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Figure 7 in Parallel evolution of toepads in rock-dwelling lineages of a terrestrial gecko (Gekkota: Gekkonidae: Heteronotia binoei)

Figure 7. Micro-ornamentation on the terminal (FD) scales. Terrestrial lineages are displayed on the left (A, C), whereas saxicoline lineages are on the right (B, D). Magnification of each tile is shown in the lower left corner, with a scale bar in the lower right corner. A, fully developed setae of the terrestrial EA6 lineage with an average length of 14 µm (Supporting Information, Table S2). B, fully developed setae of the saxicoline CC lineage (av. length 28 µm, Supporting Information, Table S2). C, detail of the branched setae tips with spatulae of the terrestrial EA6 lineage. White arrows indicate branching points of a single seta. D, detail of the branched setae tips with spatulae of saxicoline Paluma-W lineage. White arrows again indicate branching points of a single seta, illustrating that setae of the saxicoline lineages branch more often. Note the different magnifications between C and D, and to a lesser extend between A and B.

Figure 5 in Parallel evolution of toepads in rock-dwelling lineages of a terrestrial gecko (Gekkota: Gekkonidae: Heteronotia binoei)

Figure 5. Ancestral state reconstruction of size-adjusted terminal scale width. Trait values (depicted by the colour scale) at the tips represent the mean size-adjusted scale widths for each lineage. Colour bars at each node represent 95% confidence intervals for the ancestral state reconstruction. Habitat use (ecology) is indicated by shape (EA6 is marked as both generalist and terrestrial, see Results). The reconstruction shows that the Paluma-W lineage and the clade containing CC, MI, and Paluma-E have independently evolved enlarged terminal subdigital scales. Note that the low relative scale width of MI (relative to the other saxicoline lineages), is mainly driven by their large SVL (see Fig. 4).

Figure 1 in Parallel evolution of toepads in rock-dwelling lineages of a terrestrial gecko (Gekkota: Gekkonidae: Heteronotia binoei)

Figure 1. Relationships and distributions of Heteronotia binoei lineages used in this study. A, maximum likelihood phylogeny of the relevant lineages inferred from ND2 sequences using RAxML, with bootstrap support values shown (see Supporting Information, Fig. S2 for the full H. binoei phylogeny). Circles denote terrestrial or generalist lineages, while triangles denote saxicoline lineages. Lineages without accompanying symbols are not displayed on the adjacent map (B), and the CQ lineage (*) was not included for morphological analysis. B, distributions of the focal lineages in north-eastern Queensland, with symbols and colours matching the adjacent phylogeny (A). C, an individual of the CC lineage on a granite boulder. D, subdigital view on the right hindfoot (pes) of the generalist EA6 lineage, and E, the saxicoline MI lineage.

Figure 2 in Parallel evolution of toepads in rock-dwelling lineages of a terrestrial gecko (Gekkota: Gekkonidae: Heteronotia binoei)

Figure 2. Examples of micro-ornamentation classifications used in this study. A, short, unbranched spinules with pointed tips on the mid-distal (MD) scales of EA6. B, flattened tips (indicated by black arrows) of the setae on the proximal-most MD scale (bordering the sub-inflection scale) of Paluma-W. C, spatulae (indicated by white arrows) on the tips of the setae on the terminal FD scale of Paluma-W. D, subdigital SEM image of an EA6 toe illustrating the different functional scale regions. The red line illustrates the measurement of terminal scale width.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

dryad32/100

Bedrock weathering controls on terrestrial carbon-nitrogen-climate interactions

Anthropogenic nitrogen deposition is widely considered to increase CO2 sequestration by land plant communities on a global scale. Here, we suggest that bedrock nitrogen weathering contributes significantly more to nitrogen-carbon interactions than anthropogenic nitrogen deposition. This working hypothesis is based on the application of empirical results into a global biogeochemical simulation model from the mid-1800s to the end of the 21st century. We demonstrate that rock nitrogen inputs have contributed roughly 2 to 11 times more to net primary productivity gains than nitrogen deposition since pre-industrial times. Projections based on RCP 8.5 show that rock nitrogen inputs and biological nitrogen fixation contribute 2 to 5 times more to terrestrial carbon uptake than anthropogenic nitrogen deposition through year 2101. The enhancement of carbon uptake via rock nitrogen weathering partially resolves nitrogen-carbon discrepancies in Earth system models and offers an alternative explanation for lack of progressive nitrogen limitation in the terrestrial biosphere. We conclude that natural N inputs impart major control over terrestrial CO2 sequestration in Earth's ecosystems.

dryad32/100

Seven new Serendipita species associated with Australian terrestrial orchids

Serendipita is one of the main fungal genera that form mutualistic associations with species of orchids (Orchidaceae). Seven new Serendipita species associated with various Australian orchid genera are described. These Serendipita species were originally characterized by multilocus DNA sequence species delimitation analyses (three mtDNA and four nuclear genes) and confirmed as distinct with addition of further isolates and re-analysis of the nuc rDNA ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) and nuc 28s rDNA (28S). Morphology and micro-features of cultures of each of the species are described. Three of the new species are binucleate, whereas the other four are multinucleate. For the ITS region, the seven species have within species sequence divergence between 1.07 and 4.31 % and all but one of the species pairs are separated by interspecific divergence of at least 4.35 %. The newly described Serendipita species, S. australiana, S. communis, S. occidentalis, S. rarihospitum, S. secunda, S. talbotii, and S. warcupii are shown to be separate species to S. vermifera on the basis of comparison against a sequence from the type. Isolates originally identified by Warcup as Sebacina "vermifera" from Caladenia orchids are reidentified as belonging to three of the species newly described here. Some non-Caladenia isolates identified by Warcup as S. "vermifera" are also shown to be non-conspecific with the type of S. vermifera. On the basis of ITS sequences, 346 isolates from 26 other studies, previously identified under provisional designations, are accomodated under the novel species. The species of Serendipta described here associate with the Australian orchid genera Caladenia, Cyanicula, Elythranthera, Ericksonella, Eriochilus, Glossodia, and Pheladenia. Most of the novel Serendipita species occur widely across Australia, often with widely distributed hosts, but one species, Serendipita rarihospitum, associates with narrowly distributed orchid species.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 9 in Updated checklist of semi-terrestrial and estuarine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of Barbados, West Indies

FIGURE 9. Habitus of Gecarcinus ruricola (Linnaeus, 1758) (BLSZ 059, MZUSP 40855). A, B, dorsal view of female and male; C, D, ventral view of female and male. Scale bar 20: mm.

FIGURE 4 in Updated checklist of semi-terrestrial and estuarine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of Barbados, West Indies

FIGURE 4. Habitus of Callinectes bocourti A. Milne-Edwards, 1879 (BLSZ 112, BLSZ 133). A, B, dorsal view of male and juvenile female; C, D, ventral view of male and juvenile female. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIGURE 11 in Updated checklist of semi-terrestrial and estuarine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of Barbados, West Indies

FIGURE 11. Habitus of Goniopsis cruentata (Latreille, 1803) (BLSZ 114). A, B dorsal view of male and female (ovig); C, D ventral view of female (ovig) and male. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Updated checklist of semi-terrestrial and estuarine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of Barbados, West Indies

FIGURE 10. Habitus of Geograpsus lividus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (BLSZ 132). Male: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIGURE 14 in Updated checklist of semi-terrestrial and estuarine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of Barbados, West Indies

FIGURE 14. Habitus of Cyclograpsus integer H. Milne Edwards, 1837 (BLSZ 073). A, B, dorsal view of male and female; C, D, ventral view of male and female. Scale bars: 20 mm.

FIGURE 3. Sampling methodologies used for specimen collection. A in Updated checklist of semi-terrestrial and estuarine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of Barbados, West Indies

FIGURE 3. Sampling methodologies used for specimen collection. A, Baited onion bag trap (0.95 m x 0.55 m; mesh size: 0.5 mm); B, Large crab trap (B:1.0 x 0.40 m; mesh size: 50 x 40 mm); C, Small cage crab trap (C: 0.5 x 0.2 m, mesh size: 30 x 15 mm); D, Hand nets (diameter: 60 mm; mesh size: 0.1 mm); E, Fruit bait outside of crab burrow.

FIGURE 6 in Updated checklist of semi-terrestrial and estuarine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of Barbados, West Indies

FIGURE 6. Habitus of Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 (BLSZ 109, BLSZ 134). A, B, dorsal view of male and juvenile female; C, D, ventral view of male and juvenile female. Scale bars: 20 mm.

FIGURE 16 in Updated checklist of semi-terrestrial and estuarine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of Barbados, West Indies

FIGURE 16. Habitus of Ocypode quadrata (Fabricius, 1787) (BLSZ 107). Male: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Updated checklist of semi-terrestrial and estuarine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of Barbados, West Indies

FIGURE 5. Habitus of Callinectes danae Smith, 1869 (BLSZ 093). Male: A, dorsal view; B, ventral view. Scale bar: 20 mm.

FIGURE 2B in Updated checklist of semi-terrestrial and estuarine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) of Barbados, West Indies

FIGURE 2B. Semi-terrestrial and estuarine habitats of Barbados. E, F, Clifftops; G, H, Mangrove Swamps; I, Sandy Shores; J, Mudflats (Photos: N. Parasram).

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

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Data analysis from: Demographic consequences of changing body size in a terrestrial salamander

Changes in climate can alter individual body size, and the resulting shifts in reproduction and survival are expected to impact population dynamics and viability. However, appropriate methods to account for size-dependent demographic changes are needed, especially in understudied yet threatened groups such as amphibians. We investigated individual and population-level demographic effects of changes in body size for a terrestrial salamander using capture-mark-recapture data. For our analysis, we implemented an integral projection model parameterized with capture-recapture likelihood estimates from a Bayesian framework. Our study combines survival and growth data from a single dataset to quantify the influence of size on survival while including different sources of uncertainty around these parameters, demonstrating how selective forces can be studied in populations with limited data and incomplete recaptures. We found a strong dependency of the population growth rate on changes in individual size, mediated by potential changes in selection on mean body size and on maximum body size. Our approach of simultaneous parameter estimation can be extended across taxa to identify eco-evolutionary mechanisms acting on size-specific vital rates, and thus shaping population dynamics and viability.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Underestimated input of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon to the ocean

Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Implementing Riverine Biogeochemical Inputs in ECCO-Darwin: A Sensitivity Analysis of Terrestrial Fluxes in a Data-Assimilative Global Ocean Biogeochemistry Model

Resolving riverine biogeochemical inputs in ocean biogeochemistry models is pivotal for capturing the spatiotemporal variability of nutrients and carbon in coastal regions and in the global ocean. ECCO-Darwin is a pioneering data-assimilative global-ocean biogeochemistry model, which, to date, has focused on the pelagic zone. In this work, we use an optimized version of ECCO-Darwin to perform a sensitivity analysis to quantify the response of the open ocean and coastal margins to lateral inputs of carbon and nutrients. We generate riverine inputs by combining point-source freshwater discharge from JRA55-do with the Global NEWS 2 watershed model, accounting for lateral inputs from 5171 watersheds worldwide. While adding carbon and nutrients along with freshwater improves biogeochemical skill in river plume regions and coastal waters, the open-ocean response may be overestimated due to an excess of carbon and nutrients advected offshore. This highlights the need for a more nuanced representation of land-to-ocean and nearshore processes for quantifying how global ocean primary production and carbon cycling respond to land-to-ocean inputs.