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7,883 results for “Tropic”
Data from: Multiple dimensions of bird beta diversity support that mountains are higher in the tropics
<p><b>Aim</b> We examine latitudinal effects of breeding bird taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional β-diversity (Tβ, Pβ and Fβ, respectively) along elevational gradients to test predictions derived from Janzen's (1967) classic ideas that tropical mountains represent stronger dispersal barriers than temperate mountains.</p> <p><b>Location</b> Global</p> <p><b>Taxon</b> Birds</p> <p><b>Methods</b> Using a global dataset from 46 mountains, we examine latitudinal patterns of Tβ, Pβ, and Fβ, and their components: β <sub>rich</sub> and β <sub>repl</sub>. For each mountain and each dimension of diversity we calculated (a) total β-diversity, (b) the steepness of distance decay patterns, and (c) within-mountain variability in pairwise β-diversity and regressed each one of these response variables against absolute latitude. We predicted that tropical montane biotas would have (1) overall higher Tβ, Pβ, and Fβ, (2) faster distance decay patterns and (3) higher within-mountain variability in pairwise β-diversity. Furthermore, we expected the richness component β <sub>rich</sub> to be more important in temperate mountains, and the replacement component β <sub>repl</sub> in tropical mountains.</p> <p><b>Results</b> Latitude had a negative effect on total β-diversity for all dimensions of diversity. Similarly, metrics of Tβ and Pβ mostly agree with our expectations, whereas Fβ showed contrasting results with steeper distance decay curves and higher within-mountain variability in temperate mountains. Overall, β <sub>rich</sub> was a more important component at high elevations in the tropics and across elevations in temperate mountains, and β <sub>repl </sub>more important in tropical low and mid-elevations.</p> <p><b>Main Conclusions</b> Our findings are consistent with tropical mountain assemblages containing species with narrow elevational distributions, low dispersal ability and potentially high allopatric speciation, resulting in high β-diversity across elevations. Contrasting results for Fβ indicate high niche packing in tropical assemblages, with most changes in functional diversity among assemblages involving species redundant in trait space. --</p>
Data used in the GRL paper titled "Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Seed Frequency and Survival Rate in Tropical Cyclones"
<p>Data used in the GRL paper titled "Climatology of Tropical Cyclone Seed Frequency and Survival Rate in Tropical Cyclones" by Ikehata and Satoh</p> <p>Please download and decompress the zip file. We describe details of this dataset in "readme.txt".</p>
Data of the effects of temperature and dissolved oxygen on thermal biology and aerobic metabolism of tropical Callinectes sapidus crabs
<p>This file contains raw data on the effects of temperature and dissolved oxygen on several aspects of the physiology of the Callinectes sapidus tropical population. </p> <p>I. Data on thermal biology includes the effects of acclimation temperatures on 1) Preferred temperature; 2) Critical thermal minima and maxima; 3) Thermal safety margin (TSM); Thermal metabolic scope (TMS).</p> <p>II. Data on the combined effects of temperature and dissolved oxygen on routine oxygen consumption of C. sapidus. </p> <p>Those data was sent as a scientific paper to the Journal of Thermal Biology. </p> <p> </p>
Supplemental information for: Annual tropical-rainforest productivity through two decades: Complex responses to climatic factors, CO2 and storm damage
<p>The supplemental files in this deposition contribute additional information useful for understanding the analyses in the associated manuscript. Two files contain the annual (CARBONO Project measurement-year) data for productivity and for environmental conditions that were analyzed in the paper. The annual productivity metrics were derived from the CARBONO Project litterfall and tree-growth data that were provided and documented in prior Dryad data depositions. A third file in this deposition provides the daily data underlying the analyzed meteorological factors. The fourth file lists the standardized set of 66 test models that were used to test each of the five productivity metrics for environmental responses. The fifth file is an auxiliary table documenting tree mortality by year. The included README file documents the information in these files.</p>
Appendix 3 of "Analyses of three-dimensional species associations reveal departures from neutrality in a tropical forest"
<p>Temporal changes in three-dimensional structure of crowns in Luquillo, Puerto Rico. Each axis represents the overlap of one species over the other, measured as standardized effect sizes (SES). That is, deviations from a null model that randomizes crown three-dimensional positions. A high value of "SES of <em>Guarea guidonia</em> over <em>Psychotria brachiata</em>" means that <em>Guarea guidonia</em> shades <em>Psychotria brachiata</em> more than expected by chance, and so on.<br> <br> The coloured dots in the background of the figure represent all the observed relationships between species. Gray dots represent random relationships between pairs of species (i.e. similar to the expected by the null model). Black dots represent horizontal segregation between species. Blue dots represent horizontal aggregation but vertical segregation between species. Red dots represent three-dimensional aggregation between species.<br> <br> The larger green or red dots connected by lines represent the temporal changes observed for the relationship between the two target species in each figure. There are four censuses represented. Larger dots represent the more recent censuses. The green dots reflect the relationship between the two target species in the low-disturbance area within the Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot. The red dots reflect the relationship between the two target species in the high-disturbance area within the Luquillo Forest Dynamics Plot.</p>
Empirical food webs of 12 tropical reservoirs in Singapore
<p>We present 12 food webs from tropical reservoir communities in Singapore, and summarise the topology of each with widely used network indices (e.g., connectance, link density). Each reservoir was surveyed over 4–6 sampling occasions, during which, representative animal groups (i.e., fish species, and taxonomic/functional groups of zooplankton and benthic macroinvertebrates) and all likely sources of primary production (i.e., macrophytes, periphyton, phytoplankton, and riparian terrestrial plants) were collected. We determined and measured gut content in fishes and bulk isotope (d<sup>13</sup>C and d<sup>15</sup>N) profiles of the animals collected, which contributed to estimating the relative strength of trophic relationships using Bayesian mixing models. We document our protocol here, alongside a script in the R programming language for executing data management/analyses/visualisation procedures used in our study. This data can be used to glean insights into trends in inter- and intra-specific or guild interactions in analogous freshwater lake habitats.</p>
Role of species richness and human-impacts in resisting invasive species in tropical forests
<p>The biotic resistance hypothesis suggests that biodiversity rich areas should be resistant to biological invasions. Globally, conservationists use this hypothesis to protect diverse ecosystems. However, supporting data are often contradictory, possibly due to several confounding factors. Complexity in inferences increase in the tropics, which are sparsely studied.</p> <p>We hypothesize that human impacts, forest type and climate would modulate the relationship between native and invasive plant richness. To understand these interacting and varying effects of native richness and human disturbance on plant invasions, we sampled 354 grids of 25 km<sup>2</sup> with equal representation of protected areas and multi-use areas to record abundance of native and non-native plants from 34 protected areas across five forest types in tropical India. We used linear mixed effect models to investigate occurrence and abundance of invasive plants with respect to varying native richness, human impacts, forest types and climate.</p> <p>Human use of forests increased richness and abundance of invasive plants across all forest types. After accounting for human-use, native species richness of tropical wet forests had a negative relationship with invasive plants richness and abundance, while the relationship reversed with increasing aridity and temperature. Human infrastructure facilitated invasions within protected areas.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. The biotic resistance hypothesis explained a lower number of invasions within protected tropical wet forests but not within dry forests. Human-free protected areas had lower richness and abundance of invasive plants across all systems, especially in wet tropical forests. Our results support the contextual importance of the biotic resistance hypothesis, while stressing the importance of protected areas, insulated from human impacts, to preserve the integrity of vulnerable natural systems. </p>
Figure 3 in Variation in dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) assemblages in a tropical forest remnant from a Mexican National Park
Figure 3. Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) constructed from the Bray-Curtis index to establish the similarities between (A) seasons, (B) baits, and (C) daily activity of the dung beetle assemblages in the Cañón del Sumidero National Park, Chiapas.
Figure 5 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 5. Length-weight relationship for (A) Polydactylus virginicus, (B) Menticirrhus cuiaranensis, and (C) Conodon nobilis; otolith length vs fish total length for (D) Polydactylus virginicus, (E) Menticirrhus cuiaranensis, and (F) Conodon nobilis; and otolith height vs fish total length for (G) Polydactylus virginicus, (H) Menticirrhus cuiaranensis, and (I) Conodon nobilis.
Figure 1 in Variation in dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) assemblages in a tropical forest remnant from a Mexican National Park
Figure 1. Location of the two sampling areas in a tropical forest remnant in the core zone of the Cañón del Sumidero National Park, Chiapas.
Figure 4 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 4. Box plot (mean and standard deviation) of morphometric parameters and shape indices of the otolith sagitta of Polydactylus virginicus, Menticirrhus cuiaranensis and Conodon nobilis per class of total length: (A) otolith length (OL), (B) otolith height (OH), (C) Aspect ratio OL/TL, (D) Aspect ratio (OH/OL) × 100 and (E) ellipticity.
Figure 4 in Variation in dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) assemblages in a tropical forest remnant from a Mexican National Park
Figure 4. Rank-abundance curves of the dung beetle assemblages collected with four different baits, pointing out the dominant species in each. U.mic = Uroxys microcularis; C.lae = Copris laeviceps; A.rod = Ateuchus rodriguezi; C.vaz. = Canthon vazquezae; P.end = Phanaeus endymion.
Figure 3 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 3. Frequency distribution of the total length (cm) of Polydactylus virginicus, Menticirrhus cuiaranensis and Conodon nobilis sampled in a tropical environment in Southwestern Atlantic.
Figure 2 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 2. Length and height of sagittae otoliths for: (A) Polydactylus virginicus; (B) Menticirrhus cuiaranensis; and (C) Conodon nobilis.
Figure 1 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 1. Map of the coastal region of the state of Sergipe showing all the beaches where samples were collected during competitive fishing events in 2014-2015.
Figure 6 in Sagitta otolith of three demersal species in a tropical environment
Figure 6. Scatterplot of the linear discriminant analysis of morphometry and shape indices of the sagitta otolith of Polydactylus virginicus, Menticirrhus cuiaranensis and Conodon nobilis.
Traits data of exotic species in four tropical botanic gardens and adjacent natural forests
<p>The establishment of new botanic gardens in tropical regions highlights a need for weed risk assessment tools suitable for tropical ecosystems. The relevance of plant traits for invasion into tropical rainforests has not been well studied. </p> <p>Working in and around four botanic gardens in Indonesia where 600 exotic species have been planted, we estimated the effect of four plant traits and time since species were introduced on: a) naturalization probability of exotic species; b) the abundance (density) of naturalized species in adjacent native tropical rainforests; and c) the distance that naturalized exotics have spread from the botanic gardens. </p> <p>We found that specific leaf area (SLA) strongly differentiated 23 naturalized from 78 non-naturalized exotic species (randomly selected from 577 non-naturalized species) in our study. These trends may indicate that exotics with high SLA benefit from at least two factors when establishing in tropical forests: high growth rates and occupation of forest gaps. Exotic species that were present in the gardens for over 30 years and those with small seeds also had higher probabilities of becoming naturalized, indicating that plants can invade the understorey of closed canopy tropical rainforests, especially when invading species are shade-tolerant and have sufficient time to establish. On average, exotic species that were not animal dispersed spread 78 m further into the forests than animal-dispersed species. We did not detect relationships between the measured traits and estimated density of naturalized exotics in the adjacent forests.</p> <p><i><span>Synthesis</span></i>: Traits were able to differentiate exotic species that naturalized from botanic gardens from those that did not; this is promising for developing trait-based risk assessment in the tropics. We suggest tropical botanic gardens avoid planting exotic species with fast carbon capture strategies and those that are shade tolerant, to limit the risk of invasion and spread into adjacent native forests.</p>
Figure 1 in Muscidae (Diptera) of medico-legal importance associated with ephemeral organic substrates in seasonally dry tropical forests
Figure 1. Location of sample sites along the seasonally dry tropical forest (Caatinga) in Northeastern Brazil. (A) Petrolina; (B) Betânia; (C) Afogados da Ingazeira; (D) Buíque; (E) Boqueirão.
Figure 3 in Muscidae (Diptera) of medico-legal importance associated with ephemeral organic substrates in seasonally dry tropical forests
Figure 3. Cluster analysis for the similarity between muscid assemblages, according to the type of bait.
Figure 2 in Muscidae (Diptera) of medico-legal importance associated with ephemeral organic substrates in seasonally dry tropical forests
Figure 2. Sex ratio (female/male) of muscids collected in SDTF's fragments in Brazil, according to the type of bait (A) and species (B).
ScienceDex guides
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.