensis</i> in continental islands of subtropical China.</p>
Mimicry genes reduce pre-adult survival rate in Papilio polytes: A possible new mechanism for maintaining female-limited polymorphism in Batesian mimicry
<p>Batesian mimicry, in which harmless organisms resemble unpalatable or harmful species, is a well-studied adaptation for predation avoidance. The females of some Batesian mimic species comprise mimetic and non-mimetic individuals. Mimetic females of such polymorphic species clearly have a selective advantage due to decreased predation pressure, but the selective forces that maintain non-mimetic females in a population remain unclear. In the swallowtail butterfly, <em>Papilio polytes</em>, female polymorphism is controlled by the <em>H</em> (non-mimetic) and <em>h</em> (mimetic) alleles at a single autosomal locus. Here, we examined if the dominant <em>H</em> allele has a deleterious effect on the pre-adult survival rate (egg-to-adult emergence rate). We repeated an assortative mating-like treatment—i.e. breeding of males and females whose mothers had the same phenotype (mimetic or non-mimetic)—for three consecutive generations, while avoiding inbreeding. Results showed that pre-adult survival rate decreased over generations only in lines derived from mothers with the mimetic phenotype (hereafter, mimetic-assorted lines). This lowered survival was due to an increased mortality at the final instar larval stage and the pupal stages. Interestingly, the pre-adult mortality in the mimetic-assorted lines seemed to be associated with a male-biased sex ratio at adult emergence. These results suggest that the dominant <em>H</em> allele displays a mildly deleterious effect that is expressed more strongly in females and homozygous individuals than in heterozygous individuals. We propose that this cost of mimicry in larval and pupal stages contributes to the maintenance of female-limited polymorphism in <em>P. polytes</em>.</p>
Nest survival, female survival, and average covariates used in modeling, along with metadata
<p class="CxSpFirst">Females must balance physiological and behavioral demands of producing offspring with associated expenditures, such as resource acquisition and predator avoidance. Nest success is an important parameter underlying avian population dynamics. Galliforms are particularly susceptible to low nest success due to exposure of ground nests to multiple predator guilds, lengthy incubation periods, and substantive reliance on crypsis for survival. Hence, it is plausible that nesting individuals prioritize productivity and survival differently, resulting in a gradient of reproductive strategies. Fine-scale movement patterns during incubation are not well documented in ground-nesting birds, and the influence of reproductive movements on survival is largely unknown. Using GPS data collected from female wild turkeys (<i>n</i> = 278) across the southeastern United States, we evaluated the influence of incubation recess behaviors on tradeoffs between nest and female survival. We quantified daily recess behaviors including recess duration, recess frequency, total distance traveled, and incubation range size for each nest attempt as well as covariates for nest concealment, nest attempt, and nest age. Of 374 nests, 91 (24%) hatched and 39 (14%) females were depredated during incubation. Average nest survival during the incubation period was 0.19, whereas average female survival was 0.78. On average, females took 1.6 daily unique recesses (SD = 1.2), spent 2.1 hrs off the nest each day (SD = 1.8), and traveled 357.6 m during recesses (SD = 396.6). Average nest concealment was 92.5 cm (SD = 47). We found that females who took longer recess bouts had higher individual survival, but had increased nest loss. Females who recessed more frequently had lower individual survival. Our findings suggest behavioral decisions made during incubation represent life-history tradeoffs between predation risk and reproductive success on an unpredictable landscape.</p>
FIG. 2 in Peligrotherium tropicalis (Mammalia, Dryolestida) from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, a survival from a Mesozoic Gondwanan radiation
FIG. 2. — Peligrotherium tropicalis Bonaparte, Van Valen & Kramartz, 1993 (MLP 90-II-12-58), maxillary fragment with right M1-M2, and left M1 fragment and M2-M4, occlusal view. Abbreviations: ca, anterior crista; cp, posterior crista; pa, paracone. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 3 in Peligrotherium tropicalis (Mammalia, Dryolestida) from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, a survival from a Mesozoic Gondwanan radiation
FIG. 3. — Peligrotherium tropicalis Bonaparte, Van Valen & Kramartz, 1993 (MLP 90-II-12-58), roots of right M1-M2, anterointernal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Data from: Identification and validation of a novel immune-related signature associated with macrophages and CD8 T cell infiltration predicting overall survival for hepatocellular carcinoma
<p><b>Background:</b> Although the effects of macrophages and CD8 T cell infiltration on clinical outcomes have been widely reported, the association between immunity-associated gene with them for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear.</p> <p><b>Materials and methods: </b>The ssGSEA served for quantifying the macrophages as well as CD8 T cell infiltration in the HCC samples obtained from TCGA database. Kaplan-Meier(KM) survival assay was used to determine the associations between macrophages and CD8 T cell infiltration with OS. LASSO Cox regressive method assisted in developing an immune gene signature as well as building a risk score. The performance was evaluated by the time-dependent ROC together with the KM survival analysis. The ICGC database were adopted for external verification. CIBERSORT was applied to the correlation analysis on the immune-related signature and the immunocyte infiltration. GSEA were employed exploring the underlying molecular mechanisms.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Increased CD8+ T cell infiltration was associated with longer OS, whereas a greater infiltration of macrophages was related to shorter OS. There were 398 differential expression genes (DEGs) between the high- and low infiltration groups with the "edgeR" package. A prognostic signature consisted of 10 immune genes was built in TCGA and examined in ICGC. The uniform cutoff (0.927) was adopted for separating sufferers into the high-risk(HR) and low-risk(LR) groups. The ROC curves revealed that the AUC data for this signature predicting 1,2,3,4 and 5 year were all above 0.7 in both TCGA and ICGC cohort and patients in the HR<sub> </sub>group exhibited evidently weaker prognostic results compared with the LR group. The HR<sub> </sub>group presented evidently greater Tregs and Macrophage M0 relative to the LR group, whereas the LR group saw the enrichment of CD8 T cells.</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> The immune signature associated with macrophages as well as CD8 T cell infiltration has reliable prognostic and predictive value for HCC patients.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Thüler K, Blanckenhorn WU, Ward PI, Lüpold S, Bussière LF (2021) Female accessory gland fluid promotes sperm survival in yellow dung flies. Alpine Entomology 5: 95-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.68501
Table S1
Figure 1 from: Thüler K, Blanckenhorn WU, Ward PI, Lüpold S, Bussière LF (2021) Female accessory gland fluid promotes sperm survival in yellow dung flies. Alpine Entomology 5: 95-100. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.68501
Figure 1 Proportion of sperm from 30 random Scathophaga stercoraria males remaining alive after in vitro paired treatment with female accessory gland fluid vs. buffer control (red dot = overall mean). Proportions were based on absolute counts of live and dead sperm, which could be distinguished by stain colour, across 20 equal-sized images per male.
Figure 2 from: Tanga CM, Manrakhan A, Daneel JH, Mohamed SA, Khamis FM, Ekesi S (2015) Comparative analysis of development and survival of two Natal fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch (Diptera, Tephritidae) populations from Kenya and South Africa. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 467-487. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9906
Figure 2 - Linear and non-linear regressions of temperature related developmental rates of immature stages of two groups of Ceratitis rosa from South Africa
Figure 1 from: Tanga CM, Manrakhan A, Daneel JH, Mohamed SA, Khamis FM, Ekesi S (2015) Comparative analysis of development and survival of two Natal fruit fly Ceratitis rosa Karsch (Diptera, Tephritidae) populations from Kenya and South Africa. In: De Meyer M, Clarke AR, Vera MT, Hendrichs J (Eds) Resolution of Cryptic Species Complexes of Tephritid Pests to Enhance SIT Application and Facilitate International Trade. ZooKeys 540: 467-487. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.540.9906
Figure 1 - Linear and non-linear regressions of temperature related developmental rates of immature stages of two groups of Ceratitis rosa from Kenya.
Figure 4 from: Czechowski W, Rutkowski T, Stephan W, Vepsäläinen K (2016) Living beyond the limits of survival: wood ants trapped in a gigantic pitfall. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 51: 227-239. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9096
Figure 4 - The mound of the free-living Formica polyctena colony built on the outlet of the ventilation pipe; the source of the bunker 'colony'. Photo taken on 24.07.2015 (Wojciech Stephan).
Figure 8 from: Czechowski W, Rutkowski T, Stephan W, Vepsäläinen K (2016) Living beyond the limits of survival: wood ants trapped in a gigantic pitfall. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 51: 227-239. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9096
Figure 8 - View from the bunker corridor over the space with the Formica polyctena 'colony'; in the foreground, a vast ant 'cemetery'. Photo taken on 19.01.2016 after reopening the repaired mound for a second search of offspring (Wojciech Stephan).
Figure 7 from: Czechowski W, Rutkowski T, Stephan W, Vepsäläinen K (2016) Living beyond the limits of survival: wood ants trapped in a gigantic pitfall. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 51: 227-239. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9096
Figure 7 - Formica polyctena workers active on their mound surface in winter, keeping nest entrances open. Photo taken on 11.01.2015 (Wojciech Stephan).
Figure 1 from: Czechowski W, Rutkowski T, Stephan W, Vepsäläinen K (2016) Living beyond the limits of survival: wood ants trapped in a gigantic pitfall. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 51: 227-239. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.51.9096
Figure 1 - Partly blocked entrance to the bunker system. In the background, pine-spruce forest overgrowing the hillock built to camouflage the structure. Photo taken on 17.07.2014 (Wojciech Stephan).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.